Journal of the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks during Captain Cook's first voyage in H.M.S. Endeavour in 1768-71 to Terra del Fuego, Otahite, New Zealand, Australia, the Dutch East Indies, etc.

JOURNAL

OF THE

EIGHT HON. SIK JOSEPH BANKS

JOUBNAL

OF

THE EIGHT HON.

SIB JOSEPH BANKS

BART., KB., P.R.S.

DURING CAPTAIN COOK'S FIRST VOYAGE IN ELKS.

ENDEAVOUR IN 1768-71 TO TERRA DEL FUEGO,

OTAHITE, NEW ZEALAND, AUSTRALIA,

THE DUTCH EAST INDIES,

ETC.

EDITED BY

SIE JOSEPH D. HOOKER

WITH PORTRAITS AND CHARTS

MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD.

NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN CO.
1896

A II rights reserved

420

(H6B2

TO

itoar*atmural 3. TO. H. TOfjarton, C.B., jF.E.S., &c. &c.
HTDROGRAPHER OF THE ADMIRALTY

MY DEAR ADMIRAL — Allow me to dedicate to you, as the able
Editor of Captain Cook's Journal of his first voyage round the world,
that of his fellow-voyager Sir Joseph Banks, in token of the great
assistance afforded me through your labour on the aforesaid work, and
as the efficient and accomplished tenant of an office for which I have
ever entertained a profound respect, that of Hydrographer of the
Admiralty.

Let me at the same time take the opportunity of coupling with
your name my tribute to the memory of three of your predecessors,
who honoured me with their friendship, and encouraged me in my
scientific career as an officer in the service to which you belong —
Admiral Sir F. Beaufort, Admiral Washington, and Captain Sir
F. Evans.

Believe me,

Very sincerely yours,

J. D. HOOKER.

THE CAMP, SUNNINGDALE,
May 1896.

PREFACE

MY principal motive for editing the Journal kept by Sir
Joseph Banks during Lieutenant Cook's first voyage round
the world is to give prominence to his indefatigable labours
as an accomplished observer and ardent collector during the
whole period occupied by that expedition, and thus to pre-
sent him as the pioneer of those naturalist voyagers of later
years, of whom Darwin is the great example.

This appears to me to be the more desirable, because in
no biographical notice of Banks are his labours and studies
as a working naturalist adequately set forth. Indeed, the
only allusion I can find to their literally enormous extent
and value is in the interesting letter from Linnaeus to Ellis,
which will be found on p. xl. In respect of Cook's first
voyage this is in a measure due to the course pursued by
Dr. Hawkesworth in publishing the account of the expedi-
tion, when Banks, with singular disinterestedness, placed his
Journal in that editor's hands, with permission to make
what use of it he thought proper. The result was that
Hawkesworth * selected only such portions as would interest

1 Dr. Hawkesworth devotes his "Introduction to the First Voyage"
almost exclusively to the services which Banks rendered, and gratefully
acknowledges that all such details as are not directly connected with navi-
gation are extracted 'from the diary of that naturalist. But for the purpose
of identifying the work of each observer this is insufficient, and barely does
justice to the second of the two authors, who is in reality responsible for
the greater portion of the book. In reference to Hawkesworth being
employed as editor of Cook's Journal, the following passage is extracted

Vlll

PREFACE

the general public, incorporating them with Cook's Journal,
often without allusion to their author, and not unfrequently
introducing into them reflections of his own as being those
of Cook or of Banks. Fortunately the recent publication
by Admiral Wharton of Cook's own Journal l has helped to
rectify this, for any one comparing the two narratives can
have no difficulty in recognising the source whence Hawkes-
worth derived his information.

Another motive for editing Banks's Journal is to empha-
sise the important services which its author rendered to
the expedition. It needs no reading between the lines of
the great navigator's Journal, to discover his estimation of
the ability of his companion, of the value of his researches,
and of the importance of his active co-operation on many
occasions. It was Banks who rapidly mastered the lan-
guage of the Otahitans and became the interpreter of the
party, and who was the investigator of the customs, habits,
etc., of these and of the natives of New Zealand. It was
often through his activity that the commissariat was sup-
plied with food. He was on various occasions the thief-
taker, especially in the case of his hazardous expedition for
the recovery of the stolen quadrant, upon the use of which,
in observing the transit of Venus across the sun's disc, the
success of the expedition so greatly depended. And, above
all, it is to Banks's forethought and at his own risk that an
Otahitan man and boy were taken on board, through whom
Banks directed, when in New Zealand, those inquiries
into the customs of its inhabitants, which are the founda-

from Prior's Life of Malone : — " Hawkesworth, the writer, was introduced by
Garrick to Lord Sandwich, who, thinking to put a few hundred pounds into
his pocket, appointed him to revise and publish Cook's Voyages. He
scarcely did anything to the MSS., yet sold it to Cadell and Strahan, the
printer and bookseller, for £6000. ..."

1 Captain Cook's Journal during Ms First Voyage round the World in
H.M. Bark "Endeavour" 1768-71, with Notes and Introduction by Captain
W. J. L. Wharton, R.N., F.R.S., Hydrographer of the Admiralty.

PREFACE

IX

tion of our knowledge of that interesting people. And
when it is considered that the information obtained was at
comparatively few points, and those on the coast only, the
fulness and accuracy of the description of the New Zea-
landers, even as viewed in the light of modern knowledge,
are very remarkable. Nor should it be forgotten that it was
to the drawings made by the artists whom Banks took in
his suite that the public is indebted for the magnificent
series of plates that adorn Hawkesworth's account of the
voyage. Still another motive is, that Banks's Journal gives
a life-like portrait of a naturalist's daily occupation at sea
and ashore nearly one hundred and thirty years ago ; and thus
supplements the history of a voyage which, for extent and im-
portance of geographic and hydrographic results, was unique
and " to the English nation the most momentous voyage of
discovery that has ever taken place " (Wharton's Cook, Pre-
face), and which has, moreover, directly led to the prosperity
of the Empire ; for it was owing to the reports of Cook and
Banks, and, it is believed, to the representations of the latter
on the advantages of Botany Bay as a site for a settlement,
that Australia was first colonised.

The following brief history of the Journal itself is in-
teresting. On Sir J. Banks's death without issue in 1820,
his property and effects passed to the Hugessen (his wife's)
family, with the exception of the library, herbarium, and
the lease of the house in Soho Square. These were left to
his librarian, the late eminent botanist, Robert Brown, F.K.S.,
with the proviso that after that gentleman's death, the
library and herbarium were to go to the British Museum.
Banks's papers and correspondence, including the Journal
of the voyage of the Endeavour, were then placed by the
trustees in Mr. Brown's hands, with the object of his writ-
ing a Life of Banks, which he had agreed to do. Age and
infirmities, however, interfered with his prosecution of this

x PREFACE

work, and at his suggestion the materials were transferred
with the same object to my maternal grandfather, Dawson
Turner, F.RS.,1 an eminent botanist and antiquarian, who had
been a friend of Banks. Mr. Turner at once had the whole
faithfully transcribed, but for which precaution the Journal
would as a whole have been irretrievably lost, as the sequel
will show. Beyond having copies of the manuscript made,
Mr. Turner seems to have done nothing towards the Life,
and after a lapse of some years the originals were returned,
together with the copies, to Mr. Knatchbull Hugessen, who
placed them in the hands of the late Mr. Bell, Secretary of
the Eoyal Society, in the hopes that he would undertake
to write the Life. For their subsequent wanderings and
the ultimate fate of many portions, I am indebted to Mr.
Carruthers, F.RS., late Keeper of the Botanical Collections
at the British Museum, who has favoured me with the
following interesting letter concerning them : —

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY),
CROMWELL ROAD, SOUTH KENSINGTON, S.W.,
Uth July 1893.

DEAR SIR JOSEPH — Since I saw you about the Journal of Sir
Joseph Banks in Captain Cook's Voyage, I have been making further
inquiries regarding the original document.

The Banksian Journal and correspondence were sent to the Botani-
cal Department, after correspondence with Mr. Knatchbull Hugessen,
to remain in my keeping till the death of Lady Knatchbull, when it
would become the property of the trustees. I was instructed to
deposit it in the Manuscript Department. This was in October 1873.
Some time thereafter I persuaded Mr. Daydon Jackson to look at the
correspondence with the view of preparing a biography of Banks.
This he agreed to do. I wrote to Mr. Bell, who informed me in a
letter written 14th February 1876, that he had tried to get Lord

1 It was when on a visit to my grandfather in 1833 that I first saw the
orife A Journal in Banks's handwriting. It was then being copied, and I
was employed to verify the copies of the earlier part by comparison with
the original. I well remember being as a boy fascinated with the Journal,
and I never ceased to hope that it might one day be published.

PREFACE

XI

Stanhope to undertake the biography, when he found that he could
not himself face it, and thereafter Mr. Colquhoun and then Mr. John
Ball, F.R.S. I obtained from the box, by leave from Mr. Bond, then
Keeper of MSS., in the beginning of 1876, the transcripts made for
Mr. Dawson Turner by his two daughters, which have remained under
my care in the Botanical Department.

The story of the originals after I parted with them is a distressing
one. Some seven or eight years ago Lord Brabourne claimed the
letters as his property. Mr. Maunde Thompson remonstrated, and
told him that they were to remain in the museum till the death of
Lady Knatchbull, and then they were to become the property of the
trustees. Lord Brabourne would not accept this view, but claimed
them as his own, and carried off the box and its contents. They were
afterwards offered to the museum for sale, but the price offered by
the Keeper of the MSS. was not satisfactory, and the whole collec-
tion was broken up into lots, 207, and sold by auction at Sotheby's
on 14th April 1886. The Journal of Cook's voyage was lot 176,
and was described in the catalogue as " Banks's (Sir Joseph) Journal
of a Voyage to the Sandwich Islands and New Zealand, from March
1769 l to July 1771, in the autograph of Banks." It was purchased
by an autograph dealer, John Waller, for £l : 2 : 6. Mr. Britten has
gone to Waller's to inquire after the Journal. Waller did not
specially remember that purchase, and he does not believe he has
got the manuscript. So where it is now no one knows.2 As you
will see, the earlier portion of the Journal was missing in the lot sold.
Waller bought in all 57 lots. The letters were broken up and sold
as autographs ; those that he purchased and did not know, like
those of Brass, Nelson, Alex. Anderson, etc., and were of no money
value, he would probably at once destroy, so he told Mr. Britten. So
now all is gone — for whether the letters are preserved by autograph
collectors, or were at once thrown into the wastepaper basket, they
are equally lost to science. The 207 lots realised in all £182 : 19s. !

The result is that the Journal and letters transcribed for Dawson
Turner, and now here, are the only ones available. I am thankful
they have been saved out of the catastrophe.

Your transcriber is diligently at work. — I am, faithfully yours,

WM. CARRUTHERS.

1 That is some time after leaving Rio, and before arriving at Otahite.

2 I have since ascertained that the Journal came into the possession of
J. Henniker Heaton, Esq., M.P., who informs me that he disposed of it to
a gentleman in Sydney, N.S.W.

xii PREFACE

It will be seen from the above that the present work
owes its existence to the copy of the original made by the
Miss Turners, and of which I was permitted by the Trus-
tees of the British Museum to have a transcript made for
publication. In doing this I have largely exercised my
duties as editor in respect of curtailments. The Journal
was literally a diary, to which may truly be applied the
motto nulla dies sine linea, and contains nearly double
the quantity of matter here reproduced. The omitted por-
tions are chiefly observations on the wind and weather ;
extracts from the ship's log, which find their proper place
in Cook's Journal ; innumerable notices of birds and marine
animals that were of constant recurrence ; and lists of
plants and animals, many with MS. names that have since
been superseded.

Owing also to the Journal being a diary written up
from day to day, and in no way revised for publication, the
grammar and orthography are in the original very loose,
and I have therefore corrected the language to accord with
modern requirements ; the only exceptions being in the
case of native words, such as Otahite, tattowing, kangooroo,
etc., of which the spelling is consistent throughout, and
which consequently really represent Banks's own impres-
sion of the native pronunciation of such words.

It remains gratefully to record my obligations to the
Trustees of the British Museum, for permission to tran-
scribe the Journal, and to the Officers of the Natural
History Department, Sir W. Flower, Mr. Carruthers, and
Mr. Murray, and to Mr. E. E. Sykes, an acute malacologist,
for aid in the endeavour to determine some of the animals
designated by MS. names in the Journal. My friend Mr.
B. D. Jackson, Sec.L.S., author of the article on Banks in
the Dictionary of National Biography, has kindly supplied
me with information for the Life of Banks, and has con-

PREFACE xiii

tributed that of Solander. My son, Eeginald H. Hooker, has
aided me in the revision of the Journal and in the press
work, and has drawn up the notices of the earlier voyagers
and naturalists to whom reference is made by Banks. Lastly,
I have cordially to thank the Presidents and Councils of
the Eoyal and Linnean Societies respectively, for permission
to reproduce in photography the admirable portraits of
Banks and Solander which adorn their meeting-rooms.

J. D. HOOKER

THE CAMP, SUNNINGDALE,
May 1896.

CONTENTS

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF BANKS AND SOLANDER . . Page xxiii
NATURALISTS AND VOYAGERS MENTIONED IN THE JOURNAL xliii

LIST OF OFFICERS OF THE "ENDEAVOUR" AND BANKS'S STAFF ,, lii

CHAPTEE I

ENGLAND TO RIO DE JANEIRO

Departure — Birds and marine animals — Species of Dagysa — Madeira — Dr.
Heberden — Madeira mahogany — Wine-making — Vines — Carts — Vege-
table productions — Convent — Chapel wainscoted with bones — General
account of Madeira — Peak of Teneriffe — Marine animals — Cross the
equator — Climate of tropics — Luminous animals in the water — Trade
winds — Brazilian fishermen — Sargasso weed — Rio harbour . Page 1

CHAPTER II

RIO DE JANEIRO

Obstacles to landing — Viceroy memorialised — Boat's crew imprisoned —
Vegetation, etc. — Ship fired at — Leave Rio harbour — Description of
Rio — Churches — Government — Hindrances to travellers — Population —
Military — Assassinations — Vegetables — Fruits — Manu factures — Mines
—Jewels— Coins— Fortifications— Climate .... Page 26

CHAPTER III

RIO TO TERRA DEL FUEGO

Birds — Christmas — Insects floating at sea — " Baye sans fond " — Cancer
gregarius—Fucus giganteus— Penguins— Terra del Fuego— Staten Island
— Vegetation — Winter's bark, celery — Fuegians — Excursion inland —

CONTENTS

Great cold and snow-storm — Sufferings of the party — Death of two men
from cold — Return to ship — Shells — Native huts — General appearance
of the country — Animals — Plants — Scurvy grass, celery — Inhabitants
and customs — Language — Food — Arms — Probable nomadic habits —
Dogs — Climate Page 43

CHAPTER IV

TERRA DEL FUEGO TO OTAHITE

Leave Terra del Fuego — Cape Horn — Albatross and other birds, etc. — Multi-
plication of Dagysa, — Cuttlefish — Cross the line drawn by the Royal
Society between the South Sea and the Pacific Ocean — Tropic birds —
Occultation of Saturn — Freshness of the water taken on board at Terra
del Fuego — Speculations respecting a southern continent — Marine
animals — Suicide of a marine — Scurvy — Lemon juice — Lagoon Island —
King George III. Island — Means adopted for preventing the scurvy —
Preserved cabbage ........ Page 62

CHAPTER V

OTAHITE

Reception by natives — Peace offerings and ceremonies — Thieving — Natives
fired upon — Death of Mr. Buchan, the artist — Lycurgus and Hercules —
Tents erected — An honest native — Flies — Music — A foreign axe found
— Thefts — Names of the natives — The Dolphin's Queen — Quadrant
stolen — Dootahah made prisoner — Visit to Dootahah — Wrestling —
Tubourai offended — Natives at divine service — Cask stolen — Natives
swimming in surf — Imao — Transit of Venus — Nails stolen by sailors —
Mourning — Previous visit of foreign ships — Banks takes part in a native
funeral ceremony — Travelling musicians — Canoes seized for thefts — Dogs
as food — Circumnavigation of the island — Image of man made of basket-
work — Gigantic buildings (marai) — Battlefield — Return to station —
Bread-fruit — Excursion inland — Volcanic nature of the island — Seeds
planted — Dismantling the fort — Banks engages a native to go to
England .......... Page 73

CHAPTER VI

OTAHITE TO OHETEROA

Departure from Otahite— Huahine — Ulhietea — God-houses — Boats and boat-
houses — Otahah — Bola-Bola — Return to Ulhietea — Reception by
natives — Dancing — Pearls — The King of Bola-Bola — Native drama —
Oheteroa — Dress — Arms Page 110

CONTENTS xvii

CHAPTER VII

GENERAL ACCOUNT OP THE SOUTH SEA ISLANDS

Description of the people — Tattowing— Cleanliness— Clothing— Ornaments
and head-dress — Houses — Food — Produce of the sea — Fruits — Animals
— Cooking — Mafiai-making — Drinking salt water — Meals — Women eat
apart from the men — Pastimes— Music— Attachment to old customs —
Making of cloth from bark— Dyes and dyeing— Mats— Manufacture of
fishing-nets — Fish-hooks — Carpentry, etc. — Boats and boat-building —
Fighting, fishing, and travelling ivahahs— Instability of the boats —
Paddles, sails, and ornaments — Pahies — Predicting the weather —
Astronomy — Measurement of time and space — Language — Its resem-
blance to other languages — Diseases — Medicine and surgery — Funeral
ceremonies — Disposal of the dead — Religion — Origin of mankind — Gods
— Priests — Marriage — Marais — Bird- gods — Government — Ranks —
Army and battles — Justice Page 127

CHAPTER VIII

SOUTH SEA ISLANDS TO NEW ZEALAND (THAMES RIVER)

Waterspout — Comet : its effect on natives — Diary at sea — Condition of ship's
supplies — Port Egmont hens — Land of New Zealand made — A native
shot — Conflict with natives — Capture of a canoe — Poverty Bay — Natives
come on board — Their appearance and clothing — Boy seized by natives
— Appearance of the land— Occupations of the natives — Bracken as food
— Mode of fighting— Religion — A large canoe — Natives throw stones on
board — Coast along New Zealand — Habits of natives — Transit of Mercury
— Shags — Oysters — Lobster-catching — Heppahs or forts — Thames River
—Timber trees Page 179

CHAPTER IX

CIRCUMNAVIGATION OF NEW ZEALAND

Tattowing — Thieving of the natives— Cannibalism — Rapid healing of shot-
wounds — Native seines — Paper mulberry — Native accounts of their
ancestors' expedition to other countries — Three Kings' Islands — Christ-
mas Day — Albatross swimming — Mount Egmont — Murderers' Bay —
Queen Charlotte's Sound — Threats of natives— Corpses thrown into the
sea — Cannibalism — Singing -birds — Fishing- nets — Human head pre-
served— Discovery of Cook's Straits — Native names for New Zealand,
and traditions— Courteous native family— Leave Queen Charlotte's
Sound — Tides — Cape Turnagain— Coast along the southern island —
Banks' Peninsula — Appearance of minerals — Mountains along the west

coast— Anchor in Admiralty Bay Page 203

I

xviii CONTENTS

CHAPTER X

GENERAL ACCOUNT OF NEW ZEALAND

Its discovery by Tasman — Mountains — Harbours — Cultivation — Trees — Suita-
bility of Thames River for colonisation — Climate — Absence of native
quadrupeds — Birds — Insects — Fish — Plants — Native and introduced
vegetables — Absence of fruits — New Zealand flax — Population — Qualities
of the natives — Tattowing and painting — Dress — Head-dresses — Ear- and
nose-ornaments — Houses — Food — Cannibalism amongst men — Freedom
from disease — Canoes — Carving — Tools — Cloth fabrics — Nets — Tillage —
Weapons — Spontoons — War and other songs — Human trophies — Heppahs
— Chiefs — Religion — Burial — Language • "\ • • • Page 221

CHAPTER XI

NEW ZEALAND TO AUSTRALIA (ENDEAVOUR RIVER)

Choice of routes — Reasons in favour of and against the existence of a
southern continent — Suggestions for a proposed expedition in search of
it — Leave New Zealand — Malt wort — Portuguese man-of-war and its
sting — Hot weather — Land seen — Waterspouts — Variation of the com-
pass— Natives — Their indifference to the ship — Opposition to landing —
Excursion into the country — Vegetation and animals seen — Botanising
— Timidity of the natives — Enormous sting-rays — Treachery of the
natives — Leave Botany Bay — Ants — Stinging caterpillars — Gum trees
— Oysters — Crabs — Figs impregnated by Gynips — East Indian plants-
Ants' nests — Butterflies — Amphibious fish — Ship strikes on a coral rock
— Critical position — Fothering the ship — Steadiness of the crew —
The ship taken into the Endeavour River— Scurvy . . Page 254

CHAPTER XII

AUSTRALIA (ENDEAVOUR RIVER) TO TORRES STRAITS

Pumice-stone — Ship laid ashore — Kangooroos seen — White ants — Preserving
plants — Chama gigas — Fruits thrown up on the beach — Excursion up
the country — Making friends with the Indians — A kangooroo killed —
Turtle — Indians attempt to steal turtle and fire the grass — Didelphis —
Among the shoals and islands — Lizard Island — Signs of natives crossing
from the mainland — Ship passes through Cook's passage — Outside the
grand reef — Ship almost driven on to the reef by the tides — Passes
inside the reef again — Corals — Straits between Australia and New
Guinea Page 281

CONTENTS xix

CHAPTER XIII

SOME ACCOUNT OF THAT PART OF NEW HOLLAND NOW CALLED
NEW SOUTH WALES

General appearance of the coast — Dampier's narrative — Barrenness of the
country — Scarcity of water — Vegetables and fruits — Timber — Palms —
Gum trees — Quadrupeds — Birds — Insects — Ants and their habitations —
Fish — Turtle — Shell-fish — Scarcity of people — Absence of cultivation —
Description of natives — Ornaments — Absence of vermin — Implements
for catching fish — Food — Cooking — Habitations — Furniture — Vessels
for carrying water — Bags — Tools — Absence of sharp instruments — Native
method of procuring fire — Weapons — Throwing - sticks — Shield —
Cowardice of the people — Canoes — Climate — Language . Page 296

CHAPTER XIV

AUSTRALIA TO SAVU ISLAND

"Sea-sawdust" — New Guinea — Landing — Vegetation— Natives throw fire-
darts— Home-sickness of the crew — Coast along Timor— Rotte — Aurora—
Savu Island — Signs of Europeans — A boat sent ashore to trade — Anchor
— Reception by natives — Their Radja — Mynheer Lange — House of
Assembly — Native dinner — Obstacles to trading — Mynheer Lange's
covetousness — Trading— Dutch policy concerning spices . Page 324

CHAPTER XV

DESCRIPTION OF SAVU

Mr. Lange's account— Political divisions of the island— Its general appear-
ance—Productions— Buffaloes— Horses— Sheep — Fish— Vegetables—
Fan-palm— Liquor— Sugar-making— Fire-holes for cooking— Sustaining
qualities of sugar — Description of the natives — Dress— Ornaments-
Chewing betel, areca, lime, and tobacco — Construction of their houses-
Looms and spinning-machines — Surgery — Religion — Christian converts
— Radjas— Slaves— Large stones of honour— Feasts— Military— Weapons
—Relations with the Dutch— Mynheer Lange— Language— Neighbour-
ing islands— Wreck of a French ship— Dutch policy with regard to
language Page 340

xx CONTENTS

CHAPTER XVI

SAVU ISLAND TO BATAVIA

Leave Savu — Arrive off Java — European and American news — Formalities
required by Dutch authorities — Mille Islands — Batavia road — Land at
Batavia — Prices and food at the hotel — Tupia's impressions of Batavia
— Introduction to the Governor — Malarious climate — Bougainville's
visit to Batavia — Orders given to heave down the ship — Illness of
Tupia, Dr. Banks, Dr. Solander, etc. — Death of Mr. Monkhouse, Tayeto,
and Tupia — Remove to a country-house — Malay women as nurses —
Critical state of Dr. Solander— Ship repaired — Captain Cook taken ill —
Heavy rains — Frogs and mosquitos — Return to the ship . Page 362

CHAPTER XVII

DESCRIPTION OF BATAVIA

Situation — Number of houses — Streets — Canals — Houses — Public buildings
— Fortifications — Castle — Forts within the city — Soldiers — Harbour —
Islands and uses to which they are put — Dutch fleet — Country round
Batavia — Thunderstorms — Marshes — Unhealthiness of the climate —
Fruitfulness of the soil — Cattle, sheep, etc. — Wild animals — Fish —
Birds — Rice — Mountain rice — Yegetables — Fruits : detailed description,
supply and consumption — Palm- wine — Odoriferous flowers — Spices —
Population and nationalities — Trade — Cheating — Portuguese — Slaves —
Punishment of slaves — Javans — Habits and customs — Native attention
to the hair and teeth — Running amoc — Native superstitions — Crocodiles
as twin brothers to men — Chinese : their habits, mode of living, and
burial — Government — Officials — Justice — Taxation — Money . Page 377

CHAPTER XVIII

BATAVIA TO CAPE OF GOOD HOPE

Leave Batavia — Cracatoa — Mosquitos on board ship — Prince's Island —
Visit the town — Account of Prince's Island — Produce — Religion — Nuts
of Gycas circinalis — Town — Houses — Bargaining — Language — Affinity
of Malay, Madagascar, and South Sea Islands languages — Leave Prince's
Island — Sickness on board — Deaths of Mr. Sporing, Mr. Parkinson, Mr.
Green, and many others — Coast of Natal — Dangerous position of the
ship — Cape of Good Hope — Dr. Solander's illness — French ships —
Bougainville's voyage . Page 417

CONTENTS xxi

CHAPTER XIX

CAPE OP GOOD HOPE TO ENGLAND

Account of the Cape of Good Hope — Its settlement by the Dutch — Cape
Town — Dutch customs — Government — Climate — General healthiness —
Animals — Wines — Cost of living — Botanical garden — Menagerie —
Settlements in the interior — Barrenness of the country — Hottentots :
their appearance, language, dancing, customs, etc. — Money — Leave
Table Bay — Eobben Island — St. Helena— Volcanic rocks — Cultivation
— Provisions — Introduced plants — Natural productions — Ebony —
Speculations as to how plants and animals originally reached so remote
an island — Leave St. Helena — Ascension Island — Ascension to England
—Land at Deal Page 432

APPENDIX : ELECTRICITY Page 453

INDEX Page 459

PORTRAITS

Sm JOSEPH BANKS Frontispiece

DR. D. SOLANDER To face page xxxviii

CHARTS

THE WORLD, showing the track of the Endeavour . .At end of book

SOCIETY ISLANDS »

NEW ZEALAND .....-••• »

MELANESIA .....•••• »»

EAST INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO "

BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES

SIK JOSEPH BANKS1

THE name of Sir Joseph Banks is pre-eminent amongst the
many distinguished scientific men who adorned the long
reign of George the Third, and his career practically coincides
with the reign of that monarch, closing in the same year.
The hold he has always had on popular estimation is per-
haps less due to his high position in the royal favour, or
his long tenancy of the presidential chair of the Eoyal
Society, than to the prominent part he took in the voyage
of H.M.S. Endeavour under Lieutenant Cook, and his con-
tributions to Hawkesworth's account of it. Cook's story is
that of a sailor, and his account of his discoveries is rendered
more attractive by the introduction of passages from the
more graphic pages of Banks's Diary : it is these passages
which attracted so much attention in the narrative drawn
up by Dr. Hawkesworth. Cook's own Journal, recently
published by Admiral Wharton, shows this very clearly, and
the naturalist's own record of their discoveries and adven-
tures is now for the first time given to the public.

Joseph Banks was born in Argyle Street, London, on
2nd February 1*743 (o.s.). He was the son of William Banks
(sometime Sheriff of Lincolnshire and M.P. for Peterborough),
of Eevesby Abbey, Lincolnshire, a gentleman of some fortune,
due to his father's successful practice of medicine in that

1 No adequate Life of Sir Joseph Banks having as yet appeared, the com-
piler of the following notes is indebted mainly for his information to Weld's
History of the Royal Society, Sir John Barrow's Sketches of the Royal Society
and the Royal Society Club, to Mr. B. Daydon Jackson's article on Banks in
the Dictionary of National Biography, and to scattered incidental notices.

xxiv BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES

county. At the age of nine he was sent to Harrow, and
four years later was transferred to Eton, where he displayed
an extreme aversion from study, especially of Greek and
Latin, and an inordinate love of all kinds of energetic
sports. It was while he was here that he was first attracted
to the study of botany, and having no better instructor he
paid some women — " cullers of simples," as Sir Joseph him-
self afterwards called them — who were employed in gather-
ing plants, for which he paid them sixpence for each article
they collected and brought to him. During his holidays he
found on his mother's dressing-table an old torn copy of
Gerard's Herbal, having the names and figures of some of
the plants with which he had formed an imperfect acquaint-
ance ; and he carried it back with him to school. "While at
Eton he made considerable collections of plants and insects.
He also made many excursions in company with the father of
the great Lord Brougham, who describes him as a fine-looking,
strong, and healthy boy, whom no fatigue could subdue, and
no peril daunt.

He left Eton when seventeen to be inoculated for the
small-pox, and on his recovery he went up to Oxford, entering
as a gentleman commoner at Christ Church. Prior to this,
however, after his father's death in 1761, he had resided
with his mother at Chelsea, where he had availed himself
of the then famous botanical garden of the Apothecaries'
Company. He found himself unable to get any teaching in
botany at Oxford, but obtaining leave, he proceeded to Cam-
bridge and returned with Israel Lyons,1 the astronomer and
botanist, under whom a class was formed. In December
1763 he left Oxford with an honorary degree, and coming
of age in the year following, found himself possessed of an
ample fortune, which enabled him to devote himself entirely
to the study of natural science. At this time also he
formed a friendship with Lord Sandwich, a neighbouring
landowner, both being devoted to hunting and other field
sports. The two are credited with having formed a project

1 Afterwards calculator for the Nautical Almanac, and, owing to the in-
fluence of Banks, astronomer to Captain Phipps' Polar Voyage in 1773.

SIR JOSEPH BANKS xxv

to drain the Serpentine, in order to obtain some light on
the fishes it contained.

In May 1766 he was elected F.K.S., at the early age of
twenty-three, and in the summer of that year accompanied
his friend Lieutenant Phipps (afterwards Lord Mulgrave) to
Newfoundland, where he investigated the Flora of that then
botanically unknown island, returning next year by way of
Lisbon. His journal of the trip is preserved in manuscript
in the British Museum. After his return home, he became
acquainted with Dr. Solander, of whom a brief notice is
appended, and with whom he was closely connected until
the death of the latter.

Shortly after the accession of George III., several ships
had been sent to the Southern Seas in the interest of
geographical science. Commodore Byron sailed in 1764,
Captains Wallis and Carteret in 1766, and these had no
sooner returned than the Government resolved to fit out an
expedition to the island of Tahiti, or, as it was then called,
Otahite, under Lieutenant James Cook, in order to observe
the transit of Venus in 1769. Mr. Banks decided to avail
himself of this opportunity of exploring the unknown
Pacific Ocean, and applied to his friend Lord Sandwich, then
at the head of the Admiralty, for leave to join the expedi-
tion. At his own expense, stated by Ellis to be £10,000,
he furnished all the stores needed to make complete collec-
tions in every branch of natural science, and engaged Dr.
Solander, four draughtsmen or artists, and a staff of servants
(or nine in all) to accompany him.

The adventures of Banks and his companions on this
voyage in the Endeavour are told in the diary which is the
main object of this volume. It will be enough here to point
out his untiring activity, whether in observing or collecting
animals and plants, investigating and recording native customs
and languages, bartering for necessaries with the inhabitants,
preventing the pillaging to which the expedition was
frequently subjected, or in the hazardous chase of the stolen
quadrant in the interior of Otahite.

In July 1771 the travellers returned with an immense

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES

amount of material, the botanical part of which was for the
most part already described, and needed but little to pre-
pare it for the press. The descriptive tickets, which had
been drawn up by Solander, were arranged in systematic
order in what are still known as "Solander cases," and
transcribed fairly by an amanuensis for publication. About
700 plates were engraved on copper in folio at Banks's ex-
pense, and a few prints or proofs were taken, but they were
never published. Five folio books of neat manuscript, and
the coppers, rest in the hands of the trustees of the British
Museum. The question arises, why were they never
utilised ? The descriptions were ready long before Solander's
death, although the plants collected in Australia do not
seem to have been added to the fair copies, and the plates
were mainly outlines. This has always been regarded as an
insoluble problem, but the following extracts from a letter
written by Banks very shortly before Solander died, may
be accepted as evidence of his intention to publish. The
letter from which the extract is taken is undated, and takes
the shape of a draft without any name, but it is a reply to a
letter addressed to Banks by Hasted, who was then collect-
ing materials for the second edition of his history of the
county of Kent.

Botany has been my favourite science since my childhood ; and the
reason I have not published the account of my travels is that the first
from want of time necessarily brought on by the many preparations for
my second voyage was entrusted to Dr. Hawkesworth, and since that
I have been engaged in a botanical work, which I hope soon to publish,
as I have near 700 folio plates prepared ; it is to give an account of
all such new plants discovered in my voyage round the world, some-
what above 800.

Hasted's letter, to which this is an answer, was dated
25th February 1*782, little more than two months before
Solander's death (alluded to on a subsequent page), an event
which has generally been accepted as determining the fate
of the intended publication.

But we must now go back a few years. In 1772 pre-
parations were made for a second expedition under Cook in

SIR JOSEPH BANKS

the Resolution, with the object of ascertaining the existence,
or the contrary, of an Antarctic continent, and Lord Sandwich
invited Banks to accompany it as naturalist, to which he
readily consented. Towards this new venture he made elabo-
rate preparations, on a scale for which even his ample fortune
did not suffice, for he had to raise money to complete his out-
fit.1 Various surmises or explanations have been advanced
to account for Banks's abandonment of his intention to pro-
ceed on this voyage ; amongst others it has been said that
Cook raised difficulties concerning the accommodation ; and it
is stated that Banks's equipment would have necessitated
the addition of a poop-deck on the vessel destined for the
voyage, which would have materially interfered with its
sailing powers. But the reason given by Sir John Barrow,
who was for many years Secretary of the Admiralty, is no
doubt the correct one. He states (Sketches of the Royal
Society, p. 26) that " such a system was adopted by the Navy
Board to thwart every step of his proceedings, especially on
the part of its chief, the Comptroller of the Navy, Sir Hugh
Palliser, whereby his patience was worn out, and his indig-
nation so far excited as to cause him, though reluctantly,
to abandon this enterprise altogether." It may be incident-
ally mentioned that the great chemist Priestley, whom Banks
had invited to join the expedition (on advantageous terms,
including a provision for his family), was also objected to,
in his case on account of religious principles, by the Board of
Longitude. Although thus bitterly disappointed, Banks never-
theless used his utmost endeavour to promote the objects of the
voyage ; and that there was no personal bitterness between
Banks and Cook seems certain from the following extract from
a hasty note by Solander to Banks after Cook's return : —

Two o'clock, Monday, 14th August 1775.

This moment Captain Cook is arrived. I have not yet had an
opportunity of conversing with him, as he is still in the Board-room

1 The last few cases of specimen bottles prepared for this voyage were not
utilised until they were transferred by Robert Brown to the editor of this
"Journal," when the latter was preparing to accompany Captain James Ross
on his voyage to the Antarctic Ocean in 1839.

xxviii BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES

giving an account of himself and company. He looks as well as
ever.

Captain Cook desires his best compliments to you ; he expressed
himself in the most friendly manner towards you that could be ; he
said, "Nothing could have added to the satisfaction he has had in
making this tour, but having had your company." He has some
birds in spr. v. [spirits of wine] for you, etc. etc.

Thus baulked of their design, Banks and Solander set out
on a scientific expedition to Iceland in a vessel specially
chartered for them at a cost of £100 a month. They sailed
on the 12th July 1772, and on the way Banks carried
out an intention he had formed to visit Staffa, to which he
was the first to draw the attention of scientific men, sending
a complete description, with drawings and measurements,
to Thomas Pennant, who inserted it in his Tour to the
Highlands of Scotland. They spent a month in Iceland,
exploring Mount Hecla, the geysers, and other remarkable
features of the island. Banks made copious observations,
which Dr. Troil, one of the party, and afterwards Arch-
bishop of Upsala, included in his interesting account of the
island, without, however, according to Barrow, doing full
justice to the exertions of Banks and his companions, whom
he dismisses with a too vague and general eulogium. Banks
also afterwards placed his MS. journal at the disposal of
Sir William Hooker, whom he had advised to visit the
island for scientific purposes, and who made copious use of
it, with due acknowledgment, in his Tour in Iceland.

Banks always continued to take a keen interest in the
Icelanders, and his humanity " was of signal service to these
poor creatures ; for when, some years afterwards, they were
in a state of famine, the benevolence and powerful interest
of this kind-hearted man brought about the adoption of
measures which absolutely saved the inhabitants from star-
vation. "We were at war with Denmark, and had captured
the Danish ships, and no provisions could be received into
Iceland. Clausen, a merchant, was sent to England to
implore the granting of licences for ships to enter the island,
and through the active intervention of Sir Joseph, who, as

SIR JOSEPH BANKS

a Privy Councillor, was an honorary member of the Board
of Trade, the indulgence was granted" (Barrow, loc. cit. p. 29).
That Banks contemplated a voyage to the North Pole
appears from a statement by Barrow that he announced
such an intention at a meeting of the Batavian Society at
Eotterdam in 1773, when he desired to be put in possession
of such discoveries and observations as had been made by
the Dutch, promising to acquaint them with any discoveries
he might make in the course of such a voyage.

, On his return from Iceland, Banks settled in Soho
Square, where he accumulated a magnificent library (as
well as at Eevesby Abbey) and large collections, the whole
being arranged in the most methodical manner. These
business-like habits formed a marked feature in everything
he undertook throughout his life, as to which interesting
testimony is afforded by Barrow, who, during a visit shortly
before Banks's death, was shown his papers and correspond-
ence carefully assorted and labelled. In this he received
considerable assistance from his successive librarians,
Solander and Dryander.

On the resignation of Sir John Pringle in November
1778, Banks was chosen to succeed him as President of
the Eoyal Society, an honour for which he had incontest-
able claims, in his many sacrifices to science in all climates
during the voyages to Newfoundland, round the world with
Cook, and to Iceland, in his ardent love of natural science,
his many accomplishments, his wealth and social position,
his habitual intercourse with the king and with the heads
of public departments whose influence was greatest for the
furtherance of scientific research, and, above all, perhaps, in
the disinterestedness with which he placed his collections
and library at the disposal of all applicants of merit, and
in the expenditure of his wealth.

Notwithstanding all these claims on the votes of the
Fellows of the Society, Banks was not destined to retain
tranquil possession of the Presidency, and two or three
circumstances, arising out of the zeal with which he dis-
charged his duties, made him several enemies. One of

xxx BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES

these causes was his action with regard to the election of
Fellows. Owing to the absence of any scrutiny of the
claims of the candidates proposed for the Fellowship, Banks
announced his intention of performing this office himself,
and of making known his views concerning each proposal
to the Council and Fellows. This measure, which created
considerable dissatisfaction amongst a certain section of the
Fellows, was nevertheless necessary, owing to the recent
election of numerous candidates of no scientific merit what-
ever. " D'Alembert, in allusion to the extreme prodigality
with which the honours of the Fellowship were distributed,
was in use to ask jocularly any person going to England, if
he desired to be made a Member, as he could easily obtain
it for him, should he think it any honour. . . . Upon this
subject Lord Brougham says : ' Two principles were laid
down by him [Banks] ; first, that any person who had
successfully cultivated science, especially by original inves-
tigations, should be admitted, whatever might be his rank
or fortune ; secondly, that men of wealth, or station, disposed
to promote, adorn, and patronise science, should, but with
due caution and deliberation, be allowed to enter ' " (Weld's
History of the Royal Society}.

A crisis was, however, brought about by the following
circumstance. The Council, under the influence, it is said,
of the President, passed a resolution recommending that the
Foreign Secretary should reside in London ; and this
measure was followed by the resignation of Dr. Hutton, then
Foreign Secretary, and Professor at Woolwich, who, it was
complained, had neglected his duties as secretary of the
Society. Dr. Horsley, afterwards Bishop of St. Asaph,
attacked the President in very bitter terms, lamenting that
the chair which had been filled by Newton should be thus
lowered in dignity, and predicting all kinds of disasters as
the direct consequence of electing a naturalist as President.
He induced several influential members to follow him, but
when the fact became clear, as it soon did, that he desired
the reversion of the chair for himself, his influence declined ;
he withdrew from the Society with a few intimates, and

SIR JOSEPH BANKS xxxi

Banks remained in undisputed possession of the chair till
his death in 1820.

The excellent qualities of the President whom this
victory kept in the chair were clearly exhibited by
the temper with which he regarded the opposition. The
sketch of his character (says Barrow) given by Lord
Brougham is true to the life : " He showed no jealousy of
any rival, no prejudice in anybody's favour rather than
another's. He was equally accessible to all for counsel
and help. His house, his library, his whole valuable collec-
tions, were at all times open to men of science, while his
credit both with our own and foreign Governments, and, if
need were, the resource of his purse, were ever ready to help
in the prosecution of their inquiries."

One of the earliest official acts of the new President
was a proof of the estimation in which he held his late
fellow-voyager Cook. On the death of the latter in 1779,
Banks proposed to the Council that a medal should be
struck as a mark of the high sense entertained by the
Society of the importance of his extensive discoveries in
different parts of the globe, the cost being defrayed by
subscription among the Fellows. The medal, designed by
L. Pingo, bears a portrait of the great navigator in profile
on the obverse, with a representation of Britannia pointing
to the south pole of a globe on the reverse.

Amongst other noteworthy services rendered by Banks
in his capacity as President of the Eoyal Society, the
following may be mentioned. In 1784 the Council obtained
the permission of George III. to commence a geodetical
survey under General Koy : this served as the basis of the
Ordnance Survey. In the following year he made successful
application to the king to guarantee the cost (amounting
to £4000) of Sir William Herschel's 40 -foot telescope.
He served on a committee of the Society appointed, at the
instance of the Secretary of State, to ascertain the length of
the pendulum vibrating seconds of time at various localities
in Great Britain. In 1817 the Council at his suggestion
recommended Government to fit out an Arctic expedition :

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES

as a result, two were sent, the one under Captain John
Eoss in search of the North- West Passage ; the other, which
included Franklin, to sail northwards by the east coast of
Greenland.

He was on several occasions invited to stand for Parlia-
ment, but always declined, preferring to devote his entire
time to his duties as President of the Eoyal Society, and
to the innumerable functions it entailed.

It is sometimes said that Banks viewed with strong
disapproval the formation of other societies for the pursuit
of natural science. This was certainly so in the case of the
Astronomical Society, which he considered would seriously
decrease the importance of that over which he himself
presided. But this was only because he conceived the
objects of the former association to be so intimately con-
nected with those of the Eoyal Society that there would
not be sufficient scope for both. On the other hand, he
was one of the founders of the Linnean Society in 1788,
and took an even more prominent part in the formation of
the Eoyal Institution in 1*799.

In March 1*779 he married Dorothea, daughter of
William Western Hugessen, Esq., of Provender, Kent. In
1782 Solander died, and from that time onward Banks
became more and more absorbed in the duties of the Eoyal
Society, and acted as chief counsellor in all scientific matters
to the king. In this capacity he had virtual control of the
Eoyal Gardens at Kew, then under the cultural care of
the elder Aiton, where were raised the plants produced by
seeds brought home by himself, and so many of the novelties
described in I'He'ritier's Sertum Anglicum, Aiton's Hortus
Kewensis, and other botanical works. It was due to his
indefatigable exertions and representations that the Eoyal
Gardens at Kew were raised to the position of the first in
the world, and that collectors were sent to the West Indies,
the Cape Colonies, and Australia, to send home living plants
and seeds, and herbaria, for the Eoyal Gardens. He kept
Francis Bauer (who, and his brother Ferdinand, were the most
accomplished botanical artists of the century) at Kew con-

SIR JOSEPH BANKS xxxiii

stantly occupied in making drawings of Australian and other
plants, keeping him in liberal pay, and leaving him a legacy
in his will.

He was the first to bring indiarubber into notice, and
early advocated the cultivation of tea in India. He estab-
lished botanic gardens in Jamaica, St. Vincent, and Ceylon,
besides giving invaluable support to Colonel Kyd in the
foundation of the garden at Sibpur, near Calcutta.

He was a keen agriculturist, and amongst his very few
published writings one is on Blight Mildew and Eust,
another on the introduction of the Potato, and a third on
the Apple Aphis. The Horticultural Society was founded
in 1804, and Banks is named as one of the persons to
whom the Charter was granted in 1809. The esteem in
which he was held by this Society is shown by their electing
him an honorary member, and by their instituting, after his
death, a Banksian medal.

Services of an international character were rendered by
him when, in the course of war, the collections of foreign
naturalists had been captured by British vessels ; on no less
than eleven occasions were they restored to their former
owners through the direct intervention of Banks with the
Lords of the Admiralty and Treasury. The disinterestedness
of such a course will be at once understood when it is
remembered that these collections, some of them of inestim-
able value (now at the Jardin des Plantes at Paris), would
otherwise have contributed to the aggrandisement of his
own magnificent museum. " He even sent as far as the
Cape of Good Hope to procure some chests belonging to
Humboldt ; and it is well known that his active exertions
liberated many scientific men from foreign prisons. He
used great exertions to mitigate the captivity of the unfor-
tunate Flinders, and it was principally by his intercession
that our Government issued orders in favour of La Perouse "
(Weld's History of the Eoyal Society).

Great as his services to science are known to have been,
these will never be fully realised till his correspondence in
the British Museum and elsewhere shall have been thor-

XXXIV

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES

oughly searched. That they were not confined to natural
history is evident. He was an assiduous promoter of the
Association for the Exploration of Tropical Africa, and it
was under his auspices that Mungo Park, Clapperton, and
others were sent out. He was one of a committee to
investigate the subject of lightning conductors. His letters
to Josiah Wedgwood show his keen appreciation not only
of the work of the great potter, but of his other ingenious
contrivances ; among the mass of papers left by him on his
death was an illustrated dissertation on the history and
art of the manufacture of porcelain by the Chinese. He
took a deep interest in the coinage, and was in close com-
munication with Matthew Boulton on questions of minting.
On applying for information on this latter point to Dr.
Eoberts- Austen, that gentleman informed the editor that,
though not officially an officer of the Mint, Banks had
probably served on some departmental or Parliamentary
commissions charged with mint questions ; and further,
that he had presented the mint with a really fine library,
embracing all the books it possessed relating to numismatics
and coinage questions generally, together with a valuable
collection of coins. In reference to this, the editor has also
found, on looking over some Banksian MS. in the British
Museum, that these included a draft code of regulations for
the conduct of the officers of the Mint.

His interest in manufactures was also constant ; could
his letters be brought together, a flood of light would thereby
be thrown upon the progress of arts and sciences in Europe
during his long tenure of the presidency of the Royal Society.

As an instance of his zeal for science may be mentioned
the interest he took in Sir Charles Blagden's experiments to
determine the power of human beings to exist in rooms
heated to an excessive temperature. Sir Joseph Banks was
one of the first who plunged into a chamber heated to the
temperature of 260° Fahr., and was taken out nearly ex-
hausted. It may be mentioned that Sir Francis Chantrey
once remained two minutes in a furnace at a temperature of
320°.

SIR JOSEPH BANKS xxxv

For a man of his distinction the dignities which were
conferred upon him by royal favour seem disproportionate.
He was created a Baronet in 1781, a Knight of the Bath
in 1*795, and two years subsequently was sworn of the
Privy Council. In 1802 he was chosen one of the eight
foreign members of the French Acade"mie des Sciences, in
Paris.

To the last his house, library, and museum were open
to all scientific men, of whatever nationality, and the ser-
vices of his successive librarians, Solander, Dryander, and
Brown, cannot be over-estimated. His Thursday breakfasts
and Sunday soirees in Soho Square made his house the centre
of influential gatherings of an informal kind ; curiosities
of every description were brought by visitors and exhibited,
and each new subject, book, drawing, animal, plant, or
mineral, each invention of art or science, was sure to find
its way to Sir Joseph's house. It was at one of these
parties that he strongly recommended the acquisition of the
Linnean Library and collections to James Edward Smith,
a young Norwich physician, and an ardent botanist. This
was the turning-point of Smith's life, and led to the founda-
tion of the Linnean Society, which held its meetings for
many years, during the lifetime of Eobert Brown, in Banks's
house in Soho Square, where the Linnean collections were
placed previous to the Society's removal to apartments
provided by Government in Burlington House.

Sir Joseph Banks became latterly a great martyr to the
gout, " which grew to such an intensity as to deprive him
entirely of the power of walking, and for fourteen or fifteen
years previous to his death, he lost the use of his lower
limbs so completely as to oblige him to be carried, or
wheeled, as the case might require, by his servants in a
chair : in this way he was conveyed to the more dignified
chair of the Koyal Society, and also to the [Eoyal Society]
Club — the former of which he very rarely omitted to attend,
and not often the latter ; he sat apparently so much at his
ease, both at the Society and in the Club, and conducted the
business of the meetings with so much spirit and dignity,

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES

that a stranger would not have supposed that he was often
suffering at the time, nor even have observed an infirmity,
which never disturbed his uniform cheerfulness.

" As the gout increased his difficulty of locomotion, Sir
Joseph found it convenient to have some spot to retire to
in the neighbourhood of London, and fixed upon a small
villa near Hounslow Heath, called Spring Grove, consisting
of some woods and a good garden laid out with ornamental
shrubs and flower-beds, and neatly kept under the inspection
of Lady and Miss Banks " (his sister) [Barrow, loc. cit.
pp. 40-42]. Since his death the building has been pulled
down and replaced by a mansion now in the possession of
A. Pears, Esq.

The last occasion on which Banks took the chair at the
Eoyal Society was on 16th March 1820. In May, declining
health led him to announce his resignation of the Presidency,
which he had held for over forty-one years ; but the universal
desire which was expressed, both by the Council of the
Society and by the king himself, that he would retain the
office, induced him to withdraw his resignation. He died,
however, very shortly afterwards at Spring Grove, on the
19th June 1820, leaving a widow but no lineal issue.

He was buried at Heston, Middlesex, in which parish
Spring Grove is situated. The church has since been
rebuilt, and now covers the spot where he was buried. A
tablet with a simple inscription marks as nearly as possible
the place where his body lies. By his will he expressly
desires that his body be interred in the most private manner
in the church or churchyard of the parish in which he
should happen to die, and entreats his dear relatives to
spare themselves the affliction of attending the ceremony,
and earnestly requests that they will not erect any monu-
ment to his memory.

In July of the same year the Council of the Eoyal Society
resolved to erect a full-length marble statue of Sir Joseph
Banks, to be executed by Mr. (afterwards Sir Francis)
Chantrey. A sum of £2000 was subscribed, of which £525
was paid to the sculptor, the surplus being devoted to an

SIR JOSEPH BANKS xxxvii

engraving of the statue, copies of which were distributed to
various institutions and individuals. The monument now
stands in the Natural History Department of the British
Museum.

Amongst public notices of Sir Joseph Banks after his
death, the best known are Cuvier's Eloge delivered before the
French Academy, and Sir Everard Home's Hunterian Oration.

The lease of his house in Soho Square, and an annuity
of £200, were left to Eobert Brown, to whom were also
bequeathed his library and natural history collections, with
reversion to the British Museum. On condition of being
appointed keeper of the botanical department, Brown made
over the whole in 1828, reserving to himself the fullest use of
the collections during his life, and accepting the duty of pre-
paring a Life of Banks, as told in the preface to this " Journal."

Considering the eminence of Banks's position in the
scientific world, it is surprising to find how little he wrote.
The following are the most important of his publications —

" A short Account of the cause of the Disease in Corn, called by
farmers the Blight, the Mildew, and the Bust." — Nicholson, Journ. x.
(1805), pp. 225-234; Tilloch, Phil. Mag. xxi. (1805), pp. 320-327;
Ann. Sot. ii. (1806), pp. 51-61. Also as a separate publication, 1805,
8vo, 15 pp. 1 tab. ; and reprinted in Curtis, Practical Observations on
the British Grasses, 1824, pp. 151-166, t. 1.

"An attempt to ascertain the time when the Potato (Solanum
tuberosum) was first introduced into the United Kingdom ; with
some Account of the Hill Wheat of India" (1805).— Hortic. Soc.
Trans, i. 1812, pp. 8-12.

" Some Hints respecting the proper Mode of inuring tender Plants
to our Climate," I.e. pp. 21-25.

" On the Forcing-houses of the Romans, with a List of Fruits culti-
vated by them now in our Gardens," I.e. pp. 147-156.

"On ripening the second Crop of Figs that grow on the new
Shoots," I.e. pp. 252-254.

"Notes relative to the first appearance of the Aphis laniffera, or
the Apple Tree Insect, in this Country " (1812), I.e. ii. pp. 162-170.

" Observations on the nature and formation of the Stone incrusting
the Skeletons which have been found in the Island of Guadeloupe,
with some account of the origin of those Skeletons" (1818). — Trans.
Linn. Soc. xii. (1818), pp. 53-61.

XXXV111

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES

He also published various papers in Arcliceologia.

To the labours of J. Dryander (who succeeded Solander
as Banks's secretary and librarian, and who was on his death
succeded by Kobert Brown in 1810) is due the publication
of the catalogue of Banks's library. It is entitled " Cata-
logus Bibliothecse historico-naturalis Josephi Banks . . .
auctore Jono Dryander/' 5 vols. 8vo, 1798-1800. In it
are enumerated the works of upwards of 6000 authors, with
analyses of their writings, arranged according to the subjects
treated. This work has never been superseded.

The name of Banks is commemorated botanically in the
Australian genus Banksia, so named in his honour by the
younger Linnaeus.

DE. SOLANDEE

This sketch cannot be concluded without some notice of
the career of Banks's first librarian, and companion during
Cook's voyage, Daniel Carl Solander. He was the son of
a country clergyman, and born in Norrland, Sweden, on the
28th February 1*736. He studied at the University of
Upsala, took the degree of M.D., and became a pupil of
Linnaeus, who recommended him to go to England. He
left Upsala in 1759, being warmly commended by his
botanical professor to the eminent naturalist John Ellis,
F.E.S., but was detained in the south of Sweden by sickness
for nearly a year, only reaching our shores in July 1760.
In the following October he was strongly recommended by
Peter Collinson, F.E.S., to the notice of the trustees of the
British Museum, but no permanent employment was the
result of this appeal. In the autumn of 1762 Linnaeus pro-
cured for him the offer of the botanical professorship at St.
Petersburg, but after consultation with his English friends,
Solander decided to decline the appointment, for "many
reasons," which are not given. The chief one seems to have
been that at this time he was engaged in classifying and
cataloguing in the British Museum, with prospect of advance-
ment. A few months later he was appointed assistant in

DR. SOLANDER

that institution, and in 1764 elected a Fellow of the Eoyal
Society. It was in 1 7 6 7 that he first made the acquaintance
of Banks, who, when he had in the following year resolved to
accompany Cook to the Pacific, induced Solander to go with
him. His situation in the Museum was kept open for him, a
deputy being put in to act during his absence with Banks.

An extract from a letter from Ellis to Linnseus gives a
clear idea of the arrangements made for the journey : —

I must now inform you that Joseph Banks, Esq., a gentleman of
£6000 per annum estate, has prevailed on your pupil, Dr. Solander,
to accompany him in the ship that carries the English astronomers to
the new-discovered country in the South Sea l . . . where they are to
collect all the natural curiosities of the place, and, after the astronomers
have finished their observations on the transit of Venus, they are to
proceed under the direction of Mr. Banks, by order of the Lords of
the Admiralty, on further discoveries. . . . No people ever went to
sea better fitted out for the purpose of natural history, nor more
elegantly. They have got a fine library of natural history : they have
all sorts of machines for catching and preserving insects ; all kinds of
nets, trawls, drags, and hooks for coral fishing ; they have even a
curious contrivance of a telescope by which, put into the water, you
can see the bottom at a great depth, where it is clear. They have
many cases of bottles with ground stoppers, of several sizes, to preserve
animals in spirits. They have the several sorts of salts to surround the
seeds ; and wax, both bees'-wax and that of the Myrica ; besides, there
are many people whose sole business it is to attend them for this very
purpose. They have two painters and draughtsmen, several volunteers
who have a tolerable notion of natural history ; in short, Solander
assured me this expedition would cost Mr. Banks £10,000. . . .
About three days ago I took my leave of Solander, when he assured
me he would write to you and to all his family, and acquaint them
with the particulars of this expedition. I must observe to you that
his places are secured to him, and he has promises from persons in
power of much better preferment on his return. Everybody here
parted from him with reluctance, for no man was ever more beloved,
and in so great esteem with the public from his affable and polite
behaviour.

On his return from the South Seas, Dr. Solander was
installed under Banks's roof in Soho Square as his secretary
and librarian ; and at the British Museum he was advanced
to the post of under-librarian. A short time after his return

1 The Society Islands.

xl BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES

the project of a second voyage was mooted, as already
mentioned on p. xxvii. How this idea was received by
Linnaeus, the following extracts from his correspondence
with Ellis will show : —

I have just read, in some foreign newspapers, that our friend
Solander intends to revisit those new countries, discovered by Mr.
Banks and himself, in the ensuing spring. This report has affected
me so much as almost entirely to deprive me of sleep. How vain
are the hopes of man ! Whilst the whole botanical world, like myself,
has been looking for the most transcendent benefits to our science,
from the unrivalled exertions of your countrymen, all their matchless
and truly astonishing collection, such as has never been seen before,
nor may ever be seen again, is to be put aside untouched, to be thrust
into some corner, to become perhaps the prey of insects and of
destruction.

I have every day been figuring to myself the occupations of my
pupil Solander, now putting his collection in order, having first
arranged and numbered his plants, in parcels, according to the places
where they were gathered, and then written upon each specimen its
native country and appropriate number. I then fancied him throw-
ing the whole into classes, putting aside and naming such as were
already known; ranging others under known genera, with specific
differences, and distinguishing by new names and definitions such as
formed new genera, with their species. Thus, thought I, the world
will be delighted and benefited by all these discoveries ; and the
foundations of true science will be strengthened, so as to endure
through all generations !

I am under great apprehension that, if this collection should
remain untouched till Solander's return, it might share the same
lot as Forskal's Arabian specimens at Copenhagen. . . . Solander
promised long ago, while detained off the coast of Brazil, in the early
part of his voyage, that he would visit me after his return, of which
I have been in expectation. If he had brought some of his specimens
with him, I could at once have told him what were new ; and we
might have turned over some books together, and he might have been
informed or satisfied upon many subjects, which after my death will
not be so easily explained.

I have no answer from him to the letter I enclosed to you, which
I cannot but wonder at. You, yourself, know how much I have
esteemed him, and how strongly I recommended him to you.

By all that is great and good, I entreat you, who know so well the
value of science, to do all that in you lies for the publication of these
new acquisitions, that the learned world may not be deprived of
them. . . .

Again the plants of Solander and Banks recur to my imagination.

DR. SOLANDER

When I turn over FeuilleVs figures, I meet with more extraordinary
things among them than anywhere else. I cannot but presume
therefore, as Peru and Chili are so rich, that in the South Sea
Islands, as great abundance of rarities have remained in concealment,
from the beginning of the world, to reward the labours of our
illustrious voyagers. I see these things now but afar off. ...

When I ponder upon the insects they have brought, I am over-
whelmed at the reported number of new species. Are there many
new genera ? . . .

When I think of their Mollusca, I conceive the new ones must be
very numerous. These animals cannot be investigated after death, as
they contract in dying. Without doubt, as there were draughtsmen
on board, they would not fail to afford ample materials for drawing.

Do but consider, my friend, if these treasures are kept back, what
may happen to them. They may be devoured by vermin of all
kinds. The house where they are lodged may be burnt. Those
destined to describe them may die. Even you, the promoter of every
scientific undertaking in your country, may be taken from us. All
sublunary things are uncertain, nor ought anything to be trusted to
treacherous futurity. I therefore once more beg, nay I earnestly
beseech you, to urge the publication of these new discoveries. I con-
fess it to be my most ardent wish to see this done before I die. To
whom can I urge my anxious wishes but to you, who are so devoted
to me and to science ?

Remember me to the immortal Banks and Solander.

The writer clearly recognised the dangers of that dilatori-
ness which evidently formed a marked feature in the
character of Solander ; he had repeatedly complained of
his pupil's neglect in writing, not only to him, but to his
mother. This was the subject of reproach even before the
great expedition, but it seems to have been intensified after-
wards, for after Solander's death, letters from his mother
addressed to him were found actually unopened !

The closing scene came with startling suddenness. Sir
Joseph Banks was out of town, and to that fact we owe the
following details from the pen of Dr. (afterwards Sir Charles)
Blagden, an intimate acquaintance.

SOHO SQUARE,
Wednesday, 8th May 1782, 2.30 P.M.

Soon after breakfast this morning Dr. Solander began to find him-
self much indisposed, and in a short time the symptoms of a palsy of
the left side began to appear. I was conversing with him at the
time, and as soon as the stroke became certain, dispatched a messenger

xlii BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES

for Mr. Hunter, whilst Professor Linnaeus l went to call Dr. Heberden
and Dr. Pitcairne. All these gentlemen have been with him, and the
necessary remedies prescribed. I dare not say what the event will be,
but am not without hopes, notwithstanding the extreme danger with
which you know all paralytic strokes are attended. It was found
impossible , to move him ; Lady Banks has therefore been so kind as
to order an apartment for him in her house, and I shall quit him as
little as possible, particularly not to-night. You may judge of the
affliction of every one here. I am so much affected myself that I
know not what to say to you, but that I am most affectionately yours,

C. BLAGDEN.

It is a striking testimony of the regard in which
Solander was held, that the foremost physicians of the
day should be summoned to his side at the moment of
attack, and that the son and successor of his botanical
preceptor should be one of the messengers in search of
medical aid. All efforts were unavailing to prolong his
life, for he died at Soho Square on the 16th of the same
month.

He is stated to have been a short, fair man, somewhat
stout, with small eyes, and a good-humoured expression of
countenance. The genus Solandra is his botanical memorial,
named after him by his fellow-countryman, Swartz. A full-
length portrait of him, by an unknown artist, in the posses-
sion of the Linnean Society (to which body it was given by
E. A. Salisbury), is here reproduced.

1 Carl von Linn6, son of the eminent naturalist.

NATURALISTS AND VOYAGERS MENTIONED
IN THE JOUENAL

ANSON, George, Lord (1697-1762), entered the navy in 1712, and
was in 1740 sent to the Pacific in command of a squadron. Reaching
his destination by way of South America, he captured the " Spanish
galleon," and brought it to England, returning by the Cape of Good
Hope in 1744. His " Voyage round the World " was published in
1748. In 1 7 46 he was appointed to the command of the Channel Fleet,
and was raised to the peerage in 1747. In 1751 he became First
Lord of the Admiralty, having virtually performed all the duties of
that office for two or three years previously.

BASTER, Job (1711-75), a Dutch naturalist, who published many
works on natural history, including a treatise on the classification of
plants and animals (1768), and " Opuscula subseciva" (1759-65),
consisting of miscellaneous observations on animals and plants, re-
ferring more especially to seeds and embryos.

BIRON, C., author of " Curiosites de la Nature et de 1'Art, apportees
de deux Voyages des Indes, en Occident, 1698-99 ; en Orient, 1701-2 ;
avec une Relation abregee des deux Voyages" (1703).

BOUGAINVILLE, Louis Antoine de (1729-1811), was successively
lawyer, soldier, secretary to the French Embassy in London, and
officer under Montcalm in Canada. In 1765 he persuaded the in-
habitants of St. Malo to fit out an expedition to colonise the Falkland
Islands, but upon these being claimed by the Spaniards, Bougainville
was sent out in 1766, in command of the frigate Boudeuse, with a
consort, to transfer them to the latter country. After accomplishing
this mission he proceeded through the Straits of Magellan and fell in
with Otahite (to which he gave the name of Cyth&re, but which had
been previously seen by Quiros and Wallis), the Navigators, and the New
Hebrides (Quiros' Terra del Espiritu Santo). Endeavouring to steer
due west at about the 15th degree of south latitude, he was, when
still out of sight of land, brought up by reefs (outside the Great

xliv JOURNAL OF SIR JOSEPH BANKS

Barrier Reef). Turning northwards he sailed, by the Louisiade Archi-
pelago and New Guinea, to the Moluccas, returning to France in 1769
via Batavia and Mauritius.

Bougainville was accompanied on this voyage by a naturalist,
Philibert Commerson, whose servant, Jean Bary, passed for a man until
her sex was recognised by the Tahitians. Otourrou, a Tahitian whom
Bougainville took with him to France, died of small-pox at Mada-
gascar while being conveyed back to his native country. The genus
Bougainvillea was so named by Commerson in honour of the navigator,
who was the first Frenchman to circumnavigate the globe. Bougain-
ville afterwards commanded various vessels in the American War.

BRISSON, Mathurin Jacques (1723-1806), French naturalist and
physicist, author of "Le regne animal" (1756), and " Ornithologie "
(1760), and various works on physics.

BROSSE or BROSSES, Charles de (1709-77), first President of the
Parliament of Burgundy, author of "Histoire des Navigations aux
Terres Australes " (1756).

BROWNE, Patrick (1720?-! 790), a physician who studied natural
history, more particularly botany, and after a voyage to the West
Indies published the "Civil and Natural History of Jamaica" (1756).
He also compiled more or less local catalogues of birds, fishes, and
plants.

BUFPON, Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de (1707-88), French
naturalist and writer. Upon being appointed Director of the King's
Garden at Paris, in 1739, he conceived the idea of compiling a natural
history of creation, and devoted the following fifty years of his life to
carrying out this project, with the help of other naturalists. His
"Histoire naturelle" (published at various periods from 1749 to 1788)
treats of the theory of the earth, nature of animals, man, viviparous
quadrupeds, birds, and minerals. The task was continued after his
death by Lacepede.

BYRON, Vice- Admiral John (1723-86), was the second son of the
fourth Lord Byron, and grandfather of the poet. He accompanied
Anson on his voyage to the Pacific as a midshipman on board the
Wager, which was wrecked on the coast of Chile in 1741 : some years
later he published the details of his adventures (1768). In 1764 he
was appointed to the Dolphin, with orders to explore the South Seas.
He left England in company with the Tamar, and, passing through
the Straits of Magellan, stood across the Pacific, but following a
course already known, made no discoveries of any importance. With
a great deal of scurvy on board he reached the Ladrones, and returned
home in 1766. [Otahite was rediscovered on the Dolphin's second

NATURALISTS AND VOYAGERS MENTIONED xlv

voyage by Wallis, q.v.] Byron was afterwards (1769-72) Governor
of Newfoundland, and had command of the West Indian Fleet in
1778-79.

CANTON, John (1718-72), F.R.S., electrician, was the first English-
man who successfully repeated Franklin's experiments. He invented
an electroscope and an electrometer. The Copley Medal of the Royal
Society was awarded him in 1751.

COOK, Captain James (1728-79), the son of an agricultural
labourer, was born at Marton in Yorkshire. He served several years
in the merchant service, but volunteered for the navy in 1755, enter-
ing on the Eagle under Captain Hugh Palliser. It was owing to the
influence of the latter that Cook, who had previously surveyed the St.
Lawrence river, was afterwards appointed " Marine Surveyor to the
coast of Newfoundland and Labrador." He published his results as
directions for navigating these coasts (1766-68).

The Admiralty having at the instance of the Royal Society resolved
to despatch an expedition to observe the transit of Venus in the Pacific,
Cook was appointed Lieutenant and placed in command of the En-
deavour (1768) : this voyage is described in the following pages.

On his return in 1771, Cook was immediately promoted to the
rank of Commander and sent again to the Pacific with the Resolution
and Adventure, the primary object of the expedition being to verify
the existence or non-existence of an antarctic continent. He left
Plymouth in 1772, and proceeded to the Cape of Good Hope, whence
sailing in a south-easterly direction, he was the first to cross the
Antarctic circle. After revisiting New Zealand, Otahite, and New
Zealand again (when the Resolution and Adventure parted company),
he sailed to the south, and reached his highest latitude (7l°*10) in
January 1774. After touching at Easter Island he explored the New
Hebrides and discovered New Caledonia, whence he returned home by
New Zealand, Cape Horn, and South Georgia, reaching Plymouth in
July 1775.

Apart from the geographical discoveries, and finally setting at rest
the question of a habitable southern continent, this voyage was, even
more than the first, remarkable for the fact that Cook kept his crew
absolutely free from scurvy, and lost only a single man during the
whole of the three years. Cook's demonstration of the possibility of
maintaining the health of crews during long periods is one of his
greatest titles to fame. He gave an account of his methods for the
prevention of scurvy to the Royal Society in 1776, and the Copley
Medal was in the same year awarded to him, in recognition of his
services to the maritime world and to humanity in this connection.

Having been promoted to the rank of Captain, he offered to take
command of an expedition to the North Pacific in search of a North-
west Passage. He left England on this, his third voyage, in July

xlvi JOURNAL OF SIR JOSEPH BANKS

1776, in the Resolution, his consort, the Discovery, joining him at the
Cape of Good Hope. The two ships visited Van Dieinen's Land and
New Zealand, and spent 1777 among the islands of the South Pacific.
Going north, he discovered the Sandwich Islands (1778), and sur-
veyed the west coast of North America as far as Icy Cape (thus passing
through the Behring Straits). Thence, finding further advance im-
possible, he returned to the Sandwich Islands, anchoring in Karakakoa
Bay. The natives at first proved friendly, but quarrels afterwards
arose, and Cook, going on shore to recover a stolen boat, was killed
(14th February 1779), no attempt at a rescue being made.

COWLEY, Captain, buccaneer, fell in with " Pepys " Island, which
was afterwards recognised to be one of the Falklands, about the year
1683. He sailed round the world in 1683-86, keeping a Journal
from which the account of his voyage in Callander's " Terra Australis
Cognita " is taken.

DALRYMPLE, Alexander (1737-1808), went out as a writer in the
East India Company's service in 1752, and undertook several voyages
for the Company, particularly to the Sulu Islands and to China. In
1767 he published an "Account of Discoveries in the South Pacific
Ocean before 1764," and later a "Historical Collection of South Sea
Voyages" (1770-71), besides pamphlets on Indian affairs. He was
appointed the first Hydrographer to the Admiralty in 1795, but was
dismissed in 1808, and died the same year.

D AMPLER, William (1652-1715), buccaneer, captain in the navy,
and hydrographer, made several voyages to the South Seas. In one
of these he left Virginia in 1683 and went by way of South America
to the East Indies, where he spent some time in trading. He re-
turned to England in 1691 and published his "Voyage Round the
World " (1697). On a later voyage he sailed under directions from the
Admiralty along the northern coast of New Holland and visited New
Guinea (1699-1701). His narrative of this expedition, entitled
"Voyage to New Holland in the year 1699" (published 1703-9), is
remarkable for the information it contains on the natural history, etc.,
of Australia. He was again in the South Seas in 1703-7 and in
1708, upon which last occasion he rescued Alexander Selkirk, whom
he had himself left there on the former voyage, from the island of
Juan Fernandez.

"DOLPHIN," the first vessel in the English navy sheathed with
copper : 1st voyage, see Byron; 2nd voyage (to Otahite), see Wallis.

EDWARDS, George, F.R.S. (1694-1773), naturalist, Librarian to the
Royal College of Physicians. He was the author of a "History of
Birds" (1743-64), one volume of which is remarkable for being dedi-
cated to God.

NATURALISTS AND VOYAGERS MENTIONED xlvii

FERNANDEZ, Juan (died 1576), Spanish navigator, appears to have
been constantly employed as pilot off the coasts of South America.
He discovered the islands bearing his name about 1572, and in 1576
reported another large island or continent, which has not been
identified.

FOTHERGILL, John, M.D., F.R.S. (1712-80), was a Quaker, and the
first graduate of Edinburgh to be admitted as a licentiate of the
College of Physicians (1744). He was greatly interested in botany,
and possessed a magnificent botanical garden at Upton, near Stratford,
where he kept many draughtsmen. He also made large collections of
shells and insects. His " Hortus Uptonensis " was published amongst
his "Works" after his death in 1783-84.

FRE"ZIER, Ame'dee Frangois (1682-1773), engineer and traveller,
born at Chambe'ry, was descended from the Scotch Frasers. He was
sent out by the French king in 1711 to examine the Spanish colonies
in South America, and on his return in 1714 published his "Relation
d'un Voyage de la Mer du Sud aux cotes du Chili et du Perou"
(1716). He was afterwards Director of Fortifications of Brittany, and
was the author of several works on architecture.

HASSELQUIST, Fredrik (1722-52), Swedish naturalist and pupil of
Linnaeus. He spent three years (1749-52) travelling in Palestine
and Egypt, and made large collections of fishes, reptiles, insects, plants,
and minerals, studying also Arab manuscripts, coins, and mummies.
He died at Smyrna, and his collections passed into the hands of
Linnaeus, who published Hasselquist's journal and observations under
the title of " Iter Palestinum " (1757).

HISTOIRE des Navigations aux Terres Australes, see Brosse.

HULME, Nathaniel, F.R.S. (1732-1807), was Physician to the
Charter-house.

LE MAIRE, Jacob (died 1616), Dutch navigator, left Holland in
company with William Cornelissen Schouten (died 1625) in 1615, in
the Concorde, with the view of determining the position of the southern
point of South America, in defiance of the regulations of the Dutch
East India Company, which attempted to close the routes to India,
either by the Cape of Good Hope or the Straits of Magellan. Le
Maire and Schouten discovered Staten Island and Cape Horn, which
they doubled, and thence proceeded to Batavia, passing along the
north-east coast of New Guinea. On their arrival at Batavia, their
ship was seized and they were sent to Holland, but Le Maire died
before reaching Europe. Schouten published an account of the
voyage in 1618.

xlviii JOURNAL OF SIR JOSEPH BANKS

L'HERMITE, Jacques (died 1624), Dutch Admiral, was sent out in
1623 by the States- General in command of eleven vessels (the Nassau
fleet, so named after Prince Maurice of Nassau) to attack Peru. The
expedition did not meet with much success, and L'Hermite himself
died at Callao. He appears to have previously served under the Dutch
East India Company.

MARCGRAV, George (1610-44), German physician and traveller,
accompanied Piso (q.v.) and the Prince of Nassau to Brazil in 1636,
where he travelled for six years. The results of his discoveries are
embodied with those of Piso in the " Historia naturalis Brasilia "
(1648). He afterwards went to the coast of Guinea and there died.

MASKELYNE, Nevil, F.R.S. (1732-1811), was sent by the Royal
Society to St. Helena to observe the transit of Venus in 1761,
but the phenomenon was obscured by clouds. He was after-
wards Astronomer-Royal (1765) ; and to him we owe the "Nautical
Almanac," the publication of which he superintended for forty-five
years. In 1769 he observed the transit of Venus from Greenwich.
Later, in 1784, Maskelyne strongly supported Dr. Charles Hutton
against Sir Joseph Banks, then President, during the dissensions in
the Royal Society (see p. xxx.)

M 'BRIDE, David (1726-78), medical writer, advocated the use of
fresh wort or infusion of malt as a preventive of scurvy at sea, a
specific adopted by Banks on this voyage. It was, however, soon after
superseded by Lind's lemon juice.

NARBROUGH, Admiral Sir John (1640-88), was sent out to the
South Seas in 1669. Passing through the Straits of Magellan, he
sailed as far as Valdivia and then returned home. He was present at
the battle of Solebay (1672), and after some years of service, died at
Saint Domingo, whither he had gone, at the instance of the Govern-
ment, to search for treasure.

NASSAU FLEET. See L'Hermite.

OLDENLAND, Henry Bernhard, Dutch naturalist, author of " Catalogi
duo plantarum Africanarum " in the "Thesaurus Zeylanicus" (1737).

OSBECK, Pehr (1723-1805), Swedish naturalist and traveller.
He studied natural history, and on the recommendation of Linnaeus
was appointed chaplain to a vessel of the Swedish East India Company,
in which he visited China, and, on the return voyage, Ascension.
Osbeck published his observations under the title of " Journal of a
voyage to the East Indies, 1750-52, with observations on the natural
history, language, manners, and domestic economy of foreign peoples "
(1757).

CHAPTEE I

ENGLAND TO KIO DE JANEIRO
AUG. 25— Nov. 13, 1768

Departure — Birds and marine animals — Species of Dagysa— Madeira — Dr.
Heberden — Madeira mahogany — Wine - making — Vines — Carts — Vege-
table productions — Convent — Chapel wainscoted with bones — General
account of Madeira — Peak of Teneriffe — Marine animals — Cross the
Equator — Climate of tropics — Luminous animals in the water — Trade
winds— Brazilian fishermen — Sargasso weed — Rio harbour.

25th August 1768. Plymouth. — After having waited in
this place ten days, the ship and everything belonging to
me being all that time in perfect readiness to sail at a
moment's warning, we at last got a fair wind ; and this day
at three o'clock in the evening weighed anchor and set sail,
all in excellent health and spirits, perfectly prepared (in
mind at least) to undergo with cheerfulness any fatigues or
dangers that may occur in our intended voyage.

26th. Saw this evening a shoal of those fish which are
particularly called Porpoises by the seamen, probably the
Delphinus Phoccena of Linnaeus, as their noses are very blunt.

2Sth. In some sea water which was on board to season
a cask, observed a very minute sea -insect, which Dr.
Solander described by the name of Podura marina. Took
several specimens of Medusa pelagica, whose different motions
in swimming amused us very much ; among the appendages
to this animal we found also a new species of Oniscus. We
took also another animal, quite different from any we had
ever seen ; it was of an angular figure, about three inches

B

2 ENGLAND TO RIO DE JANEIRO CHAP, i

long and one thick, with a hollow passing quite through it ;
on one end was a brown spot, which might be the stomach
of the animal. Four of these, the whole number that we
took, adhered together when taken by their sides ; so that
at first we imagined them to be one animal : but upon being
put into a glass of water, they very soon separated, and
swam briskly about.

31 st. Observed about the ship several of the birds called
by the seamen Mother Carey's Chickens, Procellaria pelagica,
Linn., which were thought by them to be a sure presage of
a storm, as indeed it proved.

2nd September. The casting-net brought up two kinds of
animals, different from any before taken. They came up in
clusters, both sorts indifferently in each cluster, although
there were much fewer of a horned kind than of the other :
they seemed to be two species of one genus, but are not at
all reducible to any hitherto described.

3rd. We were employed all day in describing the
animals taken yesterday : we found them to be of a new
genus, and of the same as that taken on the 28th of August ;
we called the genus Dagysa, from the likeness of one species
to a gem.

4th. Employed in fishing with the casting -net. We
were fortunate in taking several specimens of Dagysa saccata
adhering together, sometimes to the length of a yard or
more, and shining in the water with very beautiful colours ;
but another insect we took to-day was possessed of more
beautiful colouring than anything in nature I have ever seen,
hardly excepting gems. It is of a new genus, called Carcinium,
of which we took another species, having no beauty to boast
of ; but the first, which we called opalinum, shone in the water
with all the splendour and variety of colours that we observe
in a real opal. It lived in a glass of salt water, in which it
was put for examination, several hours, darting about with
great agility, and at every motion showing an almost infinite
variety of changeable colours. Towards the evening of this
day a new phenomenon appeared : the sea was almost
covered with a small species of crab (Cancer depurator, Linn.),

SEPT. 1768

floating upon the surface of the water, and moving with toler-
able agility, as if the surface and not the bottom of the
ocean were their proper station.

5th. I forgot to mention yesterday that two birds were
caught in the rigging, which had probably come from Spain,
as we were not then distant more than five or six leagues
from that country. This morning another was caught and
brought to me, but so weak that it died in my hand almost
immediately. All three were of the same species, and not
described by Linnaeus ; we called them Motacilla velificans,
as they must be sailors who would venture themselves
aboard a ship which is going round the world. To balance
to some extent our good fortune, now become too prevalent,
a misfortune happened this morning, almost the worst which
our enemies could have wished. The morning was calm,
and Eichmond employed in searching for what should
appear on the surface of the water ; a shoal of Dagysce was
observed, and he, eager to take some of them, threw the
casting-net, fastened only to his wrist ; the string slipped
from him, and the net at once sunk into the deep, never-
more to torment its inhabitants. This left us for some time
entirely without a resource; plenty of animals came past
the ship, but all the nets were in the hold, stowed under so
many other things that it was impossible even to hope that
they may be got out to-day at least. However, an old hoop-
net was fastened to a fishing-rod, and with it one new
species of Dagysa was caught : it was named lobata.

6th. Towards the middle of the day the sea was almost
covered with Dagysce of different kinds, among which two
entirely new ones were taken (rostrata and strumosa), but
neither were observed hanging in clusters, as most of the
other species had been ; whether from the badness of the
new machine, or the scarcity of the animals, I cannot say.

It is now time to give some account of the genus of
Dagysa, of which we have already taken six species, all
agreeing very well in many particulars, but chiefly in this
very singular one, that they have a hole at each end, com-
municating by a tube often as large as the body of the

4 ENGLAND TO RIO DE JANEIRO CHAP, i

animal, by the help of which they swim with some degree
of activity when separated from each other. Several sorts
are most generally seen joined together, gemmce more par-
ticularly, which adhere in irregularly-shaped clusters of some
hundreds ; in the midst of these were generally found a few
specimens of cornuta, from which circumstance we may
judge that they are very nearly allied. It seems singular
that no naturalist should have taken notice of these animals,
as they abound so much where the ship now is, not twenty
leagues from the coast of Spain. From hence, however,
great hopes may be formed that the inhabitants of the deep
have been but little examined, and as Dr. Solander and my-
self will have probably greater opportunity in the course of
this voyage than any one before us, it is a very encouraging
circumstance that so large a field of natural history has
remained almost untrod until now, and that we may be
able from this circumstance alone (almost unthought of
when we embarked in the undertaking) to add considerable
lights to the science which we so eagerly pursue.

This evening a large quantity of Carcinium opalinum,
which may be called the opal insect, came under the ship's
stern, making the very sea appear of uncommon beauty, their
colours appearing with vast brightness even at the depth of
two or three fathoms, though they are not more than three
lines long and one broad.

*lt~h. On examining the Dagysce which were taken yester-
day several small animals were found lodged in the hollow
parts of their bodies, and some in the very substance of
their flesh, which seems to be their food, as many of the
Dagysce were full of scars, which had undoubtedly been the
lodgment of these animals some time before. Upon a
minute inspection they proved to be animals not to be
classed under Linnseus's genera, though nearly related to
Oniscus, from which circumstance the name of Onidium
was given to the new genus, and to them was added an
animal taken on the 28th of August, and mentioned by
the name of Oniscus macrophthalmus.

In one particular these insects differ from any hitherto

SEPT. 1768 MADEIRA

described, and in that they all three agree, viz. in having
two eyes joined together under one common membrane
without the least distinction or division between them, which
circumstance alone seems a sufficient reason for constituting
a new genus.

10th. To-day for the first time we dined in Africa, and
took leave of Europe for heaven alone knows how long,
perhaps for ever ; that thought demands a sigh as a tribute
due to the memory of friends left behind, and they have it,
but two cannot be spared, 'twould give more pain to the
sigher than pleasure to those sighed for. 'Tis enough that
they are remembered : they would not wish to be too much
thought of by one so long to be separated from them, and
left alone to the mercy of winds and waves.

12th. At ten to-night came to an anchor in Funchiale
Bay, Madeira.

13th-18th. The product boat l (as it is called by English
sailors) from the officers of health, whose leave must be
obtained before any ship's crew can land, came on board about
eleven, and we immediately went on shore in the town
of Funchiale, the capital of the island, situate in latitude
32° 40' N. It is so called from the fennel which grows in
plenty upon the rocks in its neighbourhood, and is called
funcho in Portuguese. Here we immediately went to the
house of the English consul, Mr. Cheap, one of the first
merchants in the place, where we were received with un-
common marks of civility, he insisting upon our taking
possession of his house, and living entirely with him during
our stay, which we did, and were by him furnished with
every accommodation that we could wish for. Leave was
procured by him for us to search the island for whatever
natural productions we might find worth noticing ; people
were also employed to procure for us fish and shells ; horses
and guides were obtained for Dr. Solander and myself
to carry us to any part of the island which we might
choose to visit. But our very short stay, which was only
five days, made it impossible to go to any distance ; so we

1 i.e. the pratique boat.

6 ENGLAND TO RIO DE JANEIRO CHAP, i

contented ourselves with collecting as much as we could in
the neighbourhood of the town, never going above three
miles from it during our whole stay.

The season of the year was undoubtedly the worst
for both plants and insects, being that of the vintage,
when nothing is green in the country, except just on the
verge of small brooks, by which their vines are watered ;
we made shift, however, to collect specimens of several
plants, etc.

The five days which we remained upon the island were
spent so exactly in the same manner that it is by no means
necessary to divide them. I shall therefore only say that
in general we got up in the morning, went out on our
researches, returned to dine, and went out again in the
evening. On one day, however, we had a visit from the
Governor, of which we had notice beforehand, and were
obliged to stay at home ; so that this unsought honour lost
us very nearly the whole day, a very material part of the
short time we were allowed to stay upon the island. "We,
however, contrived to revenge ourselves upon his Excellency
by means of an electrical machine which we had on board ;
for, upon his expressing a desire to see it, we sent for it
ashore, and shocked him fully as much as he chose.

While here we were much indebted to Dr. Heberden,
the chief physician of the island, and brother to the physician
of that name at London. He had for many years been an
inhabitant of the Canaries, and of this island, and had
made several observations, chiefly philosophical ; some, how-
ever, were botanical, describing the trees of the island. Of
these he immediately gave us a copy, together with such
specimens as he had in his possession, and indeed spared
no pains to get for us living specimens of such as could be
procured in flower.

We tried here to learn what species of wood it is which
has been imported into England, and is now known to cabinet-
makers by the name of Madeira mahogany, but without
much success, as we could not learn that any wood had
been exported from the island by that name. The wood,

SEPT. 1768 MADEIRA

however, of the tree called here Vigniatico, Laurus indicus,1
Linn., bids fair to be the thing, it being of a fine grain and
brown like mahogany, from which it is difficult to distinguish
it, as is well shown at Dr. Heberden's house, where, in a
book-case, mgniatico and mahogany were placed close by
each other, and were only to be known asunder by the
first being of not quite so dark a colour as the other.

As much of the island as we saw showed evident signs
of a volcano having some time or other possibly produced
the whole, for we saw no one piece of stone which did not
clearly show signs of having been burnt, some very much,
specially the sand, which was absolutely cinders. Indeed,
we did not see much of the country, but we were told that
the whole resembled the specimen we saw of it.

When first approached from seaward the land has a very
beautiful appearance, the sides of the hills being entirely
covered with vineyards almost as high as the eye can
distinguish. This gives a constant appearance of verdure,
although at this time nothing but the vines remain green,
the grass and herbs being entirely burnt up, except near
the rills by which the vines are watered and under the
shade of the vines themselves. But even there very few
species of plants were in perfection, the greater part being
burnt up.

The people here in general seem to be as idle, or rather
uninformed, a set, as I ever yet saw ; all their instruments,
even those with which their wine, the only article of trade
in the island, is made, are perfectly simple and unimproved.
In making wine the grapes are put into a square wooden
vessel, of dimensions depending upon the size of the vine-
yard to which it belongs, into which the servants get
(having taken off their stockings and jackets), and with
their feet and elbows squeeze out as much of the juice as
they can ; the stalks, etc., are then collected, tied together
with a rope, and put under a square piece of wood which is
pressed down by a lever, to the other end of which is
fastened a stone that may be raised up at pleasure by a
1 Persea indica,' Spreng.

8 ENGLAND TO RIO DE JANEIRO CHAP, i

screw. By this means and this only they make their wine,
and by this probably Noah made his when he had newly
planted the first vineyard after the general destruction of
mankind and their arts, although it is not impossible that
he might have used a better, if he remembered the methods
he had seen before the flood.

It was with great difficulty that some (and not as yet all)
of them were persuaded not long ago to graft their vines,
and by this means bring all the fruit of a vineyard to be of
one sort. Formerly the wine had been spoiled by various
inferior kinds of vines, which were nevertheless suffered to
grow, and taken as much care of as the best, because they
added to the quantity of the wine. Yet they were perfectly
acquainted with the use of grafting, and constantly practised
it on their chestnut trees, by which means they were brought
to bear much sooner than they would have done had they
been allowed to remain unimproved.

Wheeled carriages I saw none of any sort or kind;
indeed their roads are so intolerably bad, that if they had
any they could scarcely make use of them. They have,
however, some horses and mules wonderfully clever in
travelling upon these roads, notwithstanding which they
bring every drop of wine to town upon men's heads in
vessels made of goat-skins. The only imitation of a carriage
which they have is a board slightly hollowed in the middle,
to one end of which a pole is tied by a strap of white
leather, the whole machine coming about as near the perfec-
tion of an European cart as an Indian canoe does to a boat ;
with this they move the pipes of wine about the town. I
suppose they would never have made use even of this had
not the English introduced vessels to contain the wine,
which were rather too large to be carried by hand, as they
used to do everything else.

A speech of their late Governor is recorded here, which
shows in what light they are looked upon even by the
Portuguese (themselves, I believe, far behind all the rest of
Europe, except possibly the Spaniards). " It was very
fortunate," said he, " that the island was not Eden, in which

SEPT. 1768 MADEIRA

Adam and Eve dwelt before the fall, for had it been so, the
inhabitants here would never have been induced to put on
clothes ; so much are they resolved in every particular to
follow exactly the paths of their forefathers."

Indeed, were the people here only tolerably industrious,
there is scarcely any luxury which might not be produced
that either Europe or the Indies afford, owing to the great
difference of climate observable in ascending the hills. This
we experienced on a visit to Dr. Heberden, who lives about two
miles from the town ; we left the thermometer when we set
out at 74°, and found it there 'at 66°. The hills produce
almost spontaneously vast quantities of walnuts, chestnuts, and
apples, but in the town you find some few plants natives of both
the Indies, whose nourishing state puts it out of all doubt,
that were they taken any care of, they might have any quantity
of them. Of such they have the banana (Musa sapientum,
Linn.) in great abundance, the guava (Psidium pyriferum,
Linn.) not uncommon, and the pine-apple (Bromelia Ananas,
Linn.) — of this I saw some very healthy plants in the provi-
sion-garden, the mango (Mangifera indica, Linn.) — one plant
also of this in the same garden bearing fruit every year, and
the cinnamon (Laurus Cinnamomum, Linn.) — very healthy
plants of which I saw on the top of Dr. Heberden's house
at Funchiale, which had stood there through the winter
without any kind of care having been taken of them.
These, without mentioning any more, seem very sufficient to
show that the tenderest plants might be cultivated here
without any trouble ; yet the indolence of the inhabitants
is so great, that even that is too much for them. Indeed,
the policy here is to hinder them as much as possible
from growing anything themselves except what they find
their account in taking in exchange for corn, though the
people might with much less trouble and expense grow
the corn themselves. What corn does grow here (it is not
much) is of a most excellent quality, large-grained and very
fine. Their meat also is very good, mutton, pork, and beef
more especially, which was agreed by all of us to be very
little inferior to our own, though we Englishmen value ourselves

io ENGLAND TO RIO DE JANEIRO CHAP, i

not a little on our peculiar excellence in that production.
The fat of this was white, like the fat of mutton, but the
meat brown and coarse-grained as ours, though much
smaller.

The town of Funchiale is situated at the bottom of the
bay, very ill-built, though larger than the size of the island
seems to deserve. The houses of the better people are in
general large, but those of the poorer sort very small, and
the streets very narrow and uncommonly ill-paved. The
churches here have abundance of ornaments, chiefly bad
pictures, and figures of their favourite saints in laced clothes.
The Convent of the Franciscans, indeed, which we went to
see, had very little ornament ; but the neatness with which
those fathers kept everything was well worthy of commenda-
tion, especially their infirmary, the contrivance of which
deserves to be particularly noticed. It was a long room ;
on one side were windows and an altar for the convenience
of administering the sacrament to the sick, on the other
were the wards, each just capable of containing a bed, and
lined with white Dutch tiles. To every one of these was a
door communicating with a gallery which ran parallel to the
great room, so that any of the sick might be supplied with
whatever they wanted without disturbing their neighbours.

In this convent was a curiosity of a very singular nature :
a small chapel whose whole lining, wainscot and ceiling, was
entirely composed of human bones, two large thigh bones
being laid crossways, with a skull in each of the openings.
Among these was a very singular anatomical curiosity : a
skull in which one side of the lower jaw was perfectly and
very firmly fastened to the upper by an ossification, so that
the man, whoever he was, must have lived some time without
being able to open his mouth ; indeed it was plain that a
hole had been made on the other side by beating out his
teeth, and in some measure damaging his jawbone, by which
alone he must have received his nourishment.

I must not leave these good fathers without mentioning
a thing which does great credit to their civility, and at the
same time shows that they are not bigots in their religion.

SEPT. 1768 MADEIRA

ii

We visited them on Thursday evening, just before their
supper-time ; they made many apologies, that they could not
ask us to sup, not being prepared ; " but," said they, " if you
will come to-morrow, notwithstanding that it is a fast with
us, we will have a turkey roasted for you."

There are here besides friaries, three or four houses of
nuns. To one of these (Saint Clara) we went, and indeed
the ladies did us the honour to express great pleasure in
seeing us there. They had heard that we were great
philosophers, and expected much from us : one of the first
questions that they asked was when it would thunder ; they
then desired to know if we could put them in a way of find-
ing water in their convent, of which it seems they were in
want. Notwithstanding that our answers to their questions
were not quite so much to the purpose as they expected,
they did not at all cease their civilities ; for while we stayed,
which was about half an hour, I am sure that there was not
a fraction of a second in which their tongues did not go at
an uncommonly nimble rate.

It remains now that I should say something of the
island in general, and then take my leave of Madeira till
some other opportunity offers of visiting it again, for the
climate is so fine that any man might wish it was in his
power to live there under the benefits of English laws and
liberty.

The hills here are very high, much higher than any one
would imagine ; Pico Euievo, the highest, is 5068 feet,1
which is much higher than any land that has been measured
in Great Britain. The whole island, as I hinted before, has
probably been the production of a volcano, notwithstanding
which its fertility is amazing : all the sides of the hills
are covered with vines to a certain height, above which
are woods of chestnut and pine of immense extent, and
above them forests of wild timber of kinds not known in
Europe, which amply supply the inhabitants with whatever
they may want. Among these, some there were whose
flowers we were not able to procure, and consequently could

1 6059 feet by more recent measurement.

12 ENGLAND TO RIO DE JANEIRO CHAP, i

not settle their genera, particularly those called by the
Portuguese mirmulano and pao branco,1 both which, and
especially the first, from the beauty of their leaves, promise
to be a great ornament to our European gardens.

The inhabitants here are supposed to number about
80,000, and from the town of Funchiale (its custom-
house I mean) the King of Portugal receives £20,000 a
year, after having paid the Governor and all expenses of
every kind, which may serve to show in some degree of
what consequence this little island is to the Crown of
Portugal. Were it in the hands of any other people in the
world its value might easily be doubled from the excellence
of its climate, capable of bearing any kind of crop, a cir-
cumstance of which the Portuguese do not take the least
advantage.

The coin current here is entirely Spanish, for the balance
of trade with Lisbon being in disfavour of this island, all the
Portuguese money naturally goes there, to prevent which
Spanish money is allowed to pass ; it is of three denomina-
tions, pistereens, bitts, and half bitts, the first worth about
a shilling, the second 6d., the third 3d. They have also
copper Portuguese money, but it is so scarce that I did not
in my stay there see a single piece.2

18tk. This evening got under weigh.

20th. Took with the casting-net a most beautiful species
of Medusa of a colour equalling, if not exceeding, the finest
ultramarine ; it was described and called Medusa azurea.

23rd. A fish was taken which was described and called
Scomber serpens ; the seamen said they had never seen it
before, except the first lieutenant, who remembered to have
taken one before just about these islands. Sir Hans Sloane 3
in his passage out to Jamaica also took one of these fish,
and gives a figure of it (vol. i. t. i. f. 2).

24th. This morning the Pike [of Teneriffe] appeared very
plainly, and immensely high above the clouds, as may well

1 Probably Apollonias canariensis, Nees ; and Oreodaphne fcetens, Nees.

2 Here Banks has a list of 18 Madeiran fish and 299 plants.

3 For notes on the naturalists and travellers mentioned throughout the
Journal, see pp. xliii.-li.

SEPT. 1768 TENERIFFE I3

be imagined by its height, which Dr. Heberden of Madeira,
who has been himself upon it, gave as 15,396 feet.1 The
Doctor also says that though there is no eruption of visible
fire from it, yet that heat issues from the chinks near the top
so strongly, that a person who puts his hand into these is
scalded. From him we received, among many other favours,
some salt which he supposes to be true natron or nitrum of
the ancients, and some exceedingly pure native sulphur,
both which he collected himself on the top of the mountain,
where large quantities, especially of the salt, are found on
the surface of the earth.

25th. Wind continued to blow much as it has done, so
we were sure we were well in the trade. Now for the first
time we saw flying-fish, whose beauty, especially when seen
from the cabin window, is beyond imagination, their sides
shining like burnished silver. Seen from the deck they do
not appear to such advantage, as their backs, which are dark-
coloured, are then presented to view.

27th. About one this morning a flying-fish, the first that
had been taken, was brought into the cabin ; it flew aboard,
chased, I suppose, by some other fish, or may be because he
did not see the ship ; at breakfast another was brought,
which had flown into Mr. Green the astronomer's cabin.

2Stk. Three birds were to-day about the ship : a swallow,
to all appearance the same as our European one, and two
Motacillce ; about nightfall one of the latter was taken.
About eleven a shoal of porpoises came about the ship, and
the fizgig was soon thrown into one of them, but would not
hold.

29th. Employed in drawing and describing the bird
taken yesterday; called it Motacilla avida. While the
drawing was in hand, it became very familiar, so much so
that we had a brace made for it in hopes of keeping it alive ;
as flies were in amazing abundance on board the ship, we
had no fear but that the bird would have a plentiful supply
of provision.

About noon a young shark was seen from the cabin

1 12,300 feet by more recent measurement.

I4 ENGLAND TO RIO DE JANEIRO CHAP, i

windows following the ship. It immediately took a bait
and was hauled on board. It proved to be the Sgualus
carcharias, Linn., and assisted us in clearing up much
confusion, which almost all authors had made about that
species. With it came on board four sucking-fish, Ucheneis
remora, Linn., which were preserved in spirits. Although
it was twelve o'clock before the shark was taken, we made
shift to have a part of him stewed for dinner, and very
good meat he was, at least in the opinion of Dr. Solander
and myself, though some of the seamen did not seem to be
fond of him, probably from some prejudice founded on the
species sometimes, feeding on human flesh.

30th. This evening another Motacilla avida was brought
to us ; it differed scarcely at all from the first taken, except
that it was somewhat larger ; its head, however, gave us
some material, by supplying us with nearly twenty specimens
of ticks, which differed but little from Acarus ricinus, Linn. ;
it was, however, described, and called Acarus motacillce.

1st October. Bonitos were in great plenty about the ship.
We were called up early to see one that had been struck
and found it to be the Scomber pelamis, Linn., a drawing
being made of it. I confess, however, that I was a good
deal disappointed, expecting to find the animal much more
beautiful than it proved, though its colours were extremely
lively, especially the blue lines on the back (which equalled
at least any ultramarine), yet the name, and the accounts I
had heard from all who had seen them, made me expect an
animal of much greater variety of colour. This consisted
merely of blue lines on the back, crossing each other, a
changeable gold and purple on the sides, and white with
black lines on the bottom of the sides and belly. After
having examined and drawn the animal, we proceeded to
dissect it, and in the course of the operation were much
pleased by the infinite strength we observed in every part
of him, especially the stomach, the coats of which were
uncommonly strong, especially about the sphincter, or
extremity by which the digested meat is discharged ; this
I suppose is intended to crush and render useful the scales

OCT. 1768 MARINE ANIMALS !5

and bones of fishes which this animal must continually
swallow without separating them from the flesh. From the
outside of its scales we took a small animal which seemed
to be a louse (if I may so call it), as it certainly stuck to
him, and preyed upon the juices which it extracted by
suction, probably much to his disquiet : it proved to be
Monoculus piscinus, Linn. Baster has given a figure of it in
his " Opera Subseciva," but has by some unlucky accident
mistaken the head for the tail. Inside the fish were also
found two animals which preyed upon him; one Fasciola
pelami, Mss., in his very flesh, though near the membrane
which covers the intestines ; the other Sipunculus piscium,
Mss., in the stomach.

2nd. This morning two swallows were about the ship,
though we must now be sixty leagues at least from any land ;
at night one of them was taken, and proved to be Hirundo
domestica, Linn.

4ith. I went out in a boat and took Dagysa strumosa,
Medusa porpita, which we had before called azurea, Mimus
volutator J and a Cimex, which runs upon the water here in the
same manner as C. lacustris does in our ponds in England.
Towards evening two small fish were taken under the stern ;
they were following a shirt which was towing, and showed
not the least signs of fear, so that they were taken with a
landing-net without the smallest difficulty. They proved to
be Balistes monoceros, Linn.

*7th. Went out in the boat, and took what is called by
the seamen a Portuguese man-of-war, Holothuria physalis,-
Linn., also Medusa velella, Linn., Onidium spinosum, Mss.,
Diodon erinaceus, Mss., Dagysa mtrea, Mss., Helix ianthina,
Linn., violacea, Mss., and Procellaria oceanica, Mss. The
Holothuria proved to be one of the most beautiful
sights I had ever seen ; it consisted of a small bladder, in
shape much like the air-bladder of a fish, from the
bottom of which descended a number of strings of bright
blue and red, some three or four feet in length ; if touched,

1 This cannot be identified.

2 The Portuguese man-of-war is now known as Physalia, and is classed
among the Ccelentemta.

16 ENGLAND TO RIO DE JANEIRO CHAP, i

these stung the person who touched them in the same
manner as nettles, only much more severely. On the top
of this bladder was a membrane which he turned either one
way or the other to receive the wind ; this was veined with
pink, in an uncommonly beautiful manner; in short, the
whole was one of the most beautiful sights I have seen
among the mollusca, though many of them are beautiful.

The floating shells, Helix ianthina1 and violacea, from
their particularity, also deserve mention. They are to be
found floating on the top of the water by means of a small
cluster of bubbles filled with air, composed of a tenacious
slimy substance, not easily parting with its contents ; these
keep them suspended on the surface of the water, and serve
as a nidus for their eggs : it is probable that they never go
down to the bottom, or willingly come near any shore, as
the shell is of so brittle a, construction that few sea-water
snails are so thin.

Every shell contains within it about a teaspoonful of
liquid, which it freely discharges on being touched ; this is
of a most beautiful red purple colour, and easily dyes linen
clothes ; it may be well worth inquiry whether or not this
is the purpura 2 of the ancients, as the shell is certainly found
in the Mediterranean. We have not yet taken a sufficient
quantity of the shells to try the experiment, perhaps we
shall soon.

Procellaria oceanica differs very little from P. pelagica,
Linn., but from his place of abode so far south, and some
small difference in plumage, it is more than likely that he
is different in species.

9th. Found two new species of Lepas (vittata and midas)
on the stern of the ship ; they were both sticking to the
bottom, in company with L. anatifera, of which there was
great abundance.

IQth. Took plenty of Helix ianthina and some few of
violacea. Shot the black-toed gull of Pennant ; it had not

1 These two species are not Helices, but belong to the genus Ianthina.

2 The purple of the ancients has since been proved to have been derived
from a species of Murex or of Purpura.

OCT. 1768 MARINE ANIMALS I?

yet been described according to Linnseus's system, so called
it Larus crepidatus. Its food here seems to be chiefly
Helices, on account of its dung being of a lively red colour,
much like that which was procured from the shells.

1 2th. A shark, Sgualus carcharias, Linn., taken this morn-
ing, and with it two pilot fish. I went out in the boat
and took several blubbers. The pilot fish, Gasterosteus dwtor,
Linn., is certainly as beautiful a fish as can be imagined ; it
is of a light blue, with cross streaks of darker colour. It is
wonderful to see them about a shark, swimming round it
without expressing the least signs of fear ; what their
motive for doing so is, I cannot guess, as I cannot find
that they get any provision by it, or any other emolument,
except possibly that the company of the shark keeps them
free from the attacks of dolphins or other large fish of
prey, who would otherwise devour them.

The blubbers taken to-day were Beroe labiata and mar-
supialis, Mas., the first of which made a pretty appearance
in the water by reason of its swimmers, which line its side
like fringes, and are of a fine changeable colour ; and
Callirrhoe bivia, Mss., the most lifeless lump of jelly I
have seen ; it scarcely seems to be possessed of life, but for
one or two motions we saw it make.

13th. A shark taken, but not one pilot fish attended
it, which is rather uncommon, as they are seldom without
a shoal of from ten to twenty. At noon I went in the
boat, and took the Sallee man, PJiyllodoce velella, Linn., which
is a sailor, but inferior in size to the Portuguese man-of-
war, yet not without its beauty, chiefly from the charming
blue of the lower side. Its sail is transparent, but not
movable, so it trusts itself to the mercy of the winds,
without being able to turn to windward, as the Portuguese
man-of-war perhaps can. We saw several of these latter
to-day, and observed many small fish under their tentacula,
which seemed to shelter there, as if with its stings it could
defend them from large enemies.

1 5th. I had the good fortune to see a bird of the shear-
water kind, which I shot ; it proved not to have been

c

i8 ENGLAND TO RIO DE JANEIRO CHAP, i

described. It was about as large as the common kind, but
differed from it in being whiter, especially about the face.
We named it Procellaria crepidata, as its feet were like
those of the gulls shot last week, black on the outside, but
white near the legs. A large shoal of fish were all this
day under the ship's stern, playing about, but refusing to
take bait. We contrived to take one of them with a fizgig :
it was in make and appearance like a carp, weighing nearly
two pounds. Its sides were ornamented with narrow lines,
and its fins almost entirely covered with scales : called it
Chcetodon cyprinaceus.

16th. I had the opportunity of seeing a phenomenon I
had never before met with, a lunar rainbow which appeared
about ten o'clock, very faint, and almost or quite without
colour, so that it could be traced by little more than an
appearance resembling shade on a cloud.

18^. This evening, trying, as I have often (foolishly no
doubt) done, to exercise myself by playing tricks with two
ropes in the cabin, I got a fall which hurt me a good deal,
and alarmed me the more as the blow was on my head, and
two hours after it I was taken with sickness at my stomach,
which made me fear some ill consequence.

1 9th. To-day, thank God, I was much better, and eased
of all apprehensions.

21st. To-day the cat killed our bird, Motacilla avida, which
had lived with us ever since the 29th September entirely on
the flies which it caught for itself: it was hearty and in
high health, so that it might have lived a great while longer
had fate been more kind.

25th. This morning about eight o'clock we crossed the
equinoctial line in about 33° W. from Greenwich, at the
rate of four knots, which our seamen said was uncommonly
good, the thermometer standing at 79°. (The thermometers
used in this voyage are two of Mr. Bird's making, after
Fahrenheit's scale, and seldom differ by more than a degree
from each other, and that only when they are as high as
80°, in which case the mean reading of the two instruments
is set down.) This evening the ceremony of ducking the

OCT. 1768 CROSSING THE EQUATOR IQ

ship's company was performed, as is always customary on
crossing the line, when those who have crossed it before
claim a right of ducking all that have not. The whole
of the ceremony I shall describe.

About dinner-time a list was brought into the cabin
containing the names of everybody and thing aboard the ship
(in which the dogs and cats were not forgotten) ; to this
was fixed a signed petition from the ship's company desiring
leave to examine everybody in that list, that it might be
known whether or not they had crossed the line before.
This was immediately granted, everybody being called upon
the quarter-deck and examined by one of the lieutenants
who had crossed the line : he marked every name either to
be ducked or let off as their qualifications directed. Captain
Cook and Dr. Solander were on the black list, as were I
myself, my servants, and dogs, for all of whom I was obliged
to compound by giving the duckers a certain quantity of
brandy, for which they willingly excused us the ceremony.

Many of the men, however, chose to be ducked rather
than give up four days' allowance of wine, which was the
price fixed upon, and as for the boys they are always ducked,
of course, so that about twenty-one underwent the ceremony.

A block was made fast to the end of the main-yard, and
a long line reved through it, to which three pieces of wood
were fastened, one of which was put between the legs of the
man who was to be ducked, and to this he was tied very
fast, another was for him to hold in his hands, and the
third was over his head, lest the rope should be hoisted too
near the block, and by that means the man be hurt. When
he was fastened upon this machine the boatswain gave the
command by his whistle, and the man was hoisted up as
high as the cross-piece over his head would allow, when
another signal was made, and immediately the rope was let
go, and his own weight carried him down ; he was then
immediately hoisted up again, and three times served in
this manner, which was every man's allowance. Thus
ended the diversion of the day, for the ducking lasted until
almost night, and sufficiently diverting it certainly was to

20 ENGLAND TO RIO DE JANEIRO CHAP, i

see the different faces that were made on this occasion, some
grinning and exulting in their hardiness, whilst others were
almost suffocated, and came up ready enough to have com-
pounded after the first or second duck, had such a proceeding
been allowable.

Almost immediately after crossing the tropic the air had
sensibly become much damper than usual, though not
materially hotter : the thermometer in general stood from
80° to 82°. The nearer we approached to the calms, the
damper everything grew ; this was very perceptible even to
the human body, but more remarkable was its effect upon
all kinds of furniture. Everything made of iron rusted so
fast that the knives in people's pockets became almost use-
less, and the razors in cases did not escape ; all kinds of
leather became mouldy, portfolios and trunks covered with
black leather were almost white. Soon afterwards this
mould adhered to almost everything ; all the books in my
library became mouldy, so that they had to be wiped to
preserve them.

About this time we came into the calms, which we met
with earlier than usual: the thermometer was then at 83°,
and we suffered from the heat and damp together. Bathing,
however, kept me in perfect health, although many of the
ship's company were ill of bilious complaints, which, how-
ever, were but of short duration. This continued till we
got the S.E. trade, when the air became cooler, but the
dampness continued yet : to that I chiefly attribute the ill-
success of the electrical experiments, of which I have written
an account in separate papers, that the different experiments
may appear at one view.1

The air, during the whole time since we crossed the
tropic, and indeed for some time before, has been nearly of
the same temperature throughout the twenty -four hours, the
thermometer seldom rising more than a degree during the
time the sun is above the horizon ; the cabin windows have
been open without once being shut ever since we left Madeira.

2 9 tk. This evening the sea appeared uncommonly beautiful,
1 An account of these will be found at the end of the volume.

NOV. 1768 MARINE ANIMALS

21

flashes of light coming from it, perfectly resembling small
flashes of lightning, and these so frequent that sometimes
eight or ten were visible at the same moment ; the seamen
were divided in their accounts, some assuring us that it pro-
ceeded from fish, who made the light by agitating the salt
water, as they called it, in their darting at their prey ; while
others said that they had often seen them to be nothing
more than blubbers (Medusae). This made us very eager to
procure some of them, which at last we did by the help of the
landing-net ; they proved to be a species of Medusa, which
when brought on board appeared like metal violently heated,
emitting a white light. On the surface of this animal was
fixed a small Lepas of exactly the same colour and almost
transparent, not unlike thin starch in which a small quantity
of blue is dissolved. In taking these animals three or four
species of crabs were also obtained, of which one very small
kind gave fully as much light as a glow-worm in England,
though the creature was not so large by nine-tenths. Indeed,
the sea this night seemed to abound with light in an unusual
manner, as if every inhabitant of it furnished its share ; as
might have been the case, although none retained that pro-
perty after being brought out of the water except the two
above mentioned.

30th. Employed in examining the things caught last
night, which being taken by the light of our lamps (for the
wind which blows in at the windows always open will not
suffer us to burn candles) we could hardly then distinguish
into genera, much less into species. We had the good
fortune to find that they were all quite new, and named
them Medusa pellucens, Lepas pellueens, Clio, Cancer fulgens,
and Cancer amplectens, but we had the misfortune to lose
two more species of crabs through the glass in which they
were contained falling overboard. Two other species of
crabs were taken, one of which was very singular.

3 1 st. Find that the crabs taken yesterday were both
new ; called them vitreus and crassicornis.

5th November. That the trade blows toward the northward
upon the coast of Brazil has been observed long ago, although

22 ENGLAND TO RIO DE JANEIRO CHAP, i

I question whether our navigators are yet sufficiently apprised
of it. Piso, in his Natural History of the Brazils, says that
the winds along shore are constantly to the northward from
October to March, and to the southward from March to
October. Dampier also, who certainly had as much ex-
perience as most men, says the same thing, advising ships
outward bound to keep to the westward, where they are
almost certain to find the trade more easterly than in mid-
channel, where it is sometimes due south, or within half a
point of it, as we ourselves experienced.

6th. Towards evening the colour^ of the water was
observed to change, upon which we sounded and found
ground at thirty-two fathoms. The lead was cast three
times between six and ten without finding a foot's difference
in the depth or quality of the bottom, which was encrusted
with coral. We supposed this to be the tail of a great shoal
laid down in all our charts by the name of Abrolhos, on which
Lord Anson struck soundings on his outward bound passage.

*lth. About noon long ranges of a yellowish colour appear
upon the sea, many of them very large, one (the largest)
might be a mile in length and three or four hundred yards
in width. The seamen in general affirmed roundly that
they were the spawn of fishes, and that they had often seen
the same appearance before. Upon taking up some of the
water thus coloured, we found it to be caused by innumerable
small atoms, each pointed at the end, and of a yellowish
colour, none of them above a quarter of a line in length.
In the microscope they appeared to be fasciculi of small
fibres interwoven one within the other, not unlike the nidi
of some Phryganece, which we call caddises ; what they were,
or for what purpose designed, we could not even guess, nor
so much as distinguish whether their substance was animal
or vegetable.

Sth. At daybreak to-day we made the land, which
proved to be the Continent of South America, in latitude
21° 16'. About ten we saw a fishing-boat, whose occupants
told us that the country formed part of the captainship of
Espirito Santo.

NOV. 1768 BRAZILIAN FISHERMEN 23

Dr. Solander and I went on board this boat, in which
were eleven men (nine of whom were blacks), who all fished
with lines. We bought the chief part of their cargo, consisting
of dolphins, two kinds of large pelagic scombers, sea bream,
and the fish called in the West Indies Welshman, for which
they made us pay nineteen shillings and sixpence. We had
taken Spanish silver with us, which we imagined was the
currency of the country; we were therefore not a little
surprised that they asked us for English shillings, and
preferred two, which we by accident had, to the pistereens,
though after some words they took them also. The business
of the people seemed to consist in going a good distance
from land and catching large fish, which they salted in bulk,
in the middle of their boat, which was arranged for that
purpose. They had about two quintals of fish, laid in salt,
which they offered for sale for sixteen shillings, and would
doubtless have taken half the money had we been inclined to
buy them ; but fresh provisions were all we wanted, and
the fresh fish which we bought served for the whole ship's
company.

Their provisions for the sea consisted of a cask of water
and a bag of the flour of cassada, which they call Farinha , 0? ^
de Pao, or wooden flour, a very proper name for it, as indeed .
it tastes more like powdered chips than anything else. ^*** '

Their method of drinking from their cask was truly
primitive and pleased me much : the cask was large, as
broad as the boat, and exactly fitted a place made for it in
the ballast ; they consequently could not get at the bottom
of it to put in a tap by which the water might be drawn
out. To remedy this difficulty they made use of a cane
about three feet long, hollow, and open at each end, this the
man who wanted to drink desired his neighbour to fill for
him, which he did by putting it into the cask, and laying
the palm of his hand over the uppermost end, prevented
the water from running out of the lower, to which the
drinker applied his mouth, and the other man taking away
his hand, let the liquor run into the drinker's mouth till he
was satisfied.

24 ENGLAND TO RIO DE JANEIRO CHAP, i

Soon after we came on board, a Sphinx was taken,
which proved to be quite new, and a small bird, Tanagra
Jacarini, Linn. ; it seemed, however, from Linnseus's descrip-
tion, as well as Edwards' and Brisson's, that neither of them
had seen the bird, which was in reality a Loxia nitens.

The fish brought on board proved to be Scomber amia,
S. falcatus, Coryphcena, Hippurus ?, Sparus pagrus and Scicena
ruibens ; the second and last not being before described, we
called them by these names.

1 Qth. Species of seaweed now came floating by the ship. It
proved to be Sargasso, Fucus natans, which is generally supposed
to increase upon the surface of the sea in the same manner
as duckweed (Lemna) does on fresh-water, without having
any root ; this, however, plainly showed that it had been
rooted in the coral rock on the bottom, as two specimens
particularly had large lumps of the coral still adhering to
them. Among the weed were some few animals, but
scarcely worth mentioning: one Balistes, but quite a fry,
so young that it was impossible to refer it to its species ;
also a worm, which proved to be Nereis pelagica.

12th. This morning we were abreast of the land, which
proved, as we thought last night, to be the island just within
Cape Frio, called in some maps the Isle of Frio. About
noon we saw the hill called the Sugar Loaf, which is just by
the harbour's mouth, but it was a long way off yet, so we
had no hopes of reaching it this night.

The shore from Cape Frio to this place has been one
uninterrupted beach of the whitest colour I ever saw, which
they tell me is a white sand.

In the course of this evening we approached very near
the land, and found it very cold, to our feelings at least :
the thermometer at ten o'clock stood at 68^°, which gave us
hopes that the country would be cooler than we should
expect from the accounts of travellers, especially M. Biron,
who says that no business is done here from ten to two on
account of the intense heat.

13th. This morning the harbour of Rio Janeiro was
right ahead, about two leagues off, but it being quite calm

NOV. 1768 OFF RIO DE JANEIRO 25

we made our approach very slowly. The sea was incon-
ceivably full of small vermes, which we took without the
least difficulty : they were almost all new, except Beroe
labiata, Medusa radiata, fimbriata, crystallina, and a Dagysa.
Soon after a fishing -boat came aboard and sold us three
scombers, which proved to be new, and were called S.
salmoneus. His bait was Clupea chinensis, of which we also
procured specimens.

CHAPTEE II

RIO DE JANEIRO
Nov. 13— DEC. 7, 176$

Obstacles to landing — Viceroy memorialised — Boat's crew imprisoned —
Vegetation, etc. — Ship fired at — Leave Rio harbour — Description of
Rio — Churches — Government — Hindrances to travellers — Population —
Military — Assassinations — Vegetables — Fruits — Manufactures — Mines —
Jewels — Coins — Fortifications — Climate.

13th November} As soon as we were well in the river,
the captain sent his first lieutenant, Mr. Hicks, with a
midshipman, to get a pilot : the boat returned, however,
without the officers, but with a Portuguese subaltern. The
coxswain informed us that the lieutenant was detained until
the captain should go off. A ten-oared boat, containing
about a dozen soldiers, then came off and rowed round the
ship, no one in it appearing to take the slightest notice of
us. A quarter of an hour later another boat came off, on
board which was a Disembargador and a colonel of a Portu-
guese regiment. The latter asked many questions, and at
first seemed to discourage our stay, but ended by being
extremely civil, and assuring us that the Governor would
give us every assistance in his power. The lieutenant, he
said, was not detained, but had not been allowed on shore
on account of the practica, but that he would be sent on
board immediately.

I4:th. Captain Cook went on shore this morning. He
returned with a Portuguese officer with him in the boat,

1 This account, from the 13th to the 24th November inclusive, of the
treatment of Captain Cook at Rio, has been much condensed from the
original "Journal."

NOV. 1768 OBSTACLES TO LANDING 27

also an Englishman, Mr. Forster, a lieutenant in the Portu-
guese service. We were informed that we could not have
a house nor sleep on shore, and that no person except the
captain and such common sailors as were required on duty
would be permitted to land ; we, the passengers, were par-
ticularly objected to. In spite of this we attempted to go
on shore in the evening, under excuse of a visit to the
Viceroy, but were stopped by the guard-boat. The captain
went ashore to remonstrate with the Viceroy, but the
latter said that he was acting under the King of Portugal's
orders.

1 5th and 16th. The captain vainly remonstrated with
the Viceroy against our being forbidden to land, and par-
ticularly against the sentinel placed in his boat, which was
done, he was told, as an honour.

17th. The captain and I drew up written memorials
complaining of his Excellency's behaviour, which to us, as
a King's ship, was almost a breach of duty.

18th. Answers to our memorials were received: the
captain is told that he had no reason to complain, as he
had only received the usual treatment customary in all the
ports of Brazil ; as for me, I am informed that as I have
not brought proper credentials from the court at Lisbon, it
is impossible that I can be permitted to land.

19th. We sent answers to his Excellency's memorials.
The lieutenant who took them had orders not to suffer a
guard to be put into his boat ; the guard-boat let him pass,
but the Viceroy, on hearing of it, ordered sentinels to be
put on the boat. The lieutenant refused to go on board
unless they were taken out, whereupon he was sent on
board in a guard-boat and his crew arrested. He reported
that the men in our pinnace had not made the least resist-
ance, but that they had notwithstanding been treated very
roughly, being struck by the soldiers several times. The
guard brought back the letters unopened.

This evening, by some mismanagement, our long-boat
broke adrift, carrying with her my small boat. The yawl
was sent after her, and managed to take her in tow, but in

28 RIO DE JANEIRO CHAP, n

spite of all the efforts of the crew, the boats soon drifted
out of sight. The yawl came back at two in the morning
with the news that the other two boats were lost. "We
were, however, glad to find the men safe, for they had been
in considerable danger.

20th. The yawl was sent ashore to seek assistance in
recovering our long-boat : it returned with our pinnace and
its crew, and a boat of the Viceroy, which had orders to
assist us in searching for our boats.

The crew of the pinnace declared that they had been
confined in a loathsome dungeon, where their company was
chiefly blacks who were chained. The coxswain purchased
a better apartment for seven petacks (about as many
English shillings). At dark the pinnace returned with both
the boats and all their contents.

2 1st. Letters arrived from the Viceroy; in mine he told
me very politely that it was not in his power to permit me
to go ashore. In the captain's he raises some doubts about
our ship being a King's ship.1

23rd. An answer to the captain's last memorial accuses
him of smuggling.

24th. Dr. Solander went into the town as surgeon of the
ship to visit a friar who had desired that the surgeon might
be sent to him : he received civilities from the people.

2Qth. I myself went ashore this morning before day-
break, and stayed until dark night. While I was ashore I
met several of the inhabitants, who were very civil to me,
taking me to their houses, where I bought of them stock for
the ship tolerably cheap : a middlingly fat porker for eleven
shillings, a Muscovy duck for something under two shil-
lings, etc.

The country, where I saw it, abounded with vast variety
of plants and animals, mostly such as had not been described
by our naturalists, as so few have had an opportunity of
coining here ; indeed, no one even tolerably curious that I

1 "The build and general appearance of the Endeavour not being that of
a man-of-war, the Portuguese authorities entertained suspicions regarding her
true character, which is not altogether surprising, considering the times. " —
"VVharton's Cook, p. 22, footnote.

NOV. 1768 VEGETATION NEAR RIO 29

know of has been here since Marcgrav and Piso about
1640 ; so it is easy to guess the state in which the natural
history of such a country must be.

To give a catalogue of what I found would be a trouble
very little to the purpose, as every particular is mentioned
in the general catalogues of this place. I cannot, however,
help mentioning some which struck me the most, and con-
sequently gave me particular pleasure. These were chiefly
the parasitic plants, especially Eenealmice (for I was not
fortunate enough to see one Epidendrum) and the different
species of Bromelia, many not before described. Karratas
I saw here growing on the decayed trunk of a tree sixty feet
high at least, which it had so entirely covered that the
whole seemed to be a tree of Karratas. The growth of the
Rhizopliora * also pleased me much, although I had before a
very good idea of it from Rumphius, who has a very good
figure of the tree in his Herb. Amboin. [v. iii. tab. 71, 72].
Add to these that the whole country was covered with the
beautiful blossoms of Malpighiw, Bannisterice, Passiflorce, not
forgetting Poinciana and Mimosa sensitiva, and a beautiful
species of Clusia, of which I saw great plenty ; in short, the
wildest spots here were varied with a greater quantity of
flowers, as well as more beautiful ones, than our best-
devised gardens ; a sight infinitely pleasing for a short
time, though no doubt the eye would soon tire with a con-
tinuance of it.

The birds of many species, especially the smaller ones,
sat in great abundance on the boughs, many of them covered
with most elegant plumage. I shot Loxia, Irasiliensis, and
saw several specimens of it. Insects also were here in
great quantity, many species very fine, but much more
nimble than our European ones, especially the butterflies,
almost all which flew near the tops of the trees, and were
very difficult to come at, except when the sea breeze blew
fresh, which kept them low down among the trees where
they might be taken. Humming-birds I also saw of one
species, but could not shoot them.

1 Mangrove tree.

30 RIO DE JANEIRO CHAP, n

The banks of the sea, and more remarkably all the edges
of small brooks, were covered with innumerable quantities of
small crabs (Cancer weans, Linn.), one hand of which is very
large. Among these were many whose two hands were
remarkably small and of equal size ; these my black servant
told me were the females of the other, and indeed all I
examined, which were many, proved to be females, but
whether they were really of the same species as C. weans,
I cannot determine on so short an acquaintance.

I saw but little cultivation, and small pains seemed to
be taken with that. Most of it was grass land, on which
were many lean cattle ; and lean they might well be, for
almost all the species of grass which I observed here were
creepers, and consequently so close to the ground that
though there might be upon them a sufficient bite for
horses or sheep, yet how horned cattle could live at all
appeared extraordinary to me.

I also saw their gardens, or small patches in which they
cultivate many sorts of European garden stuffs, such as
cabbages, peas, beans, kidney beans, turnips, white radishes,
pumpkins, etc., but all much inferior to ours, except perhaps
the last. They also grow water-melons and pine-apples,
the only fruits which I have seen them cultivate ; the first
are very good, but the pines were much inferior to those I
have tasted in Europe ; I have hardly had one which could
be reckoned of average quality, many were worse than some
I have seen sent away from table in England, where nobody
would eat them. Though in general very sweet, they have
not the least flavour. In these gardens grow also yams,
and mandihoca or cassada, which supplies the place of bread,
for as our European bread corn will not grow here, all the
flour they have is brought from Portugal at great expense,
too great even for the middle-class people to purchase, much
less the poorer.

27 'tli. On the boats returning from watering, we were
told that men had been sent out yesterday in search of some
of our people who were ashore without leave ; we concluded
that this referred either to Dr. Solander or myself, which

DEC. 1768 LEAVE RIO DE JANEIRO 3r

made it necessary for us to go no more ashore while we
stayed.

1st December. We learnt that Mr. Forster had been taken
into custody, charged with smuggling. The real cause, we
believe, was that he had shown some countenance to his
countrymen, as we heard at the same time that five or six
Englishmen residing in the town, and a poor Portuguese,
who used to assist our people in bringing things to the boats,
had also been put into prison without any reason being
given.

2nd. This morning, thank God, we have got all we
want from these illiterate, impolite gentry, so we got up
our anchor and sailed to the point of Ilhoa dos Cobras,
where we were to lie and wait for a fair wind, which should
come every night from the land. A Spanish brig from
Buenos Ayres with letters for Spain arrived about a week
ago; her officers were received ashore with all possible
civility, and allowed to take a house without the least
hesitation. The captain, Don Antonio de Monte negro y
Velasco, with great politeness offered to take our letters to
Europe. Of this very fortunate circumstance we availed
ourselves, and sent our letters on board this morning.

5 1 h. We attempted to tow down with our boats, and
came nearly abreast of Santa Cruz, their chief fortification,
when to our great surprise the fort fired two shots at us,
one of which went just over our mast; we immediately
brought to, and sent ashore to inquire the reason ; we were
told that no order had come down to allow us to pass, and
that without such no ship was ever suffered to go below that
fort. We were now obliged to send to town to know the
reason of such extraordinary behaviour; the answer came
back about eleven that it was a mistake, for the brigadier
had forgotten to send the letter, which had been written
some days ago. It was, however, sent by the boat, and we
had leave to proceed. We now began to weigh our anchor,
which had been dropped in foul ground, when we were fired
upon, but it was so fast in a rock that it could not be got
up while the land breeze blew, which to-day continued

32 RIO DE JANEIRO CHAP, n

almost till four in the evening. As soon as the sea breeze
came we filled our sails, and carrying the ship over the
anchor, tripped it, but were obliged to sail back almost as
far as we had towed the ship in the morning.

This day and yesterday the air was crowded in an
uncommon manner with butterflies, chiefly of one sort, of
which we took as many as we pleased on board the ship ;
their quantity was so large that at some times I may say
many thousands were in view at once in almost any direc-
tion you could look, the greater part of them far above our
mast-heads.

6th. No land breeze to-day, so we^are confined in our
disagreeable situation without a possibility of moving ;
many curses were this day expended on his Excellency.

ith. Weighed and stood out to sea. As soon as we
came to Santa Cruz the pilot desired to be discharged, and
with him our enemy the guard-boat went off, so we were
left our own masters, and immediately resolved to go ashore
on one of the islands in the mouth of the harbour. There
was a great swell, but we made shift to land on one called
Kaza, on which we gathered many species of plants and
some insects. Alstromeria Salsilla was here in tolerable
plenty, and Amaryllis mexicana. We stayed until about
four o'clock, and then came aboard the ship heartily tired, for
the desire of doing as much as we could in a short time had
made us all exert ourselves, though exposed to the hottest
rays of the sun just at noon-day.

Now we are got fairly to sea, and have entirely got rid
of these troublesome people, I cannot help spending some
time in describing them, though I was not myself once in
their town ; yet my intelligence coming from Dr. Solander,
and Mr. Monkhouse, our surgeon, a very sensible man, who
was ashore every day to buy our provisions, I think cannot
err much from truth.

The town of Eio Janeiro, the capital of the Portuguese
dominions in America, is situate on the banks of the river
of that name, and both are so called, I apprehend, from the
Eoman Saint Januarius, according to the Spanish and

DEC. 1768 RIO DE JANEIRO

33

Portuguese custom of naming their discoveries from the
saint on whose feast they are made.

It is regular and well built after the fashion of Portugal,
every house having before its window a lattice of wood,
behind which is a little balcony. In size it is much larger
than I could have expected, probably little inferior to any of
our country towns in England, Bristol or Liverpool not
excepted. The streets are all straight, intersecting each
other at right angles, and have this peculiar convenience
that the greater number lie in one direction, and are
commanded by the guns of their citadel, called St.
Sebastian, which is situate on the top of a hill overlooking
the town.

It is supplied with water from the neighbouring hills by
an aqueduct upon two stories of arches, said in some places
to be very high ; the water is conveyed into a fountain in
the great square immediately opposite the governor's palace.
This is guarded by a sentry, who has sufficient work to keep
regularity and order among so many as are always in wait-
ing here. "Water is laid on in some other part of the town,
but how it is brought there I could not hear ; the water
there is said to be better than the fountain, which is
exceedingly indifferent, so much so as not to be liked by us,
though we had been two months at sea, in which time our
water was almost continually bad.

The churches are very fine, with more ornaments even
than those in Europe, and all the ceremonies of their
religion are carried on with more show ; their processions
in particular are very extraordinary. Every day one or
other of the parishes has a solemn procession with all the
insignia of its church, altar, and host, etc., through the
parish, begging for whatever can be got, and praying in all
forms at every corner of a street. While we were there
one of the largest churches in the town was being rebuilt,
and for that reason the parish had leave to walk through
the whole city, which was done once a week, and much
money collected for the carrying on of the edifice. At this
ceremony all boys under a certain age were obliged to

34 RIO DE JANEIRO CHAP, n

attend, nor were gentlemen's sons ever excused ; each of
these was dressed in a black cassock with a short red
cloak reaching half-way down the shoulders, and carried in
his hand a lantern hung on the end of a pole about six or
seven feet long. The light caused by this (for there were
always at least 200 lanterns) is greater than can be imagined ;
I myself, who saw it out of the cabin windows, called my
messmates, imagining that the town was on fire.

Besides this travelling religion, any one walking through
the streets has opportunity enough to show his attachment
to any saint in the calendar, for every corner and almost
every house has before it a little cupboard in which some
saint or other keeps his residence ; and lest he should not
see his votaries in the night, he is furnished with a small
lamp which hangs before his little glass window. To these
it is very customary to pray and sing hymns with all the
vociferation imaginable, as may be imagined when I say
that I and every one in the ship heard it very distinctly
every night, though we lay at least half a mile from the
town.

The government of this place seems to me to be much
more despotic even than that of Portugal, although many
precautions have been taken to render it otherwise. The
chief magistrates are the Viceroy, the Governor of the town,
and a Council, whose number I could not learn, but only
that the viceroy had in this the casting vote. Without the
consent of this council nothing material should be done, yet
every day shows that the viceroy and governor at least, if
not all the rest, do the most unjust things without consult-
ing any one ; putting a man into prison without giving him
a hearing, and keeping him there till he is glad at any rate
to get out, without asking why he was put in, or at best,
sending him to Lisbon to be tried there without letting his
family here know where he is gone, as is very common.
This we experienced while here, for every one who had
interpreted for our people, or who had only assisted in buy-
ing provisions for them, was put into jail, merely, I suppose,
to show us their power. I should, however, except from

DEC. 1768 POPULATION 35

this one John Burrith, an officer in their customs, a man
who has been here thirteen years, and has become so com-
pletely Portuguese that he is known by no other name
than Don John ; he was of service to our people, though
what he did was so clogged with a suspicious fear of offend-
ing the Portuguese as rendered it disgustful. It is necessary
for any one who should come here to know his character,
which is mercenary, though contented with a little, as the
present given to him demonstrated; it consisted of one
dozen of beer, ten gallons of brandy, ten pieces of ship's
beef, and as many of pork. This was what he himself
asked for, and sent on board the keg for the spirit, and
with this he was more than satisfied.

They have a very extraordinary method of keeping
people from travelling; to hinder them, I suppose, from
going into any district where gold or diamonds may be
found, as there are more of such districts than they can
possibly guard. There are certain bounds beyond which
no man must go ; these vary every month at the discretion
of the viceroy, sometimes they are few, sometimes many
leagues from the city. Every man must in consequence of
this come to town to know where the bounds are, for if he
is taken by the guards, who constantly patrol on their
limits, he is infallibly put in prison, even if he is within
them, unless he can tell where they are.

The inhabitants are very numerous ; they consist of
Portuguese, negroes, and Indians, aborigines of the country.
The township of Eio, whose extent I could not learn, but
was only told that it was but a small part of the capitanea,
or province, is said to contain about 37,000 whites, and
about 17 negroes to each white, which makes their number
629,000, and the number of inhabitants in all 666,000.
As for the Indians, they do not live in this neighbourhood,
though many of them are always here doing the king's
work, which they are obliged to do by turns, for small pay,
and for which purpose they came from their habitations at
a distance. I saw many of them, as our guard-boat was
constantly rowed by them ; they are of a light copper colour,

36 RIO DE JANEIRO CHAP, n

with long, lank, black hair. As to their policy, or manner
of living when at home, I could not learn anything.

The military here consist of twelve regiments of
regulars, six Portuguese and six Creoles, and as many of
provincial militia, who may be assembled upon occasion.
To the regulars the inhabitants show great deference, for as
Mr. Forster told me, if any of the people did not pull off
their hats when they meet an officer, he would immediately
knock them down, which custom renders the people remark-
ably civil to strangers who have at all a gentlemanlike
appearance. All the officers of these regiments are expected
to attend three times a day at " Sala " or the viceroy's
levee, where they formally ask for commands, and are
constantly answered " there is nothing new." This policy
is intended, as I have been told, to prevent them from going
into the country, which it most effectually does.

Assassinations are, I fancy, more frequent here than in
Lisbon, as the churches still take upon themselves to give
protection to criminals. One accident of the kind happened
in the sight of S. Evans, our coxswain, a man whom I can
depend upon. He saw two people talking together, to all
appearance in a friendly manner, when one suddenly drew
a knife, stabbed the other twice, and ran away pursued by
some negroes who likewise saw the act. What the further
event of this was I could not learn.

Of the country I know rather more than of the town, as
I was ashore one whole day. In that time I saw much
cleared ground, but chiefly of an indifferent quality, though
doubtless there is much that is very good, as the sugar and
tobacco which is sent to Europe from hence plainly testify ;
but all that I saw was employed in breeding cattle, of which
they have great plenty, though their pastures are the worst
I ever saw on account of the shortness of the grass. Con-
sequently the beef sold in the market, though tolerably
cheap, is so lean that an Englishman can hardly eat it. I
likewise saw great plantations of Jatropha Manihot, which is
called in the West Indies Cassada, and here Farinha de Pao
or wooden meal, a very proper name, for the cakes they make

DEC. 1768 BRAZILIAN FRUITS 37

with it taste as if they were made of sawdust. Yet it is
the only bread which is eaten here, for European bread is
sold at nearly the rate of a shilling a pound, and is exceed-
ingly bad on account of the flour, which is generally heated
in its passage from Europe.

The country produces many more articles, but as I did not
see them or hear them mentioned, I shall not set them down,
though doubtless it is capable of producing anything that
our West Indian islands do ; notwithstanding this they have
neither coffee nor chocolate, but import both from Lisbon.

Their fruits, however, I must not pass over in silence.
Those that were in season during our stay were pine-apples,
melons, water-melons, oranges, limes, lemons, sweet lemons,
citrons, plantains, bananas, mangos, mamme-apples, acajou-
apples and nuts, Jambosa,1 another sort which bears a small
black fruit, cocoanuts, palm nuts of two kinds, palm berries.
Of these I must separately give my opinion, as no doubt it
will seem strange to some that I should assert that I have
eaten many of them, and especially pine-apples, better in
England than any I have met with here. I begin, then,
with the pines, as the fruit from which I expected the most,
they being, I believe, natives of this country, though I can-
not say I have seen or even heard of their being at this
time wild anywhere in this neighbourhood. They are
cultivated much as we do cabbages in Europe, or rather with
less care, the plants being set between beds of any kind of
garden stuff, and suffered to take their chance : the price of
them in the market is seldom above, and generally under a
vintain, which is three halfpence.

All that Dr. Solander and myself tasted we agreed were
much inferior to those we had eaten in England, though in
general they were more juicy and sweet, yet they had no
flavour, but were like sugar melted in water. Their melons
are still worse, to judge from the single specimen we had,
which was perfectly mealy and insipid ; their water-melons,
however, are very good, for they have some little flavour or
at least a degree of acid, which ours have not. Oranges are

1 Eugenia jambos, Linn.

38 RIO DE JANEIRO CHAP, n

large and very juicy ; we thought them good, doubtless better
than any we had tasted at home, but probably Italy and
Portugal produce as good, had we been there in the time of
their being in perfection. Lemons and limes are like ours ;
sweet lemons are sweetish and without flavour. Citrons
have a faint sickly taste, otherwise we liked them. Mangoes
were not in perfection, but promised to be a very fine fruit ;
they are about the size of a peach, full of a yellow melting
pulp, not unlike that of a summer peach, with a very grateful
flavour; but the one we had was spoilt by a taste of turpentine,
which I am told does not occur in the ripe fruit. Bananas
are in shape and size like a small thick sausage, covered
with a thick yellow rind, which is peeled off, and the fruit
within is of a consistence which might be expected of a
mixture of butter and flour, but a little slimy ; its taste is
sweet with a little perfume. Acajou or casshew is shaped
like an apple, but larger ; the taste is very disagreeable,
sourish and bitter : the nut grows at the top of it. Plan-
tains differ [from bananas] in being longer and thinner and
less luscious in taste. Both these fruits were disagreeable
to most of our people, but after some use I became tolerably
fond of them. Mamme-apples are bigger than an English
codlin, and are covered with a deep yellow skin : the pulp
is very insipid, or rather disagreeable, and full of small
round seeds covered with a thick mucilage, which continually
clogs the mouth. Jambosa, is the same as I saw at
Madeira, a fruit calculated more to please the smell than
the taste ; the other kind is small and black, and resembles
much our English bilberries in taste. Cocoanuts are so
well known in England that I need only say I have tasted
as good there as any I met with here. Palm nuts are of
two sorts, one long and shaped like dates, the other round ;
both are roasted before their kernels are eatable, and even
then they are not so good as cocoanuts. Palm berries
appear much like black grapes ; they are the fruit of Bactris
minor, but have scarcely any pulp covering a very large stone,
and what there is has nothing but a light acid to recommend
it. There are also the fruits of several species of prickly

DEC. 1768 GOLD AND GEMS 39

pear, which are very insipid, and one peach also proved
very bad.

Though this country should produce many and very
valuable drugs, we could not find any in the apothecary's
shops except Pareira Brava and Balsam Capivi, both of
which we bought at excessively cheap prices, and very good
of the sort. I fancy the drug trade is chiefly carried on to
the northward, as is that of dyeing woods ; at least we could
hear nothing of them here.

For manufactures, I know of none carried on here
except that of cotton hammocks, which are used by the
people to be carried about in, as we do sedan-chairs.
These hammocks are made chiefly by the Indians. But
the chief riches of the country come from the mines, which
are situated far up the country ; indeed, no one could tell me
how far, for even the situation of them is concealed as
carefully as possible, and troops are continually employed
in guarding the roads that lead to them ; so that it is
next to impossible for any one to get a sight of them,
except those who are employed there. No one at least
would attempt it from mere curiosity, for everybody who is
found on the road without being able to give a good account
of himself is hanged immediately. From these mines a
great quantity of gold undoubtedly conies, but it is purchased
at a vast cost of lives; 40,000 negroes are annually im-
ported on the king's account for this purpose, and notwith-
standing this the year before last they died so fast that
20,000 more were obliged to be drafted from the town of
Eio.

Precious stones are also found here in very large
quantities, so large that they do not allow more than a
certain quantity to be collected in a year. A troop of
people is sent into the country where they are found, and
ordered to return when they have collected a certain
quantity, which they sometimes do in a month, more or less ;
they then return, and after that it is death for any one to
be found in the country on any pretence whatever until the
following year. Diamonds, topazes of several different

40 RIO DE JANEIRO CHAP, n

qualities, and amethysts, are the stones most usually found.
Of the first I did not see any, but was told that the viceroy
had by him large quantities, and would sell them on the
King of Portugal's account, but in that case they would not
be at all cheaper than those in Europe. I bought a few
topazes and amethysts as specimens ; the former were
divided into three sorts of very different value, called here
pinga, d'agua qualidade premeiro and segondo, and chrystallos
ormerillos. They were sold, large and small, good and bad
together, by octaves, or the eighth part of an ounce : the
first sort 4s. 9d., the second 2s. 4d., the third 3d. ; but
it was smuggling in the highest degree to have anything to
do with them.

Formerly there were jewellers here who cut stones, but
about fourteen months ago orders came from the King of
Portugal that no more stones should be wrought here
except on his account. The jewellers were immediately
ordered to bring all their tools to the viceroy, and from that
time to this have not been suffered to do anything for their
support; there are, however, a number of slaves who cut
stones for the King of Portugal.

The coin current here is either that of Portugal, especially
thirty-six shilling pieces, or coin made here, which is much
debased, particularly the silver. These are called petacks, of
which there are two sorts, one of less value than the other,
easily distinguishable by the number of reis marked on
them, but they are little used. They also have copper coins
like those in Portugal of five and ten rey pieces. Two of
the latter are worth three halfpence; forty petacks are worth
thirty-six shillings.

The harbour of Eio de Janeiro is certainly a very good
one : the entrance is not wide, but the sea breeze which
blows every morning makes it easy for any ship to go in
before the wind, and when you get abreast of the town it
increases in breadth prodigiously, so that almost any number
of ships might lie in five or six fathoms of water with an
oozy bottom. It is defended by many works, especially the
entrance, where it is narrow, and where is their strongest

DEC. 1768 FORTIFICATIONS 4I

fortification, Santa Cruz, and another opposite it. There is
also a platform mounting about twenty-two guns, just under
the Sugar-loaf on the seaside, but it seems entirely calculated
to hinder the landing of an enemy in a sandy bay, from whence
there is a passage to the back part of the town, which is
entirely undefended, except that the whole town is open to
the guns of the citadel, St. Sebastian, as I said before.
Between Santa Cruz and the town are several small batteries
of five or ten guns, and one fairly large one called Berga Leon.
Immediately before the town is the Ilhoa dos Cobras, an
island fortified all round, which seems incapable of doing
much mischief owing to its immense size ; at least it would
take more men to defend it, even tolerably, in case of an
attack, than could possibly be spared from a town totally
without lines or any defence round it. Santa Cruz, their
chief fortification, on which they most rely, seems quite
incapable of making any great resistance if smartly attacked
by shipping. It is a stone fort, mounting many guns
indeed, but they lie tier above tier, and are consequently
very open to the attack of a ship which may come within
two cable lengths or less ; besides, they have no supply of
water but what they obtain from a cistern, in which they
catch the rain, or, in times of drought, which they supply
from the adjacent country. This cistern they have been
obliged to build above ground, lest the water should become
tainted by the heat of the climate, which a free access of air
prevents ; consequently should a fortunate shot break the
cistern, the defenders would be reduced to the utmost necessity.
I was told by a person who certainly knew, and I
believe meant to inform me rightly, that a little to the
southward, just without the south head of the harbour, was
a bay in which boats might land with all facility without
obstruction, as there is no kind of work there, and that from
this bay it is not above three hours' march to the town,
which is approached from the back, where it is as defence-
less as the landing-place ; but this seems incredible. Yet
I am inclined to believe it of these people, whose chief
policy consists in hindering people as much as possible from

42 RIO DE JANEIRO CHAP, n

looking about them. It may therefore be, as my informer
said, that the existence of such a bay has been but lately
discovered ; indeed, were it not for that policy, I could
believe anything of their stupidity and ignorance. As an
example of this, the governor of the town, Brigadier-General
Don Pedro de Mendozay Furtado, asked the captain of our
ship whether the transit of Venus, which we were going to
observe, were not the passing of the North Star to the
South Pole, as he said he had always understood it to be.

The river, and indeed the whole coast, abounds with
greater variety of fish than I have ever seen ; seldom a day
passed in which we had not one or more new species
brought to us. Indeed the bay is the most convenient place
for fishing I have ever seen, for it abounds with islands
between which there is shallow water and proper beaches
for drawing the seine. The sea also without the bay is full
of dolphins, and large mackerel of several sorts, who very
readily bite at the hooks which the inhabitants tow after
their boats for that purpose. In short, the country is
capable, with very little industry, of producing infinite
plenty, both of necessaries and luxuries : were it in the
hands of Englishmen we should soon see its consequence, as
things are tolerably plentiful even under the direction of the
Portuguese, whom I take to be, without exception, the laziest
as well as the most ignorant race in the whole world.

The climate here is, I fancy, very good. During our
whole stay the thermometer was never above 83°, but we
had a good deal of rain, and once it blew very hard. I am
inclined to think that this country has rather more rain
than those in the same northern latitude are observed to
have, not only from what happened during our short stay,
but from Marcgrav, who gives us meteorological observations
on this climate for three years. It appears that it rained
here in those years almost every other day throughout the
year, but more especially in May and June, when it rained
almost without ceasing.1

1 Here follows, in the manuscript, a list of 316 plants collected by Banks
near Rio de Janeiro.

CHAPTEE III

RIO TO TERRA DEL FUEGO
DEC. 8, 1768— JAN. 30, 1769

Birds — Christmas — Insects floating at sea — "Baye sans fond" — Cancer
gregarius — Fucus giganteus— Penguins — Terra del Fuego— Staten Island
—Vegetation — Winter's bark, celery — Fuegians— Excursion inland—
Great cold and snow-storm — Sufferings of the party— Death of two men
from cold — Return to ship — Shells — Native huts — General appearance
of the country — Animals — Plants — Scurvy grass, celery — Inhabitants
and customs — Language — Food — Arms — Probable nomadic habits — Dogs
— Climate.

8th December. Soon after daybreak a shark appeared, which
took the bait very readily. While we were playing him under
the cabin window he cast something out of his mouth which
either was, or appeared very like, his stomach ; this it threw out
and drew in again many times. I have often heard from seamen
that they can do it, but never before saw anything like it.

llth. This morning we took a shark, which cast up its
stomach when hooked, or at least appeared to do so. It
proved to be a female, and on being opened six young ones
were taken out of her, five of which were alive, and swam
briskly in a tub of water. The sixth was dead, and seemed
to have been so for some time.

13th. At night a squall, with thunder and lightning,
which made us hoist the lightning chain.

22nd. Shot one species of Mother Carey's chickens and
two shearwaters ; both proved new, Procellaria gigantea and
sandalecta. The Carey was one but ill-described by Linnaeus,
Procellaria fregat a. While we were shooting, the people were
employed in bending the new set of sails for Cape Horn.

44 RIO TO TERRA DEL FUEGO CHAP, in

23rd. Killed another new Procellaria (cequorea) and
many of the sorts we had seen yesterday. Caught HolotJiuria
angustata, and a species of floating Helix, much smaller than
those under the line, and a very small Phyllodoce vdella, some-
times not so large as a silver penny, yet I believe it was the
common species. In the evening I went out again, and
killed an albatross, Diomedea exulans, measuring nine feet one
inch between the tips of his wings, and struck one turtle
(Testudo caretta).

25th. Christmas Day : all good Christians, that is to say,
all good hands, got abominably drunk, so that all through
the night there was scarce a sober man in the ship. Weather,
thank God, very moderate, or the Lord knows what would
have become of us.

2*7 th. The water has been discoloured all day, the depth
being fifty fathoms. All this day I have noticed a singular
smell from windward, though the people in the ship did not
take notice of it ; it was like rotten seaweed, and at times
very strong.

During the whole of the gale which was blowing to-day
we had many Procdlarice about the ship — at some times
immense numbers. They seemed perfectly unconcerned at
the weather, or the height of the sea, but continued, often
flapping, near the surface of the water as if fishing.

29th. We observed now some feathers and pieces of reed
floating by the ship, which made us get up the hoave-net to
see what they were. Soon after some drowned Carabi and
Phalccnce came past, which we took, as well as many other
specimens, by means of the hoave. A large Sphinx was also
taken (lat. 41° 48').

30th. Water very white, almost of a clay colour : sounded
forty-seven fathoms. Plenty of insects passed by this morning,
many especially of the Carabi, alive, some Grrylli, and one
Phalcena. I stayed in the main chains from eight till twelve,
dipping for them with the hoave, and took vast numbers.
In the evening many Phalcence and two Papiliones came flying
about the ship : of the first we took about twenty, but the last
would not come near enough, and at last flew away ; they

JAN. 1769 OCEANIC LIFE 45

appeared large. Both yesterday and to-day we also took
several ichneumons flying about the rigging. All the sea-
men say that we cannot be less than twenty leagues from the
land, but I doubt Grylli, especially, coming so far alive, as
they must float all the way upon the water. The sailors
ground their opinion chiefly on the soundings, the bottom
being continuously of sand of different colours, which, had
we been nearer the land, would have been intermixed with
shells. Their experience of this coast must, however, be
slight.

Lat. 42° 3 1/. A sea-lion was entered in the log-book as
being seen to-day, but I did not see it. I saw, however, a
whale, covered with barnacles as the seamen told me. It
appeared of a reddish colour, except the tail, which was
black like those to the northward.

3 1st. No insects seen to-day ; the water changed to a
little better colour. On looking over the insects taken
yesterday I find thirty-one land species, all so like in size
and shape to those of England that they are scarcely dis-
tinguishable from the latter ; probably some will turn out
identically the same. We ran among them 160 miles by
the log, without reckoning any part of last night, though
they were seen till dark. We must be now nearly opposite
to " Baye sans fond," * near which place Mr. Dalrymple
supposes that there is a passage quite through the continent
of America. It would appear by what we have seen that
there is at least a very large river, probably at this time
much flooded, although it is doubtful whether even that
could have so great an effect (supposing us to be twenty
leagues from the land) as to render the water almost of a
clay colour, and to bring insects such as Grylli and an
Aranea, which never fly twenty yards. I lament much not
having tasted the water at the time, which never occurred
to me, but probably the difference of saltness would have
been hardly perceptible to the taste, and my hydrostatic
balance being broken I had no other method of trying it.

2nd January 1769. Met with some small shoals of red

1 Probably the Gulf of San Mathias.

46 RIO TO TERRA DEL FUEGO CHAP, in

lobsters, which have been seen by almost every one passing
through these seas ; they were, however, so far from colouring
the sea red, as Dampier and Cowley say they do, that I may
affirm that we never saw more than a few hundreds of them
at a time. We called them Cancer gregarius.

3rd. This evening many large bunches of seaweed floated
by the ship, and we caught some of it with hooks. It was
of immense size, every leaf four feet long, and the stalk
about twelve. The footstalk of each leaf was swelled into
a long air-vessel. Mr. Gore tells me that he has seen this
weed grow quite to the top of the water in twelve fathoms ;
if so, the swelled footstalks are probably the trumpet-grass
or weed of the Cape of Good Hope. We described it, how-
ever, as it appeared, and called it Fucus giganteus.1

6th. In some of the water taken up we observed a
small and very nimble insect of a conical figure, which
moved with a kind of whorl of legs or tentacula round the
base of the cone. We could not find any Nereides, or
indeed any other insect than this, in the water, but were
not able to prove that he was the cause of the lightness of
the water, which was much observed hereabouts, so we
deferred our observations on the animal until the morning.

*Iih. We now for the first time saw some of the birds
called penguins by the southern navigators : they seem much
of the size and not unlike Alca pica, but are easily known
by streaks upon their faces and their remarkably shrill
cry, different from that of any sea-bird I am acquainted
with. We saw also several seals, but much smaller than
those I have seen in Newfoundland, and black ; they gener-
ally appeared in lively action, leaping out of the water
like porpoises, so much so that some of our people were
deceived by them, mistaking them for fish.

During a gale which had lasted yesterday and to-day
we observed vast numbers of birds about us. Procellarice
of all kinds we have before mentioned ; gray ones and
another kind, all black, Procellaria cequinoctialis ? Linn. We
could not discern whether or not their beaks were yellow.

1 Macrocystis pyrifera, Ag.

JAN. 1769 OFF TERRA DEL FUEGO 47

There were also plenty of albatrosses. Indeed, I have ob-
served a much greater quantity of birds upon the wing in
gales than in moderate weather, owing perhaps to the
tossing of the waves, which must render swimming very
uneasy. They must be more often seen flying than when
they sit upon the water.

The ship has been observed to go much better since her
shaking in the last gale of wind ; the seamen say that it is
a general observation that ships go better for being, as they
say, loosened in their joints, so much so that in a chase it
is often customary to knock down stanchions, etc., to make
the ship as loose as possible.

10th. Seals plentiful to-day, also a kind of bird,
different from any we have before seen. It was black, and
a little larger than a pigeon, plump like it, and easily known
by its flapping its wings quickly as it flies, contrary
to the custom of sea-birds in general. This evening a
shoal of porpoises of a new species swam by the ship ;
they are spotted with large dabs of white, with white under
the belly : in other respects, as swimming, etc., they are
like common porpoises, only they leap rather more nimbly,
sometimes lifting their whole bodies out of the water.

11th. This morning at daybreak we saw the land of
Terra del Fuego. By eight o'clock we were well in with it.
Its appearance was not nearly so barren as the writer of
Lord Anson's voyage has represented it. We stood along
shore, about two leagues off, and could see trees distinctly
through our glasses. We observed several smokes, made
probably by the natives as a signal to us.

The hills seemed to be high, and on them were many
patches of snow, but the sea-coast appeared fertile, the trees
especially being of a bright verdure, except in places exposed
to the south-west wind, which were distinguishable by their
brown appearance. The shore itself was sometimes beach
and sometimes rock.

12th. We took Beroe incrassata, Medusa limpidissima,
plicata and obliquata, Alcyonium anguillare (probably the
thing that Shelvocke mentions in his Voyage Bound the

48 RIO TO TERRA DEL FUEGO CHAP, in

World, p. 60), and A. frustrum, Ulva intestinalis, and Corallina
officinalis.

~L4:th. Staten Land is much more craggy than Terra del
Fuego, though the view of it in Lord Anson's voyage is
exaggerated. The Captain stood into a bay just within
Cape St. Vincent [Staten Island] ; and while the ship stood
off and on, Dr. Solander and I went ashore. I found about
a hundred plants, though we were not ashore above four hours.
Of these I may say every one was new, and entirely different
from what either of us had before seen.

The country about this bay is, in general, flat. Here is,
however, good wood, water, and great quantities of fowl. In
the cod of the bay is a flat covered with grass, where much
hay might be made. The bay itself is bad, affording but
little shelter for shipping, and in many parts of it the bottom
is rocky and foul. This, however, may be always known in
these countries by the beds of Fucus giganteus, which con-
stantly grow upon the rock, and are not seen upon sand or
ooze. These weeds grow to an immense length. We
sounded upon them, and found fourteen fathoms of water.
As they seem to make a very acute angle with the bottom
in their situation in the water, it is difficult to guess how
long they may be, but probably they are not less than half
as long again as the depth of the water, which makes their
length 126 feet ; a wonderful length for a stalk not thicker
than a man's thumb.

Among other things the bay affords, there is plenty of
Winter's bark,1 easily known by its broad leaf, like a laurel,
of a light green colour, bluish underneath. The bark
is easily stripped off with a bone or stick, as oaks are
barked in England. Its virtues are so well known that of
them I shall say little, except that it may be used as a
spice even in culinary matters, and is found to be very
wholesome. Here is also plenty of wild celery (Apium
antiscorbuticum) 2 and scurvy grass (Cardamine antiscor-

1 Drimys Winteri, Forst.

2 Apium prostratum, Thou. A variety of the European celery, and as
wholesome.

JAN. 1769 TERRA DEL FUEGO 49

butica),1 both which are as pleasant to the taste as any
herbs of the kind found in Europe, and, I believe, possess
as much virtue in curing the scurvy.

The trees here are chiefly of one sort, a kind of birch,
Betula antarctica2 with very small leaves. It has a light
white wood, and cleaves very straight. The trees are some-
times between two and three feet in diameter, and run thirty
or forty feet in the bole ; possibly they might, in cases of
necessity, supply top-masts. There are also great quantities
of cranberries, both white and red (Arbutus rigidcu}? Inhabit-
ants I saw none, but found their huts in two places, once in
a thick wood, and again close by the beach. They are
most unartificially made, conical, but open on one side, where
were marks of fire, which last probably served them instead
of a door.

15tk. By dinner we came to an anchor in the Bay of
Good Success [Terra del Fuego] : several Indians 4 were in
sight near the shore.

After dinner, went ashore on the starboard side of the
bay, near some rocks, which made the water smooth and the
landing good. Before we had walked a hundred yards,
many Indians made their appearance on the other side of
the bay, at the end of a sandy beach which forms the bottom
of the bay, but on seeing our numbers to be ten or twelve
they retreated. Dr. Solander and I then walked forward a
hundred yards before the rest, and two of the Indians
advanced also, and sat down about fifty yards from their
companions. As soon as we came up they rose, and each
of them threw a stick he had in his hand away from him
and us: a token, no doubt, of peace. They then walked
briskly towards the others, and waved to us to follow, which
we did, and were received with many uncouth signs of
friendship. "We distributed among them a number of beads
and ribbons, which we had brought ashore for that purpose,

1 Closely allied to the common English weed, Cardamine Mrsuta, Linn.

2 The Betula, of Banks is a species of beech, Fagus betuloides, Mirb.

3 Pernettya mucronata, Gaudich.

4 Banks constantly uses the term Indians to denote the natives of a
country, throughout the "Journal."

E

50 RIO TO TERRA DEL FUEGO CHAP, in

and at which they seemed mightily pleased, so much so that
when we embarked again on our boat three of them came
with us and went aboard the ship. One seemed to be a
priest or conjuror, at least we thought so by the noises he
made, possibly exorcising every part of the ship he came
into, for when anything new caught his attention, he shouted
as loud as he could for some minutes, without directing his
speech either to us or to any one of his countrymen. They
ate bread and beef which we gave them, though not heartily,
but carried the largest part away with them. They would
not drink either wine or spirits, but returned the glass,
though not before they had put it to their mouths and
tasted a drop. We conducted them over the greater part
of the ship, and they looked at everything without any
remarks of extraordinary admiration, unless the noise which
our conjuror did not fail to repeat at every new object he
saw might be reckoned as such.

After having been aboard about two hours, they expressed
a desire to go ashore, and a boat was ordered to carry them.
I went with them, and landed them among their countrymen,
but I cannot say that I observed either the one party curious
to ask questions, or the other to relate what they had seen,
or what usage they had met with ; so after having stayed
ashore about half an hour, I returned to the ship, and the
Indians immediately marched off from the shore.

16th. This morning very early Dr. Solander and I,
with our servants and two seamen to assist in carrying
baggage, and accompanied by Messrs. Monkhouse and Green,
set out from the ship to try to penetrate as far as we could
into the country, and, if possible, gain the tops of the hills,
which alone were not overgrown with trees. We entered
the woods at a small sandy beach a little to the westward of
the watering-place, and continued pressing through pathless
thickets, always going uphill, until three o'clock, before we
gained even a near view of the places we intended to go to.
The weather had all this time been vastly fine, much like a
sunshiny day in May, so that neither heat nor cold was
troublesome to us, nor were there any insects to molest us,

JAN. 1769 EXCURSION INLAND 5I

which made me think the travelling much better than what
I had before met with in Newfoundland.

Soon after we saw the plains we arrived at them, but
found to our great disappointment that what we took for
swathe was no better than low bushes of birch reaching to
about a man's middle. These were so stubborn that they
could not be bent out of the way, but at every step the leg
must be lifted over them; on being placed again on the
ground it was almost sure to sink above the ankle in bog.
No travelling could possibly be worse than this, which
seemed to last about a mile, beyond which we expected to
meet with bare rock, for such we had seen from the tops of the
lower hills as we came. This I in particular was infinitely
eager to arrive at, expecting there to find the alpine plants of
a country so curious. Our people, though rather fatigued,
were yet in good spirits, so we pushed on, intending to rest
ourselves as soon as we should arrive on the level ground.

We proceeded two-thirds of the way without the least
difficulty, and I confess that I thought, for my own part,
that all difficulties were surmounted, when Mr. Buchan fell
into a fit. A fire was immediately lit for him, and with him
all those who were most tired remained behind, while Dr.
Solander, Mr. Green, Mr. Monkhouse and myself advanced
for the alp, which we reached almost immediately, and found,
according to expectation, plants which answered to those we
had found before, as in Europe alpine ones do to those which
are found on the plains.

The air was very cold, and we had frequent snow-blasts.
I had now given over all thought of reaching the ship that
night, and thought of nothing but getting into the thick of
the wood, and making a fire, which, as our road lay all down-
hill, seemed very easy to accomplish. So Messrs. Green
and Monkhouse returned to the other people, and appointed
a hill for our general rendezvous, from whence we should
proceed and build our wigwam. The cold now increased
apace ; it might be nearly eight o'clock, though the daylight
was still exceedingly good, so we proceeded to the nearest
valley, where the short birch, the only thing we now dreaded,

52 RIO TO TERRA DEL FUEGO CHAP, in

could not be half a mile across. Our people seemed well,
though cold, and Mr. Buchan was stronger than we could
have expected. I undertook to bring up the rear and see
that no one was left behind. We got about half-way very
well, when the cold seemed to have at once an effect in-
finitely beyond what I have ever experienced. Dr. Solander
was the first to feel it : he said he could not go any farther,
but must lie down, though the ground was covered with
snow, and down he lay, notwithstanding all I could say to
the contrary. Eichmond, a black servant, now also lay
down, and was much in the same way as the Doctor. At
this juncture I despatched five in advance, of whom Mr.
Buchan was one, to make ready a fire at the very first con-
venient place they could find, while I myself, with four more,
stayed behind to persuade the Doctor and Eichmond to
come on if possible. With much persuasion and entreaty
we got through the greater part of the birch, when they both
gave out. Eichmond said that he could not go any farther,
and when told that if he did not he must be frozen to death,
only answered that there he would lie and die ; the Doctor,
on the contrary, said that he must sleep a little before he
could go on, and actually did so for a full quarter of an
hour, after which time we had the welcome news of a fire
being lit about a quarter of a mile ahead. I then undertook
to make the Doctor proceed to it, and, finding it impossible
to make Eichmond stir, left two hands with him who seemed
the least affected by the cold, promising to send two to
relieve them as soon as I should reach the fire. With
much difficulty I got the Doctor to it, and as soon as two
men were properly warmed sent them out in hopes that
they would bring Eichmond and the others. After staying
about half an hour they returned, bringing word that they
had been all round the place shouting and hallooing, but
could not get any answer. We now guessed the cause of
the mischief: a bottle of rum, the whole of our stock, was
missing, and we soon concluded that it was in one of their
knapsacks, and that the two who were left in health had
drunk immoderately of it, and had slept like the other.

JAN. 1769 A NIGHT IN THE SNOW 53

For two hours now it had snowed almost incessantly,
so that we had little hopes of seeing any of the three alive ;
about midnight, however, to our great joy, we heard a shout-
ing, on which I and four more went out immediately, and
found it to be the seaman, who had walked, almost starved
to death, from where he lay. I sent him back to the fire
and proceeded by his direction to find the other two. Eich-
mond was upon his legs, but not able to walk ; the other lay
on the ground as insensible as a stone. We immediately
called all hands from the fire, and attempted, by all the
means we could contrive, to bring them down, but found it
absolutely impossible. The road was so bad, and the night
so dark, that we could scarcely ourselves get on, nor did we
without many falls. We would then have lit a fire upon
the spot, but the snow on the ground, as well as that which
continually fell, rendered this plan as impracticable as the
other, and to bring fire from the other place was also im-
possible from the quantity of snow which fell every moment
from the branches of the trees. We were thus obliged to
content ourselves with laying out our unfortunate com-
panions upon a bed of boughs and covering them over with
boughs as thickly as possible, and thus we left them, hope-
less of ever seeing them again alive, which, indeed, we never
did.

In this employment we had spent an hour and a half,
exposed to the most penetrating cold I ever felt, as well as
to continual snow. Peter Brisco, another servant of mine,
began now to complain, and before we came to the fire
became very ill, but got there at last almost dead with cold.

Now might our situation be called terrible : of twelve,
our original number, two were already past all hopes, one
more was so ill that, though he was with us, I had little
hopes of his being able to walk in the morning, and another
seemed very likely to relapse into his fits, either before we
set out or in the course of our journey. We were distant
from the ship, we did not know how far ; we knew only
that we had spent the greater part of a day in walking
through pathless woods : provision we had none but one

54 RIO TO TERRA DEL FUEGO CHAP, in

vulture, which had been shot on the way, and at the shortest
allowance could not furnish half a meal ; and, to complete
our misfortunes, we were caught in a snowstorm in a climate
we were utterly unacquainted with, but which we had
reason to believe was as inhospitable as any in the world,
not only from all the accounts we had heard or read, but
from the quantity of snow which we saw falling, though it
was very little after midsummer, a circumstance unheard of
in Europe, for even in Norway or Lapland snow is never
known to fall in the summer.

1*7 th. The morning now dawned and showed us the earth
as well as the tops of the trees covered with snow ; nor were
the snow squalls at all less frequent ; we had no hopes now
but of staying here as long as the snow lasted, and how
long that would be God alone knew.

About six o'clock the sun came out a little, and we
immediately thought of sending to see whether the poor
wretches we had been so anxious about last night were yet
alive ; three of our people went, but soon returned with the
melancholy news of their being both dead. The snow con-
tinued to fall, though not quite so thickly as before. About
eight o'clock a small breeze of wind sprang up, and with
the additional power of the sun began (to our great joy) to
clear the air, and soon after the snow commenced to fall
from the tops of the trees, a sure sign of an approaching
thaw. Peter continued very ill, but said he thought himself
able to walk ; Mr. Buchan, thank God, was much better
than I could have expected ; so we agreed to dress our
vulture, and prepare to set out for the ship as soon as the
snow should be a little more melted. The vulture was
skinned and cut into ten equal shares, every man cooking
his own share, which furnished about three mouthfuls of
hot meat, the only refreshment we had had since our cold
dinner yesterday, and all we were to expect till we should
reach the ship.

About ten we set out, and after a march of three hours,
arrived at the beach fortunate in having met with much
better roads on our return than in going out, as well as

JAN. 1769 RETURN TO THE SHIP 55

being nearer to the ship than we had any reason to hope for.
From the ship we found that we had made a half-circle
round the hills instead of penetrating, as we thought we
had done, into the inner part of the country. With what
pleasure we congratulated each other on our safety no one
can tell who has not been in such circumstances.

ISth. Peter was very ill to-day, and Mr. Buchan not at
all well ; the rest of us, thank God, in good health, though
riot yet recovered from our fatigue.

20th. This morning was very fine, so much so that we
landed without any difficulty at the bottom of the bay and
spent our time very much to our satisfaction in collecting
shells and plants. Of the former we found some very
scarce and fine, particularly limpets ; of several species of
these we observed (as well as the shortness of our time
would permit) that the limpet with a longish hole at the
top of his shell is inhabited by an animal very different
from that which has no such hole. Here were also some
fine whelks, one particularly with a long tooth, and an
infinite variety of Lepades, Sertularice, Onisci, etc., in much
greater variety than I have anywhere seen. But the
shortness of our time would not allow us to examine
them, so we were obliged to content ourselves with taking
specimens of as many of them as we could in so short a
time scrape together.

We returned on board to dinner, and afterwards went
about two miles into the country to visit an Indian town, of
which some of our people had given us news. We arrived
there in about an hour, walking through a path which I
suppose was their common road, though it was sometimes
up to our knees in mud. The town itself was situated upon
a dry knoll among the trees, which had not been at all
cleared ; it consisted of not more than twelve or fourteen
huts or wigwams of the most unartificial construction imagin-
able ; indeed, nothing bearing the name of a hut could pos-
sibly be built with less trouble. A hut consisted of a few
poles set up and meeting together at the top in a conical
figure, and covered on the weather side with a few boughs

56 RIO TO TERRA DEL FUEGO CHAP, in

and a little grass ; on the lee side about one-eighth part of
the circle was left open, and against this opening a fire was
made. Furniture, I may justly say, they had none ; a little,
a very little, dry grass laid round the edges of the circle
furnished both beds and chairs, and for dressing the shell-
fish (the only provision I saw them make use of) they had
no one contrivance but broiling them upon the coals. For
drinking, I saw in a corner of one of their huts a bladder of
some beast full of water ; in one side of this near the top
was a hole through which they drank by elevating a little the
bottom, which made the water spring up into their mouths.

In these few huts, and with this small share, or rather
none at all, of what we call the necessaries and conveniences
of life, lived about fifty men, women, and children, to all
appearance contented with what they had, not wishing for
anything we could give them except beads. Of these they
were very fond, preferring ornamental things to those which
might be of real use, and giving more in exchange for a
string of beads than they would for a knife or a hatchet.

Notwithstanding that almost all writers who have men-
tioned this island have imputed to it a want of wood, we
plainly distinguished, even at the distance of some leagues,
that the largest part of the country, particularly near the
sea- coast, was covered with wood, which observation was
verified in both the bays we put into. In either of these
firing migjit be got close by the beach in any quantity, and
also trees, which to all appearance might be fit for repairing
a vessel, or even in cases of necessity for making masts.

The hills are high, though not to be called mountains ;
the tops of these, however, are quite bare, and on them
patches of snow were frequently to be seen, yet the time of
the year when we were there answered to the beginning of
July in England. In the valleys between these, the soil
has much the appearance of fruitfulness, and is in some
places of considerable depth ; at the bottom of almost every
one of these runs a brook, the water of which in general has
a reddish cast like that which runs through turf bogs in
England ; it is very well tasted.

JAN. 1769 ANIMALS OF TERRA DEL FUEGO 57

Quadrupeds I saw none in the island, unless the seals
and sea-lions, which were often swimming about in the bay,
might be called such ; but Dr. Solander and I, when we
were on the top of the highest hill reached by us, observed
the footsteps of a large beast imprinted on the surface of a
bog, but could not with any probability guess of what kind
it might be.

Land birds were very few, I saw none larger than an
English blackbird, except hawks and a vulture ; but water-
fowl are much more plentiful. In the first bay we were in
I might have shot any quantity of ducks or geese, but
would not spare the time from gathering plants ; in the
other we shot some, but the Indians in the neighbourhood
had made them shy, as well as much less plentiful ; at least
so we found.

Fish we saw few, nor could we with our hooks take any
fit to eat : shell-fish, however, are in the greatest abundance,
limpets, mussels, clams, etc., but none of them delicate, yet
such as they were we did not despise them.

Insects are very scarce, and not one species hurtful or
troublesome : during the whole of our stay we saw neither
gnat nor mosquito, a circumstance which few, if any,
uncleared countries can boast of.

Of plants there are many species, and those truly the
most extraordinary I can imagine ; in stature and appear-
ance they agree a good deal with the European ones, only
in general are less specious, white flowers being much more
common among them than any other colour ; but, to speak
of them botanically, probably no botanist has ever enjoyed
more pleasure in the contemplation of his favourite pursuit
than did Dr. Solander and I among these plants. We have
not yet examined many of them, but what we have, have
proved in general so entirely different from any before
described, that we are never tired of wondering at the
infinite variety of creation, and admiring the infinite care
with which Providence has multiplied her productions,
suiting them no doubt to the various climates for which
they were designed. Trees are not numerous : a birch,

58 RIO TO TERRA DEL FUEGO CHAP, in

(Betula antarctica)} a beech (Fagus antarctica), and winter's
bark (Winterana aromatica)? are all worth mentioning, the
two first for timber, the other for its excellent aromatic
bark, so much valued by physicians. Of other plants we
could not ascertain the virtues, not being able to converse
with the Indians, who may have experienced them; but
the scurvy grass, Oardamine antiscorbutica, and wild celery,
Apium antarcticum, may easily be known to contain anti-
scorbutic properties, capable of being of great service to
ships which may in future touch here. Of these two, there-
fore, I shall give a short description. Scurvy grass is found
plentifully in damp places near springs, in general every-
where near the beach, especially at the watering-place in
the Bay of G-ood Success. When young and in its greatest
perfection it lies flat on the ground, having many bright
green leaves standing in pairs opposite each other, with an
odd one, in general the fifth, at the end. When older it
shoots up in stalks sometimes two feet high, at the top of
which are small white blossoms, which are succeeded by
long pods. The whole plant much resembles what is called
Lady's-smock in England, only that the flowers are much
smaller. Wild celery greatly resembles the celery in our
gardens, only that the leaves are of a deeper green ; the
flowers, as in ours, stand in small tufts at the top of the
branches, and are white. It grows plentifully near the
beach, generally on soil which is just above the spring tides,
and is not easily mistaken, as the taste resembles celery or
parsley, or rather is between both. These herbs we used
plentifully while we stayed here, putting them in our soup,
etc., and derived the benefit from them which seamen in
general find from a vegetable diet after having been long
deprived of it.

The inhabitants we saw here seemed to be one small
tribe of Indians, consisting of not more than fifty of all

1 Both the beech and birch are species of beech (Fagus) : one, F. betidoides,
Mirb. (the birch of Banks), is an evergreen ; the other, F. antarctica, Forst, is
deciduous-leaved.

2 Drimys Winteri, Forst.

JAN. 1769 INHABITANTS 59

ages and sexes. They are of a reddish colour, nearly resem-
bling that of rust of iron mixed with oil ; the men are largely
built, but very clumsy, their height being from five feet eight
inches to five feet ten inches, and all very much of the same
size. The women are much smaller, seldom exceeding five
feet. Their clothes are nothing more than a kind of cloak of
guanaco or seal skin, thrown loosely over their shoulders,
and reaching nearly to their knees ; under this they have
nothing at all, nor anything to cover their feet, except a
few who had shoes of raw seal hide drawn loosely round
their instep like a purse. In this dress there is no dis-
tinction between men and women, except that the latter
have their cloak tied round their waist with a kind of belt
or thong.

Their ornaments, of which they are extremely fond,
consist of necklaces, or rather solitaires, of shells, and
bracelets, which the women wear both on their wrists and
legs, the men only on their wrists ; but to compensate for
this the men have a kind of wreath of brown worsted which
they wear over their foreheads, so that in reality they are
more ornamented than the women.

They paint their faces generally in horizontal lines, just
under their eyes, and sometimes make the whole region
round their eyes white, but these marks are so much varied
that no two we saw were alike. Whether they were marks
of distinction or mere ornaments I could not at all make out.
They seem also to paint themselves with something like a
mixture of grease and soot on particular occasions, for when
we went to their town there came out to meet us two who
were daubed with black lines in every direction, so as to
form the most diabolical countenance imaginable. These
two seemed to exorcise us, or at least make a loud and long
harangue, which did not seem to be addressed to us or any
of their countrymen.

Their language is guttural, especially in particular words,
which they seem to express much as an Englishman when he
hawks to clear his throat. But they have many words which
sound soft enough. During our stay among them I could

60 RIO TO TERRA DEL FUEGO CHAP, in

learn but two of their words : halldcd, which signifies beads,
at least so they always said when they wanted them, instead
of the ribbons or other trifles which I offered them ; and
ooudd, which signifies water, for so they said when we took
them ashore from the ship and by signs asked where water
was ; they at the same time made the sign of drinking
and pointed to our casks, as well as to the place where we
put them ashore, where we found plenty of water.

Of civil government I saw no signs ; no one seemed to
be more respected than another; nor did I ever see the
least appearance of quarrelling between any two of them.
Eeligion also they seemed to be without, unless those people
who made the strange noises I have mentioned before were
priests or exorcists ; but this is merely conjectural.

Their food, so far as we saw, was either seals or shell-
fish. How they took the former we never knew, but the
latter were collected by the women, whose business it seemed
to be to attend at low water with a basket in one hand, a
stick with a point and a barb in the other, and a satchel
on their backs. They loosened the limpets with the stick,
and put them into the basket, which, when full, was emptied
into the satchel.

Their arms consisted of bows and arrows, the former
neatly enough made, the latter more neatly than any I
have seen, polished to the highest degree, and headed either
with glass or flint ; this was the only neat thing they
had, and the only thing they seemed to take any pains
about.

That these people have before had intercourse with
Europeans was very plain from many instances, first, from
the European commodities, of which we saw sail-cloth,
brown woollen cloth, beads, nails, glass, etc., especially the
last (which they used for pointing their arrows in con-
siderable quantity), and also from the confidence they
immediately put in us at our first meeting, though well
acquainted with our superiority, and from the knowledge
they had of the use of our guns, which they very soon
showed by making signs to me to shoot a seal. They

JAN. 1769 INHABITANTS 61

probably travel and stay but a short time at a place, so at
least it would seem from the badness of their houses, which
seem all built to stand but for a short time ; from their
having no kind of household furniture but what has a
handle, adapted either to be carried in the hand or on the
back ; from the thinness of their clothing, which seems little
calculated even to bear the summers of this country, much
less the winters ; from their food of shell-fish, which must
soon be exhausted at any one spot ; and from the deserted
huts we saw in the first bay we came to, which had plainly
been inhabited but a short time previously, probably this
spring. Boats they had none with them, but as they were
not sea-sick or particularly affected when they came on
board our ship, possibly they might have been left at some
bay or inlet, which passes partly, but not entirely, through
this island from the Straits of Magellan, from which place
I should be much inclined to believe these people have
come, as so few ships before ours have anchored upon any
part of Terra del Fuego.

Their dogs, which I forgot to mention before, seem also
to indicate a commerce at some time or other with Europeans,
they being all of the kind that bark, contrary to what has
been observed of (I believe) all dogs natives of America.

The weather here has been very uncertain, though in
general extremely bad ; every day since the first more or less
snow has fallen, and yet the thermometer has never been
below 38°. Unseasonable as this weather seems to be in
the middle of summer, I am inclined to think it is generally
so here, for none of the plants appear at all affected by it,
and the insects which hide themselves during a snow blast
are, the instant it is fair again, as lively and nimble as the
finest weather could make them.1

1 Here follows a list of 104 phanerogamic and 41 cryptogamic plants
collected in Terra del Fuego.

CHAPTEE IV

TERRA DEL FUEGO TO OTAHITE
JAN. 21— APRIL 12, 1769

Leave Terra del Fuego — Cape Horn— Albatross and other birds, etc. — Multi-
plication of Dagysa — Cuttlefish — Cross the line drawn by the Royal
Society between the South Sea and the Pacific Ocean— Tropic birds —
Occultation of Saturn — Freshness of the water taken on board at Terra
del Fuego — Speculations respecting a southern continent — Marine animals
— Suicide of a marine — Scurvy — Lemon juice — Lagoon Island — King
George III. Island— Means adopted for preventing the scurvy — Preserved

21st January 1769. Sailed this morning, the wind
foul; but our keeping-boxes being full of new plants, we
little regarded any wind, provided it was but moderate
enough to let the draughtsmen work, who, to do them
justice, are now so used to the sea that it must blow a gale
of wind before they leave off.

25th. Wind to-day north-west ; stood in with some
large islands, but we could not tell for certain whether
we saw any part of the mainland. At some distance the
land formed a bluff head, within which another appeared,
though but faintly, farther to the southward. Possibly
that might be Cape Horn, but a fog which overcast it almost
immediately after we saw it, hindered our making any
material observations upon it ; so that all we can say is,
that it was the southernmost land we saw, and does not
answer badly to the description of Cape Horn given by the
French, who place it upon an island, and say that it is two
bluff headlands (vide Histoire des Navigat. aux terres australes,
torn. i. p. 356).

FEB. 1769 ALBATROSS

1st February. Killed Diomedea antarctica, Procellaria
lugens and turtur. The first, or black-billed albatross, is much
like the common one, but differs in being scarcely half as
large, and having a bill entirely black. Procellaria lugens, the
southern shearwater, differs from the common kind in being
smaller and of a darker colour on the back, but is easily
distinguished by the flight, which is heavy, and by two
fasciae or streaks of white, which are very conspicuous when
it flies, under its wings. Procellaria turtur, Mother Carey's
dove, is of the petrel kind, about the size of a Barbary dove,
of a light silvery blue upon the back, which shines beauti-
fully as the bird flies. Its flight is very swift and it re-
mains generally near the surface of the water. More or less
of these birds have been seen very often since we left the
latitude of Falkland's Island, where in a gale of wind we
saw immense quantities of them.

3rd. Shot Diomedea exulans, an albatross, or alcatrace,
much larger than those seen to the northward of the Straits
of Le Maire, and often quite white on the back between the
wings, though certainly the same species ; D. antarctica,
lesser black -billed albatross; D. profuga, lesser albatross,
with a party-coloured bill differing from the last in few
things except the bill, the sides of which were yellow, with
black between them.

Atk. I had been unwell these three or four days, and
to-day was obliged to keep the cabin with a bilious attack,
which, although quite slight, alarmed me a good deal, as
Captain Wallis had such an attack in the Straits of Magellan,
which he never got the better of throughout the whole
voyage.

5th. I was well enough to eat part of the albatrosses
shot on the 3rd ; they were so good that everybody com-
mended and ate heartily of them, although there was fresh
pork upon the table. To dress them, they are skinned over-
night, and the carcases soaked in salt water until morning,
then parboiled, and, the water being thrown away, stewed well
with very little water, and when sufficiently tender served
up with savoury sauce.

64 . TERRA DEL FUEGO TO OTAHITE CHAP, iv

9th. This morning some seaweed floated past the ship,
and my servant declares that he saw a beetle fly over her.
I do not believe he would deceive me, and he certainly
knows what a beetle is, as he has these three years been
often employed in taking them for me.

1 6th. Went in the boat and killed Procellaria velox,
Nectris munda and fuliginosa, which two last are a new
genus between Procellaria and Diomedea : this we reckon a
great acquisition to our bird collection.

1*7 th. Saw several porpoises without any " pinna dorsalis,"
black on the back, white under the belly and on the nose.
We saw also an albatross different from any other I have
seen, it being black all over, except the head and bill, which
were white.

21 st. A bird not seen before attended the ship; it was
about the size of a pigeon, black above and light-coloured
underneath. It darted swiftly along the surface of the
water in the same manner as I have observed the Nectris to
do, of which genus it is probably a species.

2Qth. Albatrosses began to be much less plentiful than
they have been (lat. 41° 8').

3rd March. Killed Procellaria velox, velificans, sordida,
melanopus, lugens, agilis, and Diomedea exulans. The alba-
tross was very brown, exactly the same as the first I killed,
which, if I mistake not, was nearly in the same latitude on
the other side of the continent. Caught Holothuria obtusata,
Phyllodoce velella, exactly the same as those taken on the
other side of the continent, except in size, which in these
did not exceed that of an English sixpence. Dagysa vitrea
was also the same as that taken off Kio de Janeiro ; now,
however, we had an opportunity of seeing its extraordinary
manner of breeding. The whole progeny, fifteen or twenty
in number, hung in a chain from one end of the mother, the
oldest only, or the largest, adhering to her, and the rest to
each other.

Among a large quantity of birds I had killed (sixty-two in
all) I found two Hippoboscce, or forest flies, both of one species,
and different from any described. More than probably these

MAR. 1769 OCEANIC LIFE 65

belonged to the birds, and came off with them from the land.
I found also this day a large Sepia, or cuttlefish, lying in the
water, just dead, but so pulled to pieces by the birds that
its species could not be determined. Only this I know,
that of it was made one of the best soups I ever ate. It
was very large; and its arms, instead of being like the
European species, furnished with suckers, were armed with
a double row of very sharp talons, resembling in shape those
of a cat, and like them, retractable into a sheath of skin,
from whence they might be thrust at pleasure.

The weather has now become pleasantly warm, and the
barnacles on the ship's bottom seem to regenerate, very
few of the old ones remaining alive, but young ones without
number, scarcely bigger than lentils.

5th. It now begins to be very hot; thermometer 70°,
and damp, with prodigious dews at night, greater than any
I have felt. This renews our uncomfortably damp situation,
everything beginning to mould, as it did about the equinoc-
tial line in the Atlantic.

*7th. No albatrosses have been seen since the 4th, and
for some days before that we had only now and then a
single one in sight, so we conclude that we have parted with
them for good and all.

llth. A steady breeze had blown during the last three
days, and there was no sea at all ; from whence we con-
cluded that we had passed the line drawn between the Great
South Sea and the Pacific Ocean by the Council of the
Eoyal Society ; notwithstanding we are not yet within the
tropics.

13th. I saw a tropic bird for the first time hovering over
the ship, but flying very high : if my eyes did not deceive
me it differed from that described by Linnaeus (Phaeton
aetherius), in having the long feathers of his tail red. The
servants with a dipping net took Mimus wlutator and
Phyllodoce velella, both exactly the same as those we saw in
the Atlantic Ocean (lat. 30° 45', long. 126° 23' 45").

15th. This night there was an occupation' of Saturn by
the moon, which Mr. Green observed, but was unlucky in

F

66 TERRA DEL FUEGO TO OTAHITE CHAP, iv

having the weather so cloudy that the observation was good
for little or nothing.

IQth. Our water which had been taken on board at
Terra del Fuego has remained until this time perfectly good
without the least change, which I am told is very rare,
especially when, as in our case, water is brought from a cold
climate into a hot one ; ours, however, has stood it without
any damage, and drinks as brisk and pleasant as when first
taken on board, or better, for the red colour it had at first
has subsided, and it is now as clear as any English spring
water.

20th. When I look on the charts of these seas, and
mark our course, which has been nearly straight at N.W.
since we left Cape Horn, I cannot help wondering that we
have not yet seen land. It is, however, some pleasure to
be able to disprove that which only exists in the opinions
of theoretical writers, as are most of those who have written
anything about these seas without having themselves been
in them. They have generally supposed that every foot of
sea over which they believed no ship to have passed to be
land, although they had little or nothing to support that
opinion, except vague reports, many of them mentioned only
as such by the authors who first published them. For
instance, the Orange Tree, one of the Nassau fleet, having
been separated from her companions, and driven to the
westward, reported on her joining them again that she had
twice seen the Southern continent; both these places are
laid down by Mr. Dalrymple many degrees to the eastward
of our track, yet it is probable that he put them down as
far to the westward as he thought it possible that the
Orange Tree could have gone.

To strengthen these weak arguments another theory has
been started, according to which as much of the South Sea
as its authors call land must necessarily be so, for otherwise
this world would not be properly balanced, since the quantity
of earth known to be situated in the northern hemisphere
would not have a counterpoise in this. The number of square
degrees of their land which we have already changed into

MAR. 1769 SUPPOSED SOUTHERN CONTINENT 67

water sufficiently disproves this, and teaches me at least,
that till we know how this globe is fixed in that place
which has been since its creation assigned to it in the
general system, we need not be anxious to give reasons how
any one part of it counterbalances the rest.

21st. Took Turbo Jtuitans, floating on the water in the
same manner as Helix ianthina, Medusa porpita, exactly like
that taken on the other side of the continent, and a small
Cimex, which had also been taken before. This last appears
to be a larva ; if so, it is probably of some animal that lives
under water, as I saw many, but none that appeared
perfect.

On Phaeton erubescens were plenty of a very curious kind
of Acarus phaetonis, which either was or appeared to be
viviparous. Besides what was shot to day, there were seen
man-of-war birds (Pelecanus aquilus), and a small bird of the
Sterna kind, called by the seamen egg-birds; they were
white with red beaks, and about the size of Sterna hirundo.
Of these I saw several juofc at nightfall, flying very high and
following one another, all standing towards the N.N.W. ;
probably there is land in that direction, as we were not far
from the spot where Quiros saw his southernmost islands,
Incarnation and St. John Baptist.

24:th. The officer of the watch reported that in the
middle watch the water, from being roughish, became suddenly
as smooth as a mill pond, so that the ship, from going only
four knots, at once increased to six, though there was little
or no more wind than before. A log of wood also which
was seen by several people to pass the ship made them
believe that there was land to windward. When I came on
deck at eight o'clock the signs were all gone. I saw, how-
ever, two birds which seemed to be of the Sterna kind, both
very small, one quite white and the other quite black, which
from their appearance could not venture far from land.

To-day by our reckoning we crossed the tropic.

25th. This evening one of our marines threw himself
overboard, and was not missed until it was much too late
even to attempt to recover him. He was a very young man,

68 TERRA DEL FUEGO TO OTAHITE CHAP, iv

scarcely twenty-one years of age, remarkably quiet and
industrious, and, to make his exit more melancholy, was
driven to the rash resolution by an accident so trifling that
it must appear incredible to everybody who is not well
acquainted with the powerful effects that shame can work
upon young minds.

This day at noon he was sentry at the cabin door, and
while he was on that duty, one of the captain's servants,
being called away in a hurry, left a piece of sealskin in his
charge, which it seems he was going to cut up to make
tobacco pouches, some of which he had promised to several
of the men. The poor young fellow had several times asked
him for one, and when refused had told him that since he
refused him so trifling a thing, he would, if he could, steal
one from him. This he put into practice as soon as the
skin was given into his charge, and was of course found
out immediately, as the other returned and took the piece
he had cut off from him, but declared that he would not
complain to the officers for so trifling a cause. In the
meantime the fact came to the ears of his fellow-soldiers,
thirteen in number, who stood up for the honour of their
corps so highly that before night they drove the young
fellow almost mad by representing his crime in the blackest
colours as a breach of trust of the worst description. A
theft committed by a sentry on duty they made him think
a most inexcusable crime, especially when the thing stolen
had been given into his charge. The sergeant particularly
declared that if the person aggrieved would not complain,
he would himself do so, for people should not suffer scandal
from the ill-behaviour of one. This affected the young man
much, and he went to his hammock ; soon after the sergeant
called him on deck ; he got up, and slipping past the
sergeant, went forward ; it was dusk, and the people were
not convinced that he had gone overboard till half an hour
after the event.

31st. Myself not quite so well; a little inflammation in
my throat, and swelling of the glands.

1st April. Somewhat better to-day. As my complaint

APR. 1769 LAGOON ISLAND

69

has something in it that puts me in mind of the scurvy, I
took up the lemon-juice put up by Dr. Hulme's direction,
and found that that which was concentrated by evaporating
six gallons into less than two has kept as well as anything
could do. The small cag, in which was lemon-juice with
one-fifth of brandy, was also very good, though a large part
of it had leaked out by some fault in the cag : this, there-
fore, I began to make use of immediately, drinking very
weak punch made with it for my common liquor.

4th. At ten this morning my servant, Peter Briscoe,
saw land which we had almost passed by ; we stood towards
it, and found it to be a small island (Lagoon Island) about
a mile and a half or two miles in length ; those who were
upon the topmast-head perceived it to be nearly circular,
and to have a lagoon or pool of water in the middle, which
occupied by far the largest part of the island. About noon
we were close to it, within a mile or thereabouts, and dis-
tinctly saw inhabitants, of whom we counted twenty-four;
they appeared to us through our glasses to be tall and to
have very large heads, or possibly much hair upon them ;
eleven of them walked along the beach abreast of the ship,
each with a pole or pike as long again as himself in his
hand. Every one of them was stark naked, and appeared
of a brown copper colour ; as soon, however, as the ship had
fairly passed the island they retired higher up on the beach
and seemed to put on some clothes, or at least cover themselves
with something which made them appear of a light colour.

The island was covered with trees of many different
verdures : the palms or cocoanut trees we could plainly
distinguish, particularly two that were amazingly taller than
their fellows, and at a distance bore a great resemblance to
flags. The land seemed very low ; though at a distance
several parts of it had appeared high, yet when we came
near them they proved to be clumps of palms. Under the
shade of these were the houses of the natives, in spots cleared
of all underwood, so that pleasanter groves cannot be
imagined, at least so they appeared to us, whose eyes had so
long been unused to any other object than water and sky.

70 TERRA DEL FUEGO TO OTAHITE CHAP, iv

After dinner, land was again seen, with which we came
up at sunset ; it proved a small island, not more than three-
quarters of a mile in length, but almost round. We ran
within less than a mile of it, but saw no signs of inhabitants,
or any cocoanut trees, or indeed any that bore the least
resemblance to palms, though there were many sorts of
trees, or at least many varieties of verdure.

In the neighbourhood of both this and the other island
were many birds, man-of-war birds, and a small black sort
of Sterna with a white spot on its head, which the seamen
called noddies, but said that they were much smaller than
the West Indian noddies.

While we were near the island a large fish was taken
with a towing-line baited with a piece of pork rind cut like
a swallow's tail ; the seamen called it a king-fish (Scomber
lanceolatus).

§tli. It is now almost night, and time for me to wind up
the clue of my this day's lucubrations ; so, as we have
found no island, I shall employ the time and paper which I
had allotted to describe one in a work which I am sure will be
more useful, if not more entertaining, to all future navigators,
by describing the method which we took to cure cabbage in
England. This cabbage we have eaten every day since we left
Cape Horn, and have now good store remaining ; as good, to
our palates at least, and fully as green and pleasing to the
eye as if it were bought fresh every morning at Covent
Garden Market. Our steward has given me the receipt,
which I shall copy exactly — false spelling excepted.

Take a strong iron-bound cask, for no weak or wooden-
bound one should ever be trusted in a long voyage. Take
out the head, and when the whole is well cleaned, cover the
bottom with salt ; then take the cabbage, and, stripping off
the outside leaves, take the rest leaf by leaf till you come to
the heart, which cut into four. Lay these leaves and heart
about two or three inches thick upon the salt, and sprinkle
salt freely over them ; then lay cabbage upon the salt,
stratum super stratum, till the cask is full. Then lay on
the head of the cask with a weight which, in five or six

APR. 1769 SCURVY AND LEMON JUICE 7,

days, will have pressed the cabbage into a much smaller
compass. After this, fill up the cask with more cabbage, as
before directed, and head it up.

KB. — The cabbage should be gathered in dry weather,
some time after sunrise, so that the dew may not be upon it.
Halves of cabbages are better for keeping than single leaves.

10th. Weather very hazy and thick: about nine it cleared
up a little, and showed us Osnaburg Island, discovered by
the Dolphin in her last voyage. About one o'clock land
was seen ahead in the direction of George's Land ; it was,
however, so faint that very few could see it.

llth. Up at five this morning to examine a shark
caught yesterday evening: it proves to be a blue shark
(Squalus glaucus). To-day we caught two more, which were
the common gray shark (Squalus carcharias), on one of
which were some sucking-fish (Ucheneis remora). The sea-
men tell us that the blue shark is the worst of all to eat ;
indeed, its smell is abominably strong, so as we have two of
the better sort it was hove overboard.

As I am now on the brink of going ashore after a long
passage, thank God, in as good health as man can be, I shall
fill a little paper in describing the means which I have taken
to prevent the scurvy in particular.

The ship was supplied by the Admiralty with sour-crout,
of which I eat constantly, till our salted cabbage was opened,
which I preferred : as a pleasant substitute, wort was served
out almost constantly, and of this I drank a pint or more
every evening, but all this did not check the distemper so
entirely as to prevent my feeling some small effect of it.
About a fortnight ago my gums swelled, and some small
pimples rose on the inside of my mouth, which threatened
to become ulcers ; I then flew to the lemon juice, which had
been put up for me according to Dr. Hulme's method,
described in his book, and in his letter, which is inserted
here.1 Every kind of liquor which I used was made sour

1 To J. BANKS, Esq., Burlington Street. — Sir — The vessels containing the
orange and lemon juice, sent by Dr. Fothergill, were to be marked, that
you might know their contents ; but lest in the hurry of sending them that

72 TERRA DEL FUEGO TO OTAHITE CHAP, iv

with the lemon juice No. 3, so that I took nearly six ounces
a day of it ; the effect of this was surprising, in less than a
week my gums became as firm as ever, and at this time I
am troubled with nothing but a few pimples on my face,
which have not deterred me from leaving off the juice
entirely.

circumstance should have been neglected, I will take the liberty to explain
them.

The case No. 1 contains six gallons of lemon juice evaporated down to less
than two gallons. The large cask, No. 2, contains seven gallons of orange
juice and one gallon of brandy. The small cask, No. 3, contains five quarts
of lemon juice and one of brandy.

When you come to make use of the juice which is in the casks, do not
open the bung-hole, but draw it off at the end of the cask by means of a
wooden cock, and make a vent-hole with a peg in it at the top of the cask ;
and always observe this method when you draw off the juice you keep in
casks. It would not be amiss if you were to take out with you several
wooden cocks, lest any should be lost or broken ; and perhaps two or three
strong iron-bound casks, holding ten gallons apiece, might be very useful for
taking in a quantity of orange, lemon or lime juice, when you touch at any
place abroad where those fruits grow. Besides the juices I would recommend
to you to carry out a quantity of molasses, and two or three pounds of the
best Ohio and Strasburg turpentine, in order to brew beer with for your
daily drink when your water becomes bad. So small a quantity of molasses
as two gallons, or two gallons and a half, are said to be sufficient for making
an hogshead of tolerably good beer, and this method of brewing beer at sea
will be peculiarly useful in case you should have stinking water on board ; for I
find by experiments that the smell of stinking water will be entirely destroyed
by the process of fermentation. I sincerely wish you and your companions a
most prosperous voyage and a safe return to old England, loaded with all the
honours you so justly deserve, — and am, sir, your most humble servant,

N. HULME.

HATTON GABDEN, August 1, 1768.

CHAPTEE V

OTAHITE
APKIL 13 — JULY 12, 1769

Reception by natives — Peace offerings and ceremonies — Thieving — Natives
fired upon — Death of Mr. Buchan, the artist — Lycurgus and Hercules —
Tents erected — An honest native — Flies — Music — A foreign axe found
— Thefts — Names of the natives — The Dolphin's queen — Quadrant
stolen — Dootahah made prisoner — Visit to Dootahah — Wrestling—
Tubourai offended — Natives at divine service — Cask stolen — Natives
swimming in surf — Imao — Transit of Venus — Nails stolen by sailors —
Mourning — Previous visit of foreign ships — Banks takes part in a native
funeral ceremony — Travelling musicians — Canoes seized for thefts — Dogs
as food — Circumnavigation of the island — Image of man made of basket-
work — Gigantic buildings (marai] — Battlefield — Return to station — Bread-
fruit— Excursion inland — Volcanic nature of the island — Seeds planted
— Dismantling the fort — Banks engages a native to go to England.

1 3th. This morning early we came to an anchor in
Port-royal by King George-the-Third's Island. Before the
anchor was down we were surrounded by a large number of
canoes, the people trading very quietly and civilly, chiefly
for beads, in exchange for which they gave cocoanuts, bread-
fruit both roasted and raw, some small fish and apples.
They had one pig with them which they refused to sell for
nails upon any account, but repeatedly offered it for a
hatchet ; of these we had very few on board, so thought it
better to let the pig go than to give one of them in exchange,
knowing, on the authority of those who had been here be-
fore, that if we did so they would never lower their price.

As soon as the anchors were well down the boats were
hoisted out, and we all went ashore, where we were met by
some hundreds of the inhabitants, whose faces at least gave

74 OTAHITE CHAP, v

evident signs that we were not unwelcome guests, although
at first they hardly dared approach us ; after a little while
they became very familiar. The first who approached us
came creeping almost on his hands and knees, and gave us
a green bough, the token of peace ; this we received, and
immediately each of us gathered a green bough and carried
it in our hands. They marched with us about half a mile,
then made a general halt, and scraping the ground clean from
the plants that grew upon it, every one of the chiefs threw
his bough down upon the bare place, and made signs that
we should do the same. The marines were drawn up, and,
marching in order, dropped each a bough upon those that
the Indians had laid down ; we all followed their example,
and thus peace was concluded. We then walked into the
woods followed by the whole train, to whom we gave beads
and small presents. In this manner we proceeded for
four or five miles, under groves of cocoanut and bread-
fruit trees, loaded with a profusion of fruit, and giving the
most grateful shade I have ever experienced. Under these
were the habitations of the people, most of them without
walls ; in short, the scene that we saw was the truest picture
of an Arcadia of which we were going to be kings that the
imagination can form.

Our pleasure in seeing this was, however, not a little
allayed by finding in all our walk only two hogs, and not
one fowl. Those of our crew who had been with the
Dolphin told us that the people whom we saw were only of
the common sort, and that the bettermost had certainly
removed : as a proof of this they took us to the place where
the Queen's palace had formerly stood, and of which there
were no traces left. We, however, resolved not to be dis-
couraged at this, but to proceed to-morrow morning in
search of the place to which these superior people had re-
moved, in hopes of making the same peace with them as
with our friends the blackguards.

I4:th. Several canoes came to the ship, including two in
which were people who, by their dress and appearance,
seemed to be of a rank superior to those whom we had seen

APR. 1769 RECEPTION BY THE NATIVES 75

yesterday. These we invited to come on board, and in
coming into the cabin each singled out his friend: one
took the captain, and the other chose myself. Each
took off a large part of his clothes, and dressed his friend
with what he took off; in return for this we presented them
with a hatchet and some beads apiece. As they made
many signs to us to go to the places where they lived, to
the south-west of where we lay, the boats were hoisted out,
and, taking them with us, we immediately proceeded accord-
ing to their directions.

After rowing about a league, they beckoned us on shore,
and showed us a long house where they gave us to under-
stand that they lived: here we landed and were met by
some hundreds of the inhabitants, who conducted us into
the long house. Mats were spread, and we were desired to
sit down fronting an old man whom we had not before seen.
He immediately ordered a cock and a hen to be brought,
which were presented to Captain Cook and myself. We
accepted the present ; a piece of cloth was then presented
to each of us, perfumed, not disagreeably, after their manner,
as they took great pains to make us understand. My piece
was eleven yards long by two wide. For this I made re-
turn by presenting him with a large laced silk neck-cloth
I had on, and a linen pocket handkerchief: these he
immediately put on and seemed much pleased. After
this ceremony was over we walked freely about several
large houses, attended by the ladies, who showed us all kinds
of civilities.

We now took leave of our friendly chief, and proceeded
along shore for about a mile, when we were met by a throng
of people, at the head of whom appeared another chief. We
had learned the ceremony we were to go through, namely, to
receive the green bough always brought to us at every fresh
meeting, and to ratify the peace of which it was the emblem,
by laying our hands on our breasts and saying Taio, which
I imagine signifies friend. The bough was here offered and
accepted, and every one of us said Taio; the chief then
made signs that if we chose to eat, he had victuals ready :

76 OTAHITE CHAP, v

we accordingly dined heartily on fish and bread-fruit with
plantains, etc., dressed after their method. Kaw fish was
offered to us, which it seems they themselves eat. The ad-
ventures of this entertainment I much wish to record parti-
cularly, but am so much hurried by attending the Indians
ashore almost all day long, that I fear I shall scarcely under-
stand my own language when I read it again.

Our chief's own wife (ugly enough in conscience) did me
the honour with very little invitation to squat down on the
mats close by me ; no sooner had she done so than I espied
among the common crowd a very pretty girl with a fire in
her eyes that I had not before seen in the country. Un-
conscious of the dignity of my companion I beckoned to the
other, who, after some entreaties, came and sat on the other
side of me. I was then desirous of getting rid of my
former companion, so I ceased to attend to her, and loaded
my pretty girl with beads and every present I could think
pleasing to her : the other showed much disgust, but did not
quit her place, and continued to supply me with fish and
cocoanut milk.

How this would have ended is hard to say ; it was
interrupted by an accident which gave us an opportunity
of seeing much of the people's manners. Dr. Solander
and another gentleman who had not been in as good
company as myself found their pockets had been picked :
one had lost a snuff-box, the other an opera-glass. Com-
plaint was made to the chief, and to give it weight I started
up from the ground, and striking the butt end of my gun,
made a rattling noise which I had before used in our
walk to frighten the people and keep them at a distance.
Upon this every one of the common sort (among whom
was my pretty girl) ran like sheep from the house, leaving
us with only the chief, his three wives, and two or three
better dressed than the rest, whose quality I do not guess
at. The chief then took me by the hand to the other end
of the house where lay a large quantity of their cloth ; this
he offered to me piece by piece, making signs that if it
would make amends, I might take any part or all. I put

APR. 1769 THEFTS OF THE NATIVES 77

it back, and by signs told him that I wanted nothing but
our own, which his people had stolen : on this he gave me
into the charge of my faithful companion his wife, who had
never budged an inch from my elbow. With her I sat
down on the mat, and conversed by signs for nearly half an
hour, after which time the chief came back bringing the
snuff-box and the case of the opera-glass, which, with vast
pleasure in his countenance, he returned to the owners ; but
his face changed when he was shown that the case was
empty. He then took me by the hand and walked along
shore with great rapidity about a mile ; on the way he re-
received a piece of cloth from a woman which he carried in
his hand. At last we came to a house in which we were
received by a woman : to her he gave the cloth and told us
to give her some beads. The cloth and beads were left on
the floor by us, and she went out and returned in about a
quarter of an hour, bringing the glass in her hand, with a
vast expression of joy on her countenance, for few faces have
I seen with more expression in them than those of these
people. The beads were now returned with a positive
resolution of not accepting them, and the cloth was as
resolutely forced upon Dr. Solander as a recompense for his
loss ; he then made a present of beads to the lady. Our
ceremonies ended, we returned to the ship, admiring a
policy, at least equal to any one we had seen in civilised
countries, exercised by people who have never had any
advantage but mere natural interest uninstructed by the
example of any civilised country.

15th. This morning we landed at the watering-place,
bringing with us a small tent, which we set up. Whilst
doing this we were attended by some hundreds of the natives,
who showed a deference and respect to us which much
amazed me. I drew a line before them with the butt end
of my musket, and made signs to them to sit down without
it. They obeyed instantly, and not a man attempted to set
a foot within it. Above two hours were thus spent, and
not the least disorder being committed, we proposed to
walk into the woods and see if to-day we might not find

78 OTAHITE CHAP, v

more hogs, etc., than when we had last visited them, suppos-
ing it probable that some at least had been driven away
on our arrival. This in particular tempted us to go, with
many other circumstances, although an old man (an Indian
well known to the Dolphin's crew) attempted by many signs
to hinder us from going into the woods ; the tent was left
in charge of a midshipman with the marines, thirteen in
number. We marched away, and were absent about two hours.
Shortly before we came back we heard several musket shots.
Our old man immediately called us together, and, by waving
his hand, sent away every Indian who followed us except
three, every one of whom took in their hands a green bough ;
on this we suspected that some mischief had happened at
the tent, and hastened home with all expedition. On our
arrival we found that an Indian had snatched a sentry's
musket from him unawares and run off. The midshipman
(may be) imprudently ordered the marines to fire, which
they did, into the thickest of the flying crowd, some hundreds
in number, and pursuing the man who had stolen the musket,
killed him. Whether any others were killed or hurt no
one could tell. No Indian was now to be seen about the
tent except our old man, who with us took all pains to
reconcile them again before night. By his means we got
together a few of them, and explaining to them that the
man who had suffered was guilty of a crime deserving of
death (for so were we forced to make it), we retired to the
ship, not well pleased with the day's expedition, guilty, no
doubt, in some measure of the death of a man whom the
most severe laws of equity would not have condemned to
so severe a punishment.

16th. No canoes about the ship this morning, indeed we
could not expect any, as it is probable that the news of our
behaviour yesterday was now known everywhere, a circum-
stance which doubtless will not increase the confidence of
our friends the Indians. We were rather surprised that
the Dolphin's old man, who seemed yesterday so desirous of
making peace, did not come on board to-day. Some few
people were upon the beach, but very few in proportion to

APR. 1769 DEATH OF MR. BUCHAN 79

what we saw yesterday. At noon went ashore, the people
rather shy of us, as we must expect them to be, till by good
usage we can gain anew their confidence.

Poor Mr. Buchan, the young man whom I brought out
as landscape and figure painter, was yesterday attacked by
an epileptic fit; he was to-day quite insensible, and our
surgeon gives me very little hopes of him.

llth. At two this morning Mr. Buchan died ; about nine
everything was made ready for his interment, he being
already so much changed that it would not be practicable
to keep him even till night. Dr. Solander, Mr. Sporing,
Mr. Parkinson, and some of the officers of the ship, attended
his funeral. I sincerely regret him as an ingenious and
good young man, but his loss to me is irretrievable ; my
airy dreams of entertaining my friends in England with the
scenes that I am to see here have vanished. No account
of the figures and dresses of the natives can be satisfactory
unless illustrated by figures ; had Providence spared him a
month longer, what an advantage would it have been to my
undertaking, but I must submit.

Our two friends, the chiefs of the west, came this morning
to see us. One I shall for the future call Lycurgus, from
the justice he executed on his offending subjects on the 14th ;
the other, from the large size of his body, I shall call Hercules.
Each brought a hog and bread-fruit ready dressed as a present,
for which they were presented in return with a hatchet and
a nail apiece. Hercules's present is the largest ; he seems
indeed to be the richest man.

In the afternoon we all went ashore to measure out the
ground for the tents, which done, Captain Cook and Mr.
Green slept ashore in a tent erected for that purpose,
after having observed an eclipse of one of the satellites of
Jupiter.

18th. The Indians brought down such great provision of
cocoanuts and bread-fruit to-day that before night we were
obliged to leave off buying, and acquaint them by signs that
we should not want any more for two days. Everything
was bought for beads, a bead about as large as a pea

8o OTAHITE CHAP, v

purchasing four or six bread-fruits and a like number of
cocoanuts. My tents were got up before night, and I slept
ashore in them for the first time. The lines were guarded
by many sentries, but no Indian attempted to come near
them during the whole night.

19th. This morning Lycurgus and his wife came to see
us and brought with them all their household furniture, and
even houses to be erected in our neighbourhood, a circum-
stance which gave me great pleasure, as I had spared no
pains to gain the friendship of this man, who seemed more
sensible than any of his fellow-chiefs we have seen. His
behaviour in this instance makes us sure of having gained
his confidence at least.

Soon after his arrival he took me by the hand and led
me out of the lines, signing that I should accompany him
into the woods, which I did willingly, as I was desirous of
knowing how near us he intended to settle. I followed
him about a quarter of a mile, when we arrived at a small
house, or rather the awning of a canoe set up on the shore,
which seemed to be his temporary habitation. Here he
unfolded a bundle of their cloths and clothed me in two
garments, one of red cloth, the other of a very pretty matting,
after which we returned to the tents. He ate pork and
bread-fruit which was brought him in a basket, using salt-
water instead of sauce, and then retired into my bed-chamber
and slept about half an hour.

About dinner-time Lycurgus's wife brought a handsome
young man of about twenty-two to the tents, whom they
both seemed to acknowledge as their son ; at night he and
another chief, who had also visited us, went away to the
westward, but Lycurgus and his wife went towards the
place I was at in the morning, which makes us not doubt
of their staying with us for the future.

20th. Eained hard all this day, at intervals so much so
that we could not stir at all : the people, however, went on
briskly with the fortification in spite of weather. Lycurgus
dined with us, he imitated our manners in every instance,
already holding a knife and fork more handily than a French-

APR. 1769 NATIVES' FRIENDSHIP 81

man could learn to do in years. In spite of the rain some
provisions are brought to the market, which is kept just
without the lines.

21st. Several of our friends at the tents this morning;
one from his grim countenance we have called Ajax, and at
one time thought to be a great king. He had in his canoe a
hog, but chose rather to sell it in the market than give it to
us as a present, which we accounted for by his having in
the morning received a shirt in return for a piece of cloth ;
this may have made him fear that had he given the hog it
might have been taken into the bargain, a proceeding very
different from that of our friend Lycurgus, who seems in
every instance to place a most unbounded confidence in us.

22nd. Our friends as usual come early to visit us,
Hercules with two pigs, and a Dolphin's axe which he wished
to have repaired, as it accordingly was. Lycurgus brought
a large fish, an acceptable present, as that article has always
been scarce with us. Trade brisk to-day; since our new
manufacture of hatchets has been set on foot we get some
hogs, though our tools are so small and bad that I only
wonder how they can stand one stroke.

The flies have been so troublesome ever since we have
been ashore, that we can scarcely get any business done ;
they eat the painter's colours off the paper as fast as they
can be laid on, and if a fish has to be drawn, there is more
trouble in keeping them off than in the drawing itself.

Many expedients have been thought of, but none succeed
better than a mosquito-net covering table, chair, painter and
drawings, but even that is not sufficient. A fly-trap was
necessary within this to attract the vermin from eating the
colours. For this purpose tar and molasses were mixed
yesterday together, but this did not succeed, for the plate
which had been smeared with it was left outside the tent to
clean, and one of the Indians noticing this took the oppor-
tunity, when he thought no one was observing him, of taking
some of this mixture up into his hand. I saw him, and was
curious to know for what use it was intended : the gentle-
man had a large sore on his body, to which this clammy

G

82 OTAHITE CHAP, v

liniment was applied, but with what result I never took the
trouble to inquire.

Hercules to-day gave us a specimen of the music of this
country ; four people performed upon flutes, which they
sounded with one nostril, while they stopped the other
with their thumbs : to these four others sang, keeping very
good time, but during half an hour they played only one
tune, consisting of not more than five or six notes ; more I
am inclined to think they have not upon their instruments,
which have only two stops.

23rd. Mr. Green and myself went to-day a little way
upon the hills in order to see how the roads were. Lycurgus
went with us, but complained much at the ascent, saying
that it would kill him. We found as far as we went,
possibly three miles, exceedingly good paths, and at the end
of our walk we met boys bringing wood from the mountains,
which we look upon as a proof that the journey will be very
easy whenever we attempt to go higher.

We had this evening some conversation about an axe
which was brought in the morning by Hercules to be ground.
It was very different from our English ones, and several gentle-
men were of opinion that it was French. Some went so far
as to give it as their opinion that some other ship had been
here since the Dolphin. The difficulty, however, appeared
to be easily solved by supposing axes to have been taken in
the Dolphin for trade, in which case old ones of any make
might have been bought, for many such I suppose there are
in every old iron shop in London.

25th. I do not know by what accident I have so long
omitted to mention how much these people are given to
thieving. I will make up for my neglect to-day, however, by
saying that great and small, chiefs and common men, all are
firmly of opinion that if they can once get possession of
anything it immediately becomes their own. This we were
convinced of the very second day we were here ; the chiefs
were employed in stealing what they could in the cabin,
while their dependents took everything that was loose
about the ship, even the glass ports not escaping them, of

APR. 1769 THIEVING OF THE NATIVES 83

which they got off with two. Lycurgus and Hercules were
the only two who had not yet been found guilty ; but they
stood in our opinion but upon ticklish ground, as we could
not well suppose them entirely free from a vice their country-
men were so much given to.

Last night Dr. Solander lent his knife to one of
Lycurgus's women, who forgot to return it ; this morning
mine was missing. I resolved to go to Lycurgus, and ask
him whether or not he had stolen it, trusting that if he had
he would return it. On taxing him with it, he denied
knowing anything concerning it. I told him I was resolved
to have it returned ; on this a man present produced a rag
in which were tied up three knives. One was Dr. Solander's,
the other a table-knife, and the third no one claimed. With
these he marched to the tents to make restitution, while I
remained with the women, who much feared that he would
be hurt. Arrived there, he restored the two knives to the
proper owners, and began immediately to search for mine in
all the places where he had ever seen it. One of my
servants seeing what he was about brought it to him ; he
had, it seems, laid it aside the day before without my
knowledge. Lycurgus then burst into tears, making signs
with my knife that if he was ever guilty of such an action
he would submit to have his throat cut. He returned
immediately to me with a countenance sufficiently upbraid-
ing me for my suspicions ; the scene was immediately
changed, I became the guilty and he the innocent person.
A few presents and staying a little with him reconciled him
entirely ; his behaviour, however, has given me a much
higher opinion of him than of his countrymen.

2*7£A. Lycurgus and a friend of his (who ate most
monstrously, and was accordingly christened Epicurus) dined
with us. At night they took their leave and departed ; but
Lycurgus soon returned with fire in his eyes, seized my
arm, and signed to me to follow him. I did, and he
soon brought me to a place where was our butcher, who, he
told me by signs, had either threatened or attempted to cut
his wife's throat with a reaping-hook he had in his hand.

84 OTAHITE CHAP, v

I signed to him that the man should be punished to-morrow
if he would only clearly explain the offence, which made
him so angry that his signs were almost unintelligible. He
grew cooler, and showed me that the butcher had taken
a fancy to a stone hatchet lying in his house ; this he offered
to purchase for a nail ; his wife who was there, refused to
part with it, upon which he took it up and, throwing down
the nail, threatened to cut her throat if she attempted to
hinder him. In evidence of this the hatchet and nail were
produced, and the butcher had so little to say in his defence
that no one doubted of his guilt ; after this we parted and
he appeared satisfied, but did not forget to put me in
mind of my promise that the butcher should to-morrow be
punished.

This day we found that our friends had names, and they
were not a little pleased to discover that we had them
likewise. For the future Lycurgus will be called Tubourai
Tamaide, his wife Tamio, and the three women who commonly
came with him, Terapo, Teraro, and Omie. As for our
names, they make so poor a hand at pronouncing them that
I fear we shall each be obliged to take a new one for
the occasion.

After breakfast Jno. Molineux came ashore, and the
moment he entered the tent, fixed his eyes upon a woman
who was sitting there, and declared that she had been the
queen when the Dolphin was here. She also instantly acknow-
ledged him as a person whom she had seen before. Our
attention was now entirely diverted from every other object
to the examination of a personage we had heard of so much
of in Europe ; she appeared to be about forty, tall, and very
lusty, her skin white and her eyes full of meaning; she
might have been handsome when young, but now few or no
traces of it were left.

As soon as her Majesty's quality was known to us, she
was invited to go on board the ship, where no presents were
spared that were thought to be agreeable to her in consider-
ation of her services to the Dolphin. Among other things
a child's doll was given to her, of which she seemed very

APR. 1769 THE DOLPHINS QUEEN 85

fond ; on her landing she met Hercules (whom for the future
I shall call by his real name Dootahah), and showed him her
presents. He became uneasy, and was not satisfied till he
also had got a doll, which he now seemed to prefer to a
hatchet ; after this, however, dolls were of no value.

29th. My first business this morning was to see that the
butcher was punished, as I promised Tubourai and Tamio,
and of which they had not failed to remind me yesterday,
when the crowd of people who were with us had prevented
its being carried out. I took them on board the ship,
where Captain Cook immediately ordered the offender to be
punished ; they stood quietly and saw him stripped and
fastened to the rigging, but as soon as the first blow was
given, interfered with many tears, begging that the punish-
ment might cease, a request which the captain would not
comply with.

At night I visited Tubourai, as I often did by candle-
light, and found him and all his family in a most melancholy
mood; most of them shed tears, so that I soon left them
without being at all able to find out the cause of their grief.
An old man had prophesied to some of our people that in
four days we should fire our guns ; this was the fourth night,
and the circumstance of Tubourai crying over me, as we
interpreted it, alarmed our officers a good deal ; the sentries
are therefore doubled, and we sleep to-night under arms.

SQth. A very strict watch was kept last night, as
intended, and at two in the morning I myself went round
the point, finding everything perfectly quiet. Our little
fortification is now complete ; it consists of high breastworks
at each end ; the front palisades and the rear guarded by
the river, on the bank of which we placed casks full of
water : at every angle is mounted a swivel, and two carriage-
guns pointed in the two directions by which the Indians
might attack us out of the woods. Our sentries are also
as well relieved as they could be in the most regular
fortification.

About ten, Tamio came running to the tents ; she seized
my hand and told me that Tubourai was dying, and that I

86 OTAHITE CHAP, v

must go instantly with her to his house. I went and found
him leaning his head against a post. He had vomited, they
said, and he told me he should certainly die in consequence
of something our people had given him to eat, the remains
of which were shown me carefully wrapped up in a leaf.
This upon examination I found to be a chew of tobacco
which he had begged of some of our people, and trying to
imitate them in keeping it in his mouth, as he saw them
do, had chewed it almost to powder, swallowing his spittle.
I was now master of his disease, for which I prescribed
cocoanut milk, which soon restored him to health.

1st May. In walking round the point, I saw a canoe
which I supposed to have come from a distance, as she had
a quantity of fresh water in her in bamboos. In every
other respect she is quite like those we have seen ; her
people, however, are absolute strangers to us.

2nd. This morning the astronomical quadrant, which had
been brought ashore yesterday, was missed, a circumstance
which alarmed us all very much. After some time, we ascer-
tained from Tubourai that it was in the hands of an Indian ;
so we set out together. At every house we passed Tubourai
inquired after the thief by name, and the people readily
told which way he had gone, and how long ago it was since
he passed by, a circumstance which gave us great hopes
of coming up with him. The weather was excessively
hot, the thermometer before we left the tents was 91°,
which made our journey very tiresome. At times we walked,
at times we ran, when we imagined (as we sometimes did)
that the chase was just before us, till we arrived at the top
of a hill about four miles from the tents : from this place
Tubourai showed us a point about three miles off, and
made us understand that we were not to expect the instru-
ment till we got there. We now considered our situation :
no arms among us but a pair of pocket-pistols, which I
always carried, going at least seven miles from our fort,
where the Indians might not be quite so submissive as at
home, going also to take from them a prize for which they
had ventured their lives ; all this considered, we thought it

MAY 1769 A QUADRANT STOLEN 87

proper that while Mr. Green and myself proceeded, the
midshipman should return, and desire Captain Cook to send
a party of men after us, telling him at the same time that
it was impossible that we could return till night. This
done we proceeded, and at the very spot Tubourai had
mentioned, were met by one of his people bringing part of
the quadrant in his hand: we now stopped, and many
Indians gathered about us rather rudely ; the sight of one of
my pistols, however, instantly checked them, and they
behaved with all the order imaginable, though we quickly
had some hundreds surrounding a ring we had marked out
on the grass. The box was now brought to us, and some of
the small matters such as reading glasses, etc., which in
their hurry they had put into a pistol-case. This I knew
belonged to me ; it had been stolen from the tents with a
horse-pistol in it, which I immediately demanded, and had
immediately restored. Mr. Green began to overlook the
instrument to see if any part, or parts, were wanting ; several
small things were, and people were sent out in search of
them, some of whom returned, and others did not : the stand
was not there, but that, we were informed, had been left
behind by the thief, and we should have it on our return, an
answer which, coming from Tubourai, satisfied us. Nothing
else was wanting but what could easily be repaired, so we
packed up all in grass as well as we could, and proceeded
homewards. After walking about two miles we met Captain
Cook with a party of marines coming after us, all not a
little pleased at the event of our excursion.

The captain on leaving the tents left orders, both for
the ship and shore, that no canoes should be suffered to go
out of the bay, but that nobody's person should be seized or
detained, as we rightly guessed that none of our friends had
any hand in the theft. These orders were obeyed by the
first lieutenant, who was ashore ; but the second aboard,
seeing some canoes going along shore, sent a boat to fetch
them back. The boatswain commanding it did so, and with
them brought Dootahah ; the rest of the crew leaped over-
board. Dootahah was sent ashore prisoner ; the first

88 OTAHITE CHAP, v

lieutenant of course could not do less than confine him, to
the infinite dissatisfaction of the Indians. This we heard
from them two miles before we reached the tents. On our
return Tubourai, Tamio, and every Indian that we let in,
joined in lamenting over Dootahah with many tears. I
arrived about a quarter of an hour before the captain, during
which time this scene lasted. As soon as he came he
ordered him to be instantly set at liberty, which done he
walked off sulkily enough, though at his departure he
presented us with a pig.

3rd. No kind of provisions brought to market to-day.

5th. At breakfast - time two messengers came from
Dootahah to remind the captain of his promise [given yester-
day] to visit him ; accordingly the boat set out, carrying the
captain, Dr. Solander, and myself. We arrived in about an
hour, JZparre, his residence, being about four miles from the
tents. An immense throng of people met us on the shore,
crowding us very much, though they were severely beaten for
so doing by a tall good-looking man, who laid about him most
unmercifully with a long stick, striking all who did not get
out of his way without intermission, till he had cleared for
us a path to Dootahah, who was seated under a tree, attended
by a few grave-looking old men. With him we sat down,
and made our presents, consisting of an axe and a gown of
broadcloth made after their fashion, and trimmed with
tape ; with these he seemed mightily satisfied. Soon after
this Oborea [the queen] joined us, and with her I retired to
an adjacent house where I could be free from the suffocating
heat, occasioned by so large a crowd of people as was
gathered about us. Here was prepared for our diversion an
entertainment quite new to us, a wrestling match, at which
the other gentlemen soon joined us. A large courtyard
railed round with bamboo about three feet high was the
scene of the diversion ; at one end of this Dootahah was
seated, and near him were seats for us, but we rather chose
to range at large among the spectators, than confine our-
selves to any particular spot.

The diversion began by the combatants, some of them

MAYi;69 WRESTLING 89

at least, walking round the yard with a slow and grave
pace, every now and then striking their left arms very hard,
by which they caused a deep and very loud noise, and which
it seems was a challenge to each other, or to any one of the
company who chose to engage in the exercise. Within the
house stood the old men ready to applaud the victor, and
some few women who seemed to be here out of compliment
to us, as much the larger number absented themselves upon
the occasion.

The general challenge being given as above, the par-
ticular soon followed it, any man singling out his antagonist
by joining the finger-ends of both hands level with the
breast, and moving the elbows up and down ; if this was
accepted, the challenged immediately returned the signal,
and both instantly put themselves in an attitude to engage.
This they very soon did, striving to seize each other by the
hands, hair, or the cloth round the waist, for they had no
other dress. They then attempted to seize each other by
the thigh, which commonly decided the contest, by the fall
of him who was thus taken at a disadvantage ; if this was
not soon done, they always parted either by consent, or
their friends interfered in less than a minute, in which case
both began to clap their arms, and seek anew for an
antagonist, either in each other or some one else. When
any one fell, the whole amusement ceased for a few
moments, while the old men in the house gave their applause
in a few words which they repeated together in a kind of
tune. This lasted about two hours, during all which time the
man whom we observed at our first landing continued to beat
the people who did not keep at a proper distance ; we
understood that he was some officer belonging to Dootahah,
and was called his Tomite.

The wrestling over, the gentlemen informed me that
they understood that two hogs and a large quantity of
bread-fruit, etc., were cooking for our dinner ; news which
pleased me very well, as I was by this time sufficiently
prepared for the repast. I went out and saw the ovens in
which they were buried ; these the Indians readily showed

90 OTAHITE CHAP, v

me, telling me at the same time that they would soon be
ready, and how good a dinner we should have. In about
half an hour all was taken up, but Dootahah began to
repent of his intended generosity (he thought,- 1 suppose,
that a hog would be looked upon as no more than a dinner,
and consequently no present made in return) ; he therefore
changed his mind, and ordering one of the pigs into the
boat, sent for us, who soon collected together, and getting
our knives prepared to fall to, saying that it was civil of
the old gentleman to bring the provisions into the boat,
where we could with ease keep the people at a proper dis-
tance. His intention was, however, very different from
ours, for instead of asking us to eat, he asked to go on
board of the ship, a measure we were forced to comply
with, and row four miles with the pig growing cold under
our noses before he would give it to us. On board, how-
ever, we dined upon this same pig, and his Majesty ate very
heartily with us. After dinner we went ashore. The sight
of Dootahah reconciled to us acted like a charm upon the
people, and before night, bread-fruit and cocoanuts were
brought for sale in tolerable quantity.

10 fh. This morning Captain Cook planted divers seeds
which he had brought with him in a spot of ground turned
up for the purpose ; they were all bought of Gordon at Mile
End, and sent in bottles sealed up. Whether or no that
method will succeed, the event of this plantation will
show.

We have now got the Indian name of this island,
Otahite, so therefore for the future I shall call it. As for
our own names the Indians find so much difficulty in pro-
nouncing them that we are forced to indulge them in calling
us what they please, or rather what they say when they
attempt to pronounce them. I give here the list : Captain
Cook is Toote, Dr. Solander Torano, Mr. Hicks Hete, Mr.
Gore Toarro, Mr. Molineux Boba (from his Christian name
Eobert), Mr. Monkhouse Mato, I myself Tapane. In this
manner they have names for almost every man in the ship.

llth. Cocoanuts were brought down so plentifully this

MAY 1769 NATIVE NAMES FOR THE EUROPEANS 91

morning that by half-past six I had bought 350. This made
it necessary to lower the price of them, lest so many being
brought at once we should exhaust the country, and want
hereafter ; notwithstanding which I had before night bought
more than a thousand at the rate of six for an amber-coloured
bead, ten for a white one, and twenty for a fortypenny nail.
13th. Going on shore I met Tubourai near his house.
I stopped with him; he took my gun out of my hand,
cocked it, and holding it up in the air, drew the trigger.
Fortunately for him it flashed in the pan. Where he had
obtained so much knowledge of the use of a gun I could
not conceive, but I was sufficiently angry that he should
attempt to exercise it upon mine, as I had upon all occa-
sions taught him and the rest of the Indians that they
could not offend me more than by merely touching it. I
scolded him severely, and even threatened to shoot him.
He bore all patiently, but the moment I had crossed the
river he and his family moved bag and baggage to their
other house at Eparre. This step was no sooner taken
than I was informed of it by the Indians about the fort.
Not willing to lose the assistance of a man who had upon
all occasions been particularly useful to us, I resolved to go
this evening and bring him back. Accordingly as soon as
dinner was over I set out, accompanied by Mr. Molineux.
We found him sitting among a large circle of people, him-
self and many of the rest with most melancholy countenances,
some in tears. One old woman on our coming into the
circle struck a shark's tooth into her head several times till
it foamed with blood, but her head seemed to have been so
often exercised with this expression of grief that it had
become quite callous, for though the crown of it was covered
with blood, enough did not issue from the wounds to run
upon her cheeks. After some few assurances of forgive-
ness Tubourai agreed to return with us, in consequence of
which resolution a double canoe was put off, in which we
all returned to the tents before supper-time, and as a
token of renewal of friendship both he and his wife slept
in my tent all night.

92 OTAHITE CHAP, v

Our friends Dootahah, Oborea, Otheothea, etc., at the
tents this morning as usual. It being Sunday, Captain
Cook proposed that divine service should be celebrated, but
before the time most of our Indian friends had gone home
to eat. I was resolved, however, that some should be
present that they might see our behaviour, and we might
if possible explain to them (in some degree at least) the
reasons of it. I went, therefore, over the river, and
brought back Tubourai and Tamio, and having seated them
in the tent, placed myself between them. During the
whole service they imitated my motions, standing, sitting,
or kneeling as they saw me do ; and so much understood
that we were about something very serious, that they called
to the Indians without the fort to be silent. Notwith-
standing this they did not, when the service was over, ask
any questions, nor would they attend at all to any explana-
tion we attempted to give them. We have not yet seen
the least traces of religion among these people, maybe they
are entirely without it.

15th. In the course of last night one of the Indians
was clever enough to steal an iron-bound cask. It was
indeed without the fort, but so immediately under the eye
of the sentry that we could hardly believe the possibility
of such a thing having happened. The Indians, however,
acknowledged it, and seemed inclined to give intelligence,
in consequence of which I set off in pursuit of it, and
traced it to a part of the bay where they told me it had
been put into a canoe. It was not of sufficient consequence
to pursue with any great spirit, so I returned home. At
night Tubourai made many signs that another cask would
be stolen before morning ; and thinking, I suppose, that we
did not sufficiently regard them, came with his wife and
family to the place where the cask lay, and said that they
themselves would take care that no one should steal them.
On being told this I went to them, and explaining to them
that a sentry was this night put over these particular casks,
they agreed to come and sleep in my tent, but insisted on
leaving a servant to assist the sentry in case the thief came,

MAY 1769 SURF-SWIMMING

93

which he did about midnight. He was seen by the sentry,
who fired at him, on which he retreated most expedi-
tiously.

18th. The apples1 now begin to be ripe, and are brought
in large quantities very cheap; so that apple-pies are a
standing dish with us.

29th. We saw the Indians amuse or exercise themselves
in a manner truly surprising. It was in a place where
the shore was not guarded by a reef, as is usually the case,
consequently a high surf fell upon the shore, and a more
dreadful one I have not often seen ; no European boat could
have landed in it, and I think no European who had by
any means got into it could possibly have saved his life, as
the shore was covered with pebbles and large stones. In
the midst of these breakers ten or twelve Indians were
swimming. Whenever a surf broke near them they dived
under it with infinite ease, rising up on the other side ;
but their chief amusement was being carried on by an old
canoe ; with this before them they swam out as far as the
outermost beach, then one or two would get into it, and
opposing the blunt end to the breaking wave, were hurried
in with incredible swiftness. Sometimes they were carried
almost ashore, but generally the wave broke over them
before they were half-way, in which case they dived and
quickly rose on the other side with the canoe in their hands.
It was then towed out again, and the same method repeated.
We stood admiring this very wonderful scene for fully half
an hour, in which time no one of the actors attempted to
come ashore, but all seemed most highly entertained with
their strange diversion.

30th. Carpenters employed to-day in repairing the long-
boat, which is eaten in a most wonderful manner ; every
part of her bottom is like a honey-comb, some of the holes
being an eighth of an inch in diameter, such progress has
this destructive insect made in six weeks.

31st. The day of observation now approaches. The
weather has for some days been fine, though in general,

1 Spondias dulcis, Forst.

94 OTAHITE CHAP, v

since we have been upon the island, we have had as much
cloudy as clear weather, which makes us all not a little
anxious for the success. In consequence of hints from
Lord Morton, the captain resolved to send a party to the
eastward and another to Imao, an island in sight of us,
thinking that in case of thick weather one or the other
might be more successful than those at the observatory. I
resolve to go on the Imao expedition.

1st June. The boat was not ready until after dinner,
when we set out : we rowed most of the night, and came
to a grappling just under the island of Imao.

2nd. Soon after daybreak we saw an Indian canoe, and
upon hailing her she showed us an inlet through the reef
into which we pulled, and soon fixed upon a coral rock
about 150 yards from the shore as a very proper situation
for our observatory. It was about eighty yards long and
twenty broad, and had in the middle a patch of white sand
large enough for our tents. The second lieutenant and
people therefore immediately set about fixing them, while
I went upon the main island to trade with the inhabitants
for provisions, of which I soon bought a sufficient supply.
Before night our observatory was in order, the telescopes
all set up, and tried, etc., and we went to bed anxious for the
events of to-morrow. The evening having been very fine
gave us great hopes of success.

3rd. Various were the changes observed in the weather
during the course of last night ; some one or other of us
was up every half-hour, and constantly informed the rest
that it was either clear or hazy. At daybreak we rose, and
soon after had the satisfaction of seeing the sun rise as clear
and bright as we could wish. I then wished success to the
observers, Messrs. Gore and Monkhouse, and repaired to the
island, where I could do the double service of examining the
natural produce and buying provision for my companions
who were engaged in so useful a work. Tarroa, the king
of the island, came to pay me a visit. After the first
internal contact was over, I went back to the observatory,
carrying with me Tarroa, his sister Nuna, and some of their

JUNE 1769 THE TRANSIT OF VENUS

95

chief attendants ; we showed them the planet upon the sun,
and made them understand that we had come on purpose
to see it. I spent the rest of the day in examining the
produce of the island, and found it very nearly similar to
that of Otahite. The people, indeed, were exactly the
same. Many of them we had often seen at Otahite, and
every one knew well what kind of trade we had and the
value it bore in that island. The hills in general came
nearer to the water, and the plains were consequently
smaller and less fertile than in Otahite. The low point
near which we lay was composed entirely of sand and coral ;
here neither bread-fruit nor any other useful vegetables
would grow ; the land was covered with Pandanus sectorius,
with which grew several plants we had not seen at Otahite.
Among them was lleris} which Mr. Gore tells me is the
plant called by the voyagers scurvy grass, and which grows
plentifully upon all the low islands.

4:th. What with presents and trade our stock of provi-
sions was so large that we were obliged to give away a large
quantity ; this done we put off, and before night arrived at
the tents, where we had the great satisfaction to find that the
observation there had been attended with as much success
as Mr. Green and the captain could wish, the day having
been perfectly clear, without so much as a cloud interven-
ing. We also heard the melancholy news that a large part
of our stock of nails had been purloined by some of the
ship's company during the time of the observation, when
everybody who had any degree of command was ashore.
One of the thieves was detected, but only seven nails out of
one hundredweight were found upon him, and he bore his
punishment without impeaching any of his accomplices.
This loss is of a very serious nature, as these nails, if circu-
lated by the people among the Indians, will greatly lessen
the value of iron, our staple commodity.

5th. During our absence at Imao an old woman of some
consequence died, and was placed not far from the fort to
rot above ground, as is the custom of the island. I went

1 Lepidium piscidium, Forst.

96 OTAHITE CHAP, v

this morning to see her. A small square was neatly railed
in with bamboo, and in the midst of it a canoe awning set
up upon two posts ; in this the body was laid, covered with
fine cloth. Near this was laid fish, meat, etc. for the gods,
not for the deceased, but to satisfy the hunger of the deities
lest they should eat the body, which Tubourai told us they
would certainly do, if this ceremony were neglected. In
the front of the square was a kind of stile, or place lower
than the rest, where the relatives of the deceased stood
when they cried or bled themselves. Under the awning
were numberless rags containing the blood and tears they
had shed. Within a few yards were two occasional houses ;
in one of them some of the relations, generally a good
many, constantly remained ; in the other the chief male
mourner resided, and kept a very remarkable dress in
which he performed a ceremony. Both dress and ceremony
I shall describe when I have an opportunity of seeing it in
perfection, which Tubourai promises me I shall soon have.

This day we kept the King's birthday, which had been
delayed on account of the absence of the two observing
parties. Several of the Indians dined with us and drank
his Majesty's health by the name of Kilnargo, for we could
not teach them to pronounce a word more like King George.
Tupia (Oborea's right-hand man, who was with her when
the Dolphin was here), to show his loyalty, got most
enormously drunk.

6th. In walking into the woods yesterday, I saw in the
hands of an Indian an iron tool, made in the shape of the
Indian adzes, but very different, I am sure, from anything
that had been carried out or made either by the Dolphin or
this ship. This excited my curiosity, the more so as I
was told that it did not come out of either of those ships,
but from two others which came here together. This was
a discovery not to be neglected. With much difficulty
and labour I at last got the following account of them, viz.
that in their month of Pepare (which answers to our January
1*768), two Spanish ships came here, commanded by a man
whom they called To Otterah ; that they lay eight days in a

JUNE 1769 EARLIER VISIT OF EUROPEANS 97

bay called Hiclea, some leagues to the eastward of Matavie,
where our ship now lies ; that during their stay they sent
tents ashore, and some slept in them ; that they were chiefly
connected with a chief whose name was Orette, and whose
younger brother they carried away with them, promising to
return in nine months ; that they had on board their ships
a woman ; and that on their departure they stood to the
westward as long as they were seen from the island. I
was very particular in these inquiries, as the knowledge got
by them may be of some consequence. The methods by
which I gained this account would be much too tedious to
mention. One of my greatest difficulties was to determine
the nationality of the ships : for this purpose I pointed to
our colours and asked whether the two ships had the same
or not. " No," was the answer, when the question was
thoroughly understood. I then opened a large sheet of
flags, and asked which of them they had. Tubourai looked
steadfastly over them, and at last pitched upon the Spanish
ensign, and to that he adhered, although we tried him over
and over again.1

9th. Yesterday and to-day the Heiva no Metua, or chief
mourner, walked. My curiosity was raised by his most
singular dress, and being desirous of knowing what he did
during his walk, I asked Tubourai, at the same time desiring
leave to attend him to-morrow, which was readily granted
upon my consenting to act a character.

Bread-fruit has for some time been scarce with us ;
about ten days ago, when there had been a great show of
fruit, the trees were thinned all at once, and every one was
employed in making mahie for about a week. Where the
bread-fruit we now have comes from we cannot tell, but we
have more than the woods around us can supply us with ;
probably our consumption has thinned the trees in this
neighbourhood, as the Dolphin, which came here about this
time, found great plenty during the whole of her stay. If
this is the case, what we now get may be brought from

1 As will appear later (see p. 370), the ships were French, under
Bougainville.

H

98 OTAHITE CHAP, v

some neighbouring place, where the trees are not yet
exhausted.

10th. This evening, according to my yesterday's engage-
ment, I went to the place where the Metua lay ; there I
found Tubourai, Tamio, Hoona, the Metua1 s daughter, and a
young Indian prepared to receive me. Tubourai was the
Heiva, the three others and myself were to be Nineveh.
Tubourai put on his most fantastical though not unbecoming
dress. I was next prepared by stripping off my European
clothes and putting on a small strip of cloth round my
waist, the only garment I was allowed to have. They then
began to smut me and themselves with charcoal and water,
the Indian boy was completely black, the women and
myself as low as our shoulders ; we then set out. Tubourai
began by praying twice, once near the corpse, and again
near his own house. We then proceeded towards the fort ; it
was necessary, it seems, that the procession should visit
that place, but they dare not do it without our sanction,
indeed it was not until they had received many assurances
of our consent that they ventured to perform any part of
their ceremonies.

To the fort then we went, to the surprise of our friends
and affright of the Indians who were there, for they every-
where fly before the Heiva, like sheep before a wolf; we
soon left it and proceeded along shore towards a place where
above a hundred Indians were collected together. We, the
Ninevehs, had orders from the Heiva to disperse them ; we
ran towards them, but before we came within a hundred
yards of them they dispersed every way, running to the first
shelter and hiding themselves under grass or whatever else
would conceal them. We now crossed the river into the
woods and passed several houses, all deserted ; not another
Indian did we see during the half -hour that we spent in
walking about. We (the Ninevelis) then came to the Heiva
and said imatata (there are no people), after which we re-
paired home ; the Heiva undressed, and we went into the
river and scrubbed one another until it was dark, before the
blacking came off.

JUNE 1769 TRAVELLING MUSICIANS 99

12t7i. In my morning's walk to-day I met a company of
travelling musicians ; they told me where they should be at
night, so after supper we all repaired to the place. There
was a large concourse of people round the band, which con-
sisted of two flutes and three drums, the drummers ac-
companying their music with their voices. They sang
many songs, generally in praise of us, for these gentlemen,
like Homer of old, must be poets as well as musicians. The
Indians seeing us entertained with their music, asked us to
sing them an English song, which we most readily agreed
to, and received much applause, so much so that one of the
musicians became desirous of going to England to learn to
sing. These people, by what we can learn, go about from
house to house, the master of the house and the audience
paying them for their music in cloth, meat, beads, or any-
thing else which the one wants and the other can spare.

13th. Mr. Monkhouse, our surgeon, met to-day with an
insult from an Indian, the first that has been met with by
any of us ; he was pulling a flower from a tree which grew
on a burial-ground, and was consequently, I suppose, sacred,
when an Indian came behind him and struck him ; Mr.
Monkhouse caught and attempted to beat him, but was pre-
vented by two more, who, coming up, seized hold of his hair
and rescued their companion, after which they all ran away.

14th. I lay in the woods last night, as I very often do;
at daybreak I was called up by Mr. Gore and went with him
shooting. We did not return till night, when we saw a
large number of canoes in the river behind the tents. It
appears that last night an Indian was clever enough to steal
a coal-rake out of the fort without being perceived ; in the
morning it was missed, and Captain Cook being resolved to
recover it, and also to discourage such attempts for the
future, went out with a party of men and seized twenty-five
of their large sailing canoes which had just come in from
Tethurva, a neighbouring island, with a supply of fish. The
coal-rake was upon this soon brought back, but Captain
Cook thought he had now an opportunity of recovering all
the things which had been stolen ; he therefore proclaimed

ioo OTAHITE CHAP, v

to every one that the boats should not stir until all the
things were brought back. A list of the articles was im-
mediately drawn up and read several times to the Indians,
who at once promised that everything should be returned.
Great application was made to me on my arrival that some
of the boats might be released. I did not until I got to the
fort understand the reason of their detention, but when I
did nothing appeared plainer than that no one of them should
on any account be given up from favour, but that the whole
should be kept till the things were restored — if ever they
were — which I much doubted, as the canoes did not belong
to the people who had the articles. I confess, that had I
taken a step so violent, I would have seized either the
persons of the people who had stolen from us (most of whom
we either knew, or shrewdly suspected), or at least their
goods, instead of those of people who were entirely uncon-
cerned in the affair, and had not probably interest enough
with their superiors (to whom all valuable things are carried)
to procure the restoration demanded.

Vlfh. Mr. Gore and myself went to Eparre to shoot
ducks, little thinking what the consequence of our expedi-
tion would be ; for before we had half filled our bags we had
frightened away Dootahah and all his household with their
furniture. It was no small diversion to us to find his
Majesty so much more fearful than his ducks.

20th. This morning early Oborea and some others came
to the tents, bringing a large quantity of provisions as a
present, among the rest a very fat dog. We had lately
learnt that these animals were eaten by the Indians, and
esteemed more delicate food than pork ; now therefore was
an opportunity of trying the experiment. The dog was im-
mediately given over to Tupia, who, finding that it was a
food that we were not accustomed to, undertook to stand
butcher and cook. He killed the animal by stopping his
breath, holding his hands fast over his mouth and nose, an
operation which took more than a quarter of an hour : he
then proceeded to dress him much in the same manner as
we would do a pig, singeing him over the fire and scraping

JUNE 1769 DOGS AS FOOD

101

him clean with a shell. He then opened him with the same
instrument, and taking out his entrails, pluck, etc., sent
them to the sea, where they were most carefully washed and
put into cocoanut shells with what blood he had found in
him. The stones were now laid, and the dog, well covered
with leaves, laid upon them ; in about two hours he was
dressed, and in another quarter of an hour completely eaten.
A most excellent dish he made for us, who were not much
prejudiced against any species of food. I cannot, however,
promise that an European dog would eat as well, as these in
Otahite scarcely in their lives touch animal food ; cocoanut
kernel and bread-fruit, yams, etc., being what their masters
can best afford to give them, and what indeed from custom
I suppose they prefer to any other food.

24th. The market has been totally stopped ever since
the boats were seized, nothing being offered for sale but a
few apples ; our friends, however, are liberal in presents, so
that we make -shift to live without expending our bread,
which last, and spirits, are our most valuable articles. Late
in the evening Tubourai and Tamio returned from Eparre,
bringing with them several presents, among the rest a large
piece of thick cloth, which they desired that I would carry
home to my sister Opia, and for which they would take no
kind of return. They are often very inquisitive about our
families, and remember anything that is told them very
well.

2Qth. At three o'clock this morning Captain Cook and
myself set out to the eastward in the pinnace, intending, if it
was convenient, to go round the island.1

28th. We saw an English goose and a turkey-cock,
which they told us had been left by the Dolphin, both of
them immensely fat and as tame as possible, following the
Indians everywhere, who seemed immensely fond of them.

29th. We saw a singular curiosity: a figure of a man
made of basket-work, roughly but not ill designed. It was

1 The circumnavigation of the island presents few interesting features
beyond what was noticed on the 28th and 29th ; any differences in customs
are recorded in Chapter VII. ("General Account of the South Sea Islands ").

102 OTAHITE CHAP, v

seven feet high, and too bulky in proportion to its height ;
the whole was neatly covered with feathers — white to re-
present skin, and black to represent hair, and tallow on the
head, where were three protuberances which we should have
called horns, but the Indians called them tata ete (little
men). The image was called by them Manne. They said
it was the only one of the kind in Otahite, and readily
attempted to explain its use, but their language was totally
unintelligible, and seemed to refer to some customs to which
we are perfect strangers. Several miles farther on we went
ashore again, though we saw nothing remarkable but a
bury ing-ground, whose pavement was unusually neat. It
was ornamented by a pyramid about five feet high, covered
entirely with the fruits of Pandanus odorus and Cratceva
gynandra. In the middle, near the pyramid, was a small
image of stone very roughly worked, the first instance of
carving in stone that I have seen among these people. This
they seemed to value, as it was protected from the weather
by a kind of shed built purposely over it. Near it were
three human skulls, laid in order, very white and clean, and
quite perfect.

We afterwards took a walk towards a point on which
we had from afar observed trees of etoa (Casuarina equiseti-
folia), from whence we judged that there would be some marai
in the neighbourhood ; nor were we disappointed, for we
had no sooner arrived there than we were struck with the
sight of a most enormous pile, certainly the masterpiece of
Indian architecture in this island, and so all the inhabitants
allowed. Its size and workmanship almost exceed belief.
Its form was similar to that of marais in general, resembling
the roof of a house, not smooth at the sides, but formed into
eleven steps, each of these four feet in height, making in
all 44 feet; its length was 267 feet, its breadth 71 feet.
Every one of these steps was formed of white coral stones,
most of them neatly squared and polished ; the rest were
round pebbles, but these, from their uniformity of size and
roundness, seemed to have been worked. Some of the coral
stones were very large, one I measured was 3-g- by 2|- feet.

JUNE 1769 A LARGE MARAI 103

The foundation was of rock stone, likewise squared; the
corner-stone measured 4 feet *7 inches by 2 feet 4 inches.
The building made part of one side of a spacious area walled
in with stone ; the size of this, which seemed to be intended
for a square, was 118 by 110 paces, and it was entirely
paved with flat paving-stones. It is almost beyond belief
that Indians could raise so large a structure without the
assistance of iron tools to shape their stones or mortar to
join them ; which last appears almost essential, as most of
them are round : but it is done, and almost as firmly as an
European workman would have done it, though in some
things they seem to have failed. The steps for instance,
which range along its greatest length, are not straight ; they
bend downward in the middle, forming a small segment of
a circle. Possibly the ground may have sunk a little under
the immense weight of such a great pile ; such a sinking, if it
took place regularly, would have this effect. The labour of
the work is prodigious, the quarried stones are but few, but
they must have been brought by hand from some distance ;
at least we saw no signs of a quarry near it, though I looked
carefully about me. The coral must have been fished up
from under the water, where indeed it is most plentiful, but
usually covered with at least three or four feet of water, and
generally with much more. The labour of forming the
blocks when obtained must also have been at least as great
as that employed in getting them. The natives have not
shown us any way by which they could square a stone
except by means of another, which must be a most tedious
process, and liable to many accidents through tools breaking.
The stones are also polished as well and as truly as stones
of the kind could be by the best workman in Europe ; in that
particular they excel, owing to the great plenty of a sharp
coral sand which is admirably adapted to the purpose, and
which is found everywhere upon the sea-shore in this neigh-
bourhood.

About a hundred yards to the west of this building was
another court or paved area, in which were several JEwhattas,
a kind of altar raised on wooden pillars about seven feet

104 OTAHITE CHAP, v

high ; on these they offer meat of all kinds to the gods.
We have thus seen large hogs offered; and here were the
skulls of above fifty of them, besides those of dogs, which
the priest who accompanied us assured us were only a small
fraction of what had been here sacrificed. This marai and
apparatus for sacrifice belonged, we were told, to Oborea and
Oamo.

The greatest pride of an inhabitant of Otahite is to
have a grand marai; in this particular our friends far
exceed any one in the island, and in the Dolphin's time the
first of them exceeded every one else in riches and respect.
The reason of the difference of her present appearance, I
found by an accident which I now relate. Our road to the
marai lay by the seaside, and everywhere under our feet were
numberless human bones, chiefly ribs and vertebrae. So
singular a sight surprised me much, and I inquired the reason.
I was told that in the month called by them Owarahew last,
which answers to our December 1*768, the people of Tiar-
reboo made a descent here and killed a large number of
people, whose bones we now saw ; that upon this occasion
Oborea and Oamo were obliged to flee for shelter to the
mountains ; that the conquerors burnt all the houses, which
were very large, and took away all the hogs, etc. ; that the
turkey and goose which we had seen were part of the spoils,
as were the jaw-bones which we had also seen ; these had
been carried away as trophies, and are used by the Indians
here in exactly the same manner as the North Americans
do scalps.

30^. At night we came to Otakourou, the very place at
which we were on the 28th of May; here we were among
our intimate friends, who expressed the pleasure they had
in entertaining us, by giving us a good supper and good
beds, in which we slept the better for being sure of reaching
Matavie [where the ship lay] to-morrow night at the farthest.
Here we learned that the bread-fruit (a little of which we
saw just sprouting upon the trees) would not be fit to eat
in less than three months.

2nd July. All our friends crowded this morning to see

JULY 1769 SUPPLY OF BREAD-FRUIT 105

us, and tell us that they were rejoiced at our return ; nor
were they empty-handed, most of them brought something
or other. The canoes were still in the river, and Captain
Cook, finding that there was no likelihood now of any of
the stolen goods being restored, resolved to let them go as
soon as he could. His friend Potattow solicited for one,
which was immediately granted, as it was imagined that the
favour was asked for some of his friends ; but no sooner did
he begin to move the boat than the real owners and a
number of Indians opposed him, telling him and his people
very clamorously that it did not belong to them. He
answered that he had bought it of the captain, and given a
pig for it ; the people were by this declaration satisfied, and
had we not luckily overheard it, he would have taken away
this boat, and probably soon after have solicited for more.
On being detected he became so sulky and ashamed, that for
the rest of the day neither he nor his wife would open their
mouths, or look straight at any of us.

3rd. This morning very early Mr. Monkhouse and my-
self set out, resolving to follow the course of the valley
down which our river conies, in order to see how far up it
was inhabited, etc. etc. When we had got about two miles
up it, we met several of our neighbours coming down with
loads of bread-fruit upon their backs : we had often wondered
from whence our small supply of bread-fruit came, as there
was none to be seen upon the flats. They soon explained
the mystery, showing us bread-fruit trees planted on the
sides of the hills, and telling us at the same time that when
the fruit in the flats failed, these, which had been by them
planted upon the hills to preserve the succession, were ready
for use. The quantity was much less than in the lowlands,
and not by any means sufficient to supply the whole interval
of scarcity. When this was exhausted they were obliged
to live on aJiee nuts, plantains, and vae (or wild plantain),
which grows very high up in the mountains. How the
Dolphin's men, who were here much about this time, came to
find so great plenty of bread-fruit upon the trees, is a mystery
to me, unless perhaps the season of this fruit alters. As for their

xo6 OTAHITE CHAP, v

having met with a much larger supply of hogs, fowls, etc.,
than we have done, I can most readily account for that, as
we have found by constant experience that these people
may be frightened into anything. They have often described
to us the terror which the Dolphin's gun caused them, and
when we ask how many people were killed, they number
names upon their fingers, some ten, some twenty, some
thirty, and then say worrow worrow, the same word as is
used for a flock of birds or a shoal of fish. The Dolphin's
journals often serve to confirm this opinion. " When," say
they, " towards the latter end of our time provisions were
scarce, a party of men were sent towards Eparre to get
hogs, etc., an office which they had not the smallest diffi-
culty in performing, for the people, as we went along the
shore, drove out their hogs to meet us, and would not
allow us to pay anything for them."

About a mile farther on we found houses fairly plentiful
on each side of the river, the valley being all this way three
or four hundred yards across. "We were now shown a house
which proved the last we saw ; the master offered us cocoa-
nuts, and we refreshed ourselves. Beyond this we went
maybe six miles (it is difficult to guess distances when roads
are bad as this was, for we were generally obliged to travel
along the course of the river). We passed by several hollow
places under stones where, we were told, that people who
were benighted slept. At length we arrived at a place
where the river was banked on each side with steep rocks ;
and a cascade which fell from them made a pool so deep,
that the Indians said we could not go beyond it — they never
did. Their business lay below the rocks, on each side of the
plains, above which grew great plenty of vae. The avenues
to these were truly dreadful, the rocks were nearly perpen-
dicular, one being nearly a hundred feet in height, with its
face constantly wet and slippery from the water of number-
less springs. Directly up the face of even this was a road,
or rather a succession of long pieces of bark of Hibiscus
tiliaceus, which served as a rope to take hold of and scramble
up from ledge to ledge, though upon these very ledges none

JULY 1769 INTERIOR OF THE ISLAND 107

but a goat or an Indian could have stood. One of these ropes
was nearly thirty feet in length ; our guides offered to help
us up this pass, but rather recommended one lower down, a
few hundred yards away, which was much less dangerous.
We did not choose to venture on it, as the sight which was
to reward our hazard was nothing but a grove of vae trees,
such as we had often seen before.

In the whole course of this walk the rocks were almost
constantly bare to the view, so that I had a most excellent
opportunity of searching for any appearance of minerals, but
saw not the smallest sign of any. The stones everywhere
showed manifest signs of having been at some time or other
burnt, indeed I have not yet seen a specimen of stone in the
island that has not the visible marks of fire upon it ; small
pieces indeed of the hatchet stone may be without them, but
I have pieces of the same kind burnt almost to a pumice :
the very clay upon the hills shows manifest signs of fire.
Possibly the island owes its origin to a volcano, which now
no longer burns, or, theoretically speaking, for the sake of
those authors who balance this globe by a proper weight of
continent placed near these latitudes, this necessary con-
tinent may have been sunk by dreadful earthquakes and
volcanoes two or three hundred fathoms under the sea, the
tops of the highest mountains only remaining above the
water in the shape of islands : an undoubted proof being
that such a thing now exists, to the great support of their
theory, which, were it not for this proof, would have been
already totally demolished by the course our ship made
from Cape Horn to this island.

4t?L I employed myself in planting a large quantity of
the seeds of water-melons, oranges, lemons, limes, etc., which
I had brought from Eio de Janeiro ; they were planted on
both sides of the fort in as many varieties of soil as I could
choose. I have very little doubt of the former, especially,
coming to perfection, as I have given away large quantities
of seed among the natives ; I planted some also in the
woods. The natives now continually ask me for seeds, and
have already shown me melon plants of their raising which

io8 OTAHITE CHAP, v

had taken perfectly well. The seeds that Captain Cook
sowed have proved so bad that not one has come up,
except the mustard ; even the cucumbers and melons have
failed, owing probably to their having been packed in small
bottles sealed down with rosin.

7th. The carpenters were this morning employed in
taking down the gates and palisades of our little forti-
fication to make us firewood for the ship, when one of the
Indians made shift to steal the staple and hook of the great
gate. We were immediately apprised of the theft, to the
great affright of our visitors, of whom the bell-tent was full ;
their fears were, however, presently quieted, and I (as usual)
set out on my ordinary occupation of thief-catching. The
Indians most readily joined me, and away we set full cry,
much like a pack of fox-hounds ; we ran and walked, and
walked and ran, for, I believe, six miles with as little delay
as possible, when we learnt that we had very early in the
chase passed our game, who was washing in a brook when
he saw us coming, and hid himself in the rushes. We
returned to the place, and by some intelligence which some
of our people got, found a scraper which had been stolen
from the ship and was hid in those very rushes ; with this
we returned, and Tubourai soon after brought the staple.

12th. This morning Tupia came on board; he had ex-
pressed his intention of going with us to England, a cir-
cumstance which gives me much satisfaction ; he is certainly
a most proper man, well born, chief Tahowa or priest of this
island, consequently skilled in the mysteries of their religion ;
but what makes him more than anything desirable is his
experience in the navigation of these people and knowledge
of the islands in these seas. He has told us the names of
above seventy, at most of which he has himself been. The
captain refuses to take him on his own account ; in my
opinion sensibly enough, as the Government will never in
all human probability take any notice of him. I therefore
have resolved to take him ; thank Heaven, I have a suffi-
ciency, and I do not know why I may not keep him as a
curiosity as well as my neighbours do lions and tigers at a

JULY 1769 TUPIA JOINS THE SHIP 109

larger expense than he will ever probably put me to. The
amusement I shall have in his future conversation, and the
benefit which will be derived by this ship, as well as any
other which may in the future be sent into these seas, will,
I think, fully repay me. As soon as he had made his mind
known, he said he would go ashore and return in the evening,
when he would make a signal for a boat to be sent off for
him. He took with him a miniature picture of mine to
show his friends, and several little things to give them as
parting presents.

CHAPTER YI

OTAHITE TO OHETEEOA
JULY 13— AUGUST 14, 1769

Departure from Otahite — Huahine — Ulhietea — God-houses — Boats and boat-
houses — Otahah — Bola-Bola — Return to Ulhietea — Reception by natives
— Dancing — Pearls — The King of Bola-Bola — Native drama — Oheteroa
— Dress — Arms.

13th July. About ten this morning we sailed from Otahite,
leaving our friends, some of them at least, I really believe,
personally sorry for our departure. Our nearest friends
came on board at this critical time, except only Tubourai
and Tamio ; we had Oborea, Otheothea, Taysa, Nuna, Tuanne,
Matte, Pottatow, Polothearia, etc., on board. When the
anchor was weighed they took their leaves tenderly enough,
not without plenty of tears, though entirely without that
clamorous weeping made use of by the other Indians, several
boats of which were about the ship, shouting out their lament-
ations, as vying with each other, not who should cry most,
but who should cry loudest, a custom we had often con-
demned in conversation with our particular friends, as
savouring more of affected than real grief.

Tupia, who after all his struggles stood firm at last in
his resolution of accompanying us, parted with a few heart-
felt tears, so I judge them to have been by the efforts I saw
him make to hide them. He sent by Otheothea his last
present, a shirt, to Potamia, Dootahah's favourite ; he and I
went then to the topmast-head, where we stood a long time
waving to the canoes as they went off, after which he came
down and showed no further signs of seriousness or concern.

JULY 1769 HUAHINE

in

1 5th. Our Indian often prayed to Tarn for a wind, and
as often boasted to me of the success of his prayers, which
I plainly saw he never began till he perceived a breeze so
near the ship that it generally reached her before his prayer
was finished.

16th. This morning we were very near the island of
Huahine; some canoes very soon came off, but appeared
very much frightened ; one, however, came to us bringing a
chief and his wife, who on Tupia's assurance of our friendship
came on board. They resembled the Otahite people in
language, dress, tattow, in short, in everything. Tupia has
always said that the people of this island and Ulhietea will
not steal, in which they indeed differ much from our late
friends if they only keep up to their character.

Soon after dinner we came to an anchor in a very small
bay, called by the natives Owalle, and immediately went
ashore. As soon as we landed Tupia squatted down on the
ground, and ranging us on one side and the Indians on the
other, began to pray to the chief who stood opposite to him,
answering him in a kind of response ; this lasted about a
quarter of an hour, in which time he sent at different inter-
vals two handkerchiefs and some beads he had prepared for
the purpose for Eatua ; these were sent among many messages
which passed backwards and forwards with plantains, etc.
In return for this present to their gods, which it seems was
very acceptable, we had a hog given for our Eatua, which in
this case will certainly be our stomachs.

1*7 th. We found the productions here almost exactly the
same as at Otahite — upon the hills the rocks and slag were
burnt if anything more than they were in that island. The
people also were almost exactly like our late friends, but
rather more stupid and lazy, in proof of which I need only
say that we should have gone much higher up the hills than
we did if we could have persuaded them to accompany us ;
their only excuse was the fear of being killed by the fatigue.
Their houses are very neat, and their boat-houses particularly
very large : one of these I measured was fifty good paces in
length, ten in breadth, and twenty-four feet in height.

112 OTAHITE TO OHETEROA CHAP, vi

The Gothic arch of which it consisted was supported on one
side by twenty-six, and on the other by thirty pillars,
or rather clumsy thick posts of about two feet high and
one thick ; most of these were carved with the heads
of men, boys, or other devices, as the rough fancy and
rougher workmanship of these stone-hatchet-furnished gentry
suggested and executed. The flats were filled with very
fine bread-fruit trees and an infinite number of cocoanuts,
upon which latter the inhabitants seem to depend much
more than those of Otahite ; we saw, however, large spaces
occupied by lagoons and salt swamps, upon which neither
bread-fruit nor cocoanut would thrive.

18/^. This morning we went to take a further view of a
building which we had seen yesterday, and admired a good
deal, taking with us Tupia's boy Tayeto (he himself was too
much engaged with his friends to have time to accompany us).
The boy told us that the building was called JSwharre no
Eatua, or the house of the god, but could not explain at all
the use of it. It consisted of a chest whose lid was nicely
sewed on, and very neatly thatched over with palm -nut
leaves ; the whole was fixed on two poles by little arches of
very neatly carved wood. These poles seemed to be used in
carrying it from place to place, though when we saw it, it was
supported upon two posts. One end of the chest was open,
with a round hole within a square one ; this was yesterday
stopped up with a piece of cloth, which, lest I should offend
the people, I left untouched ; but to-day the cloth, and
probably the contents of the chest, were removed, as there
was nothing at all in it.

Trade to-day does not go on with any spirit ; the people,
when anything is offered them, will not rely on their own
judgment, but take the opinion of twenty or thirty people
about them, a proceeding which takes up much time.

19^. This morning trade was rather better; we obtained
three very large hogs and some pigs by producing hatchets,
which had not been before given, and which we had hoped
to have had no occasion for in an island not hitherto seen
by Europeans.

JULY 1769 ULHIETEA 113

Huahine differs scarcely at all from Otahite, either in
its productions or in the customs of the people. In all our
researches here we have not found above ten or twelve new
plants; there were, indeed, a few insects and a species of
scorpion which we had not seen at Otahite. This island
seems, however (this year, at least), to be a month more
forward than the other, as the ripeness of the cocoanuts,
now full of kernel, and the new bread-fruit, some of which
is fit to eat, fully evinces. Of the cocoanut kernels they
make a food, called poe, by scraping them fine and mixing
them with yams, also scraped ; these are then put into a
wooden trough, and hot stones laid among them. By this
means a kind of oily hasty -pudding is made, which our
people relished very well, especially when fried*

The men here are large and stout ; one we measured was
six feet three inches high and well made. The women are
very fair, more so than at Otahite, though we saw none so
handsome. Both sexes seemed to be less timid, as well as
less curious ; the firing of a gun frightened them, but they
did not fall down, as our Otahite friends generally did. On
one of their people being taken in the act of stealing, and
seized by the hair, the rest did not run away, but coming
round, inquired into the cause, and, seemingly at least, ap-
proving of the justice, recommended a beating for the
offender, which was immediately put into practice.

When they first came on board the ship they seemed
struck with sights so new, and wondered at everything that
was shown to them, but did not seem to search or inquire
for matters of curiosity even so much as the people of
Otahite did, although the latter had before seen almost
everything we had to show them.

20th. At noon to-day we came to anchor at Ulhietea, in
a bay called by the natives Oapoa, the entrance of which
is very near a small islet called Owhattera. Some Indians
soon came on board, expressing signs of fear. There were
two canoes, each of which brought a woman, I suppose, as a
mark of confidence, and a pig as a present. To each of
these ladies was given a spike -nail and some beads, with

i

ii4 OTAHITE TO OHETEROA CHAP, vi

which they seemed much pleased. Tupia, who has always
expressed much fear of the men of Bola-Bola, says that they
have conquered this island, and will to-morrow come down
and fight with us ; we therefore lose no time in going
ashore, as we are to have to-day to ourselves.

On landing Tupia repeated the ceremony of praying, as
at Huahine, after which an English Jack was set up on
shore, and Captain Cook took possession of this and the other
three islands in sight, viz. Huahine, Otahah, and Bola-
Bola, for the use of His Britannic Majesty. After this we
walked together to a great marai, called Tapodeboatea,
whatever that may signify. It is different from those of
Otahite, consisting merely of walls of coral stones (some of
an immense size) about eight feet high, filled up with
smaller ones, and the whole ornamented with many planks
set up on end, and carved throughout their entire length.
In the neighbourhood of this we found the altar or Ewhatta,
upon which lay the last sacrifice, a hog of about eighty
pounds weight, which had been put up there whole, and
very nicely roasted. Here were also four or five Ewharre
no JEatua, or god-houses, which were made to be carried on
poles ; one of these I examined by putting my head into it.
Within was a parcel about five feet long and one thick,
wrapped up in mats. These I tore with my fingers till I
came to a covering of mat made of plaited cocoanut fibres,
which it was impossible to get through, so I was obliged to
desist, especially as what I had already done gave much
offence to our new friends. In an adjoining long house,
among several other things such as rolls of cloth, etc., was
standing a model of a canoe about three feet long, upon
which were tied eight human lower jaw-bones. Tupia told
us that it was the custom of these islanders to cut off the
jaw-bones of those whom they had killed in war. These
were, he said, the jaw-bones of Ulhietea people, but how
they came here, or why tied thus to a canoe, we could not
understand ; we therefore contented ourselves with conjectur-
ing that they were placed there as a trophy won back from
the men of Bola-Bola, their mortal enemies. Night now

JULY 1769 NATIVE BOATS 115

came on apace, but Dr. Solander and I walked along shore
a little way, and saw an Ewharre no Eatua, the under part of
which was lined with a row of jaw-bones. These, we were
told, were also those of Ulhietea men. We saw also cocoa-
nut trees, the stems of which were hung round with nuts,
so that no part could be seen ; these, we were told, were
put there to dry a little, and be prepared for making poe.
A tree of Ficus prolixa was in great perfection ; the trunk,
or rather congeries of small roots, being forty-two paces in
circumference.

21 st. Dr. Solander and I walked out this morning and
saw many boat-houses like that described at Huahine
(p. Ill); on these the inhabitants were at work, making
and repairing the large canoes called by them Pahie, at
which business they worked with incredible cleverness,
although their tools were as bad as possible. I will first
give the description and dimensions of one of their boats,
and then their method of building. Her extreme length
from stem to stern, not reckoning the bending up of both
those parts, 5 1 feet ; breadth in the clear at the top forward,
14 inches, amidships 18, aft 15 ; in the bilge forward 32
inches, amidships 35, aft 33 ; depth amidships, 3 feet 4
inches ; height above the ground, 3 feet 6 inches ; her head
raised, without the figure, 1 1 inches ; her stern, 8 feet 9
inches ; the figure, 2 feet. Alongside of her was lashed
another like her in all respects, but smaller in proportion,
being only 33 feet in her extreme length. The form of
these canoes can be better shown by a drawing than by
any description ; the annexed may
serve to give some idea of a sec-
tion : a a is the first seam, b I the
second, cc the third. The first
stage, or keel under a a, is made
of trees hollowed out like a
trough. For this purpose they
choose the longest trees they can find, so that two or three
form the bottom of their largest boat (some of which are
much larger than that described here, as I make a rule to

i

ii6 OTAHITE TO OHETEROA CHAP, vi

describe everything of this kiiid from the commonest size).
The next stage, under 1 1, is formed of straight planks about
4 feet long, 15 inches broad, and 2 inches thick. The
third stage, under c c, is made, like the bottom, of trunks
of trees hollowed out into its bilging form. The last stage,
above cc, is formed also out of the trunks of trees, so that
the moulding is of one piece with the plank. This work,
difficult as it would be to an European with his iron tools,
they perform without iron and with amazing dexterity.
They hollow out with their stone axes as fast, at least, as
our carpenters could do, and dubb, though slowly, with pro-
digious nicety. I have seen them take off the skin of an
angular plank without missing a stroke, the skin itself scarce
one-sixteenth part of an inch in thickness. Boring the holes
through which their sewing is to pass seems to be their
greatest difficulty. Their tools are made of the bones of men,
generally the thin bone of the upper arm ; these they grind
very sharp and fix to a handle of wood, making the instru-
ment serve the purpose of a gouge, by striking it with a
mallet made of hard black wood. With them they would
do as much work as with iron, were it not that the brittle
edge of the tool is very liable to be broken. When they
have prepared their planks, etc., the keel is laid on blocks
and the whole canoe put together much in the same manner
as we do a ship, the sides being supported by stanchions and
all the seams wedged together before the last sewing is put
on, so that they become tolerably tight, considering that they
are without caulking.

With these boats they venture themselves out of sight
of land : we saw several of them at Otahite which had come
from Ulhietea ; and Tupia has told us that they undertake
voyages of twenty days ; whether this is true or false I do
not affirm. They keep the boats very carefully under such
boat-houses as are described on p. 111.

22nd. We saw a double pahie such as that described
yesterday, but much longer. She had upon her an awning
supported by pillars, which held the floor at least four feet
above the deck or upper surface of the boats. We saw

JULY 1769 OTAHAH 117

also a trough for making Poe poe, or sour paste, carved out
of hard black stone such as their hatchets are made of; it
was 2 feet 7 inches long and 1 foot 4 broad, very thick and
substantial, and supported by four short feet, the whole
neatly finished and perfectly polished, though quite without
ornaments. To-day, as well as yesterday, every one of us
who walked out saw many jaw-bones fixed up in houses, as
well as out-of-doors, which confirmed what we had been
told of their taking these bones instead of scalps.

24th. The captain attempted to go out of the reef by
another passage situated between the two islets of Opourourou
and Taumou. Whilst the ship was turning to windward
within the reef she narrowly escaped going ashore ; the
quartermaster in the chains called out two fathoms, but as the
ship drew at least fourteen feet, it was impossible that such
a shoal could be under her keel, so that either the man was
mistaken, or the ship went along the edge of a coral rock,
many of which are here as steep as a wall.

Soon after this we came to an anchor, and I went ashore,
but saw nothing except a small rnarai, ornamented with two
sticks about five feet long, each hung with as many jaw-
bones as possible, and one having a skull stuck on its top.

28th> Dr. Solander and I went ashore on the island of
Otahah. We went through a large breach in the reef
situate between two islands called Toahattu and Whennuaia,
within which we found very spacious harbours, particularly
in one bay, which was at least three miles deep. The in-
habitants as usual, so that long before night we had pur-
chased three hogs, twenty-one fowls, and as many yams and
plantains as the boat would hold ; indeed, of these last we
might have had any quantity, and a more useful refreshment
they are to us, in my opinion, even than the pork. They
have been for this week past boiled, and served instead of
bread ; every man in the ship is fond of them, and with us
in the cabin they agree much better than the bread-fruit
did. But what makes any refreshment of this kind more
acceptable is that our bread is at present so full of vermin
that, notwithstanding all possible care, I have sometimes had

n8 OTAHITE TO OHETEROA CHAP, vi

twenty at a time in my mouth, every one of which tasted
as hot as mustard.

The island itself seemed more barren than Ulhietea,
though the produce was very similar, but bread-fruit was
less plentiful than plantains and cocoanuts. The people
were exactly the same, so much so that I did not observe
one new custom worth mention. They were not very
numerous, but nocked from all quarters to the boat where-
ever she went, bringing with them whatever they had to
sell. Here, as well as in the rest of the islands, they paid
us the same compliment as they are used to pay to their
own kings, uncovering their shoulders ^-nd lapping their
garments round their breasts. Here particularly they were
so scrupulously observant of it that a man was sent with us
who called out to every one we met, telling him who we
were and what they should do.

29th. We are this morning close under the island of
Bola-Bola, whose high craggy peak appears, on this side at
least, totally inaccessible to man ; round it is a large quantity
of low land, which seems very barren. Tupia tells us that
between the shore and the mountain is a large salt lagoon,
a certain sign of barrenness in this climate.

31st. Tupia to-day shows us a large breach in the reef
of Otahah, through which the ship might conveniently pass
into a large bay, where he says there is good anchorage.
We have now a very good opinion of Tupia's pilotage,
especially since we observed him at Huahine send a man
to dive down to the heel of the ship's rudder ; this the man
did several times, and reported to him the depth of water
the ship drew, since when he had never suffered her to go
in less than five fathoms without being much alarmed.

2nd August. Dr. Solander and I have spent this day ashore
[on Ulhietea], and been very agreeably entertained by the
reception we have met with from the people, though we
were not fortunate enough to meet with one new plant.
Every one seemed to fear and respect us, but nobody to
mistrust us in the smallest degree. Men, women, and
children came crowding after us, but no one showed us

AUG. 1769 INHABITANTS OF ULHIETEA 119

the least incivility; on the contrary, wherever there was
dirt or water to pass over they strove who should carry us
on their backs. On arriving at the houses of the principal
people we were received with a ceremony quite new to us ;
the people, who generally followed us, rushed into the
houses before us, leaving, however, a lane sufficiently wide
for us to pass through. When we came in, we found them
ranged on either side of a long mat spread upon the ground,
at the farther end of which sat one or more very young
women or children, neatly dressed, who, without stirring,
expected us to come up to them and make them presents,
which we did with no small pleasure, for prettier or better
dressed children we had nowhere seen. One of these
Tettuas, as they were called, was about six years old, her
apron or gown was red, and round her head was wound a
large quantity of tamou (plaited hair), an ornament they
value more than anything they have ; she sat at the farthest
end of a mat thirty feet long, on which no one of the
spectators presumed to set a foot, notwithstanding the
crowd. She was leaning upon the arm of a well-looking,
well-dressed woman of about thirty, possibly her nurse.
We walked up to her, and as soon as we approached she
stretched out her hand to receive the beads we were to give.
Had she been a princess-royal of England giving her hand
to be kissed, no instructions could have taught her to do it
with a better grace ; so much is untaught nature superior
to art, that I have seen no sight of the kind that has struck
me half so much.

Grateful possibly for the presents we had made to these
girls, the people on our return tried every method to oblige
us, particularly in one house where the master ordered one
of his people to dance for our amusement, which he did thus.
He put upon his head a large cylindrical basket about four
feet long and eight inches in diameter, on the front of which
was fastened a facing of feathers bending forwards at the
top and edged round with sharks' teeth and the tail feathers
of tropic birds. With this on he danced, moving slowly,
and often turning his head round, sometimes swiftly throwing

120 OTAHITE TO OHETEROA CHAP, vi

the end of his head-dress, or whow, so near the faces of the
spectators as to make them start back, which was a joke
that seldom failed to make everybody laugh, especially if it
happened to one of us.

We had also an opportunity of seeing the inside of the
Ewharre no Eatua, so often mentioned : there were three of
them, much ornamented with jaw-bones, and very full of
bundles wrapped up in their cloth ; these the people opened
after some persuasion, and in them we found complete skulls,
with their lower jaw-bones in their proper places; perhaps
these were the skulls of those of the victorious party who
died in battle, and the jaw-bones fastened on the outside
were those of the conquered, but for this conjecture I had
no authority from the Indians, who seemed to avoid as much
as possible any questions upon the subject.

3rd. Went along shore in the opposite direction to that
we took yesterday, intending to spend most of our time in
purchasing stock, which we have always found the people
ready to part with at their houses, and selling cheaper than
at the market. In the course of our walk we met a set of
strolling dancers, called by the Indians heiva, who detained
us two hours, and during all that time entertained us highly
indeed. The party consisted of three drums, two women
dancers and six men ; these Tupia tells us go round the
island, as we have seen the little heivas do at Otahite, but
differ from those in that most of the members of the heiva
here are important people, of which assertion we had in the
case of one of the women an undoubted proof.

The women had on their heads a quantity of tamou, or
plaited hair, which was rolled, and flowers of gardenia were
stuck between the interstices, making a head-dress truly
elegant. Their shoulders, arms, and breasts as low as their
arms were bare, below this they were covered with black
cloth, and under each shoulder was placed a bunch of black
feathers much as our ladies' nosegays or bouquets. On
their hips rested a quantity of cloth plaited very full, which
reached almost up to their arms, and fell down below into
long petticoats, reaching below their feet, which they managed

AUG. 1769 PEARLS 121

with as much dexterity as our opera dancers could have
done ; these plaits were brown and white alternately, but
the petticoats were all white. In this dress they advanced
sideways, keeping excellent time to the drums, which beat
briskly and loud : they soon began to shake their hips, giving
the folds of cloth that lay upon them a very quick motion,
continued during the whole dance. They sometimes stood,
sometimes sat, and sometimes rested on their knees and
elbows, generally moving their fingers with a quickness
scarcely to be imagined.

One of these girls had in. her ear three pearls, one very
large but so foul that it was worth scarce anything ; the
other two were as large as a middling pea, and of a clear
water as well as a good shape. For these I offered at different
times any price the owner would have, but she would not
hear of parting with them ; I offered once the price of four
hogs down and anything she would ask beside. They have
always set a value upon their pearls, if tolerably good, almost
equal to our valuation, supposing them (as they always are,
however) not spoiled by the drilling.

Between the dances of the women (for they sometimes
rested) the men acted a kind of interlude, in which they
spoke as well as danced ; we were not, however, sufficiently
versed in their language to be able to give an account of
the drama.

4th. We had often heard Tupia speak of lands belonging
to him which had been taken away by the Bola-Bola men.
These, he tells us now, are situated in the very bay where
the ship lies. On going ashore this morning, the inhabitants
confirmed what he had told us, and showed us several
different whennuas, which, they all acknowledged, belonged
of right to him. The greater number of the people here
are, it seems, the so-much-feared Bola-Bola men, and we
were told that to-morrow Opoony, the king of that island,
will come to visit us. We are much inclined to receive
him civilly, as we have met with so civil a reception from
his subjects.

We saw the game which the Indians call erowhaw. It

122 OTAHITE TO OHETEROA CHAP, vi

consists of nothing more than pitching a kind of light lance,
headed with hard wood, at a mark. Of this amusement they
seem to be very fond, but none that we then saw excelled
in doing it, not above one in twelve striking the mark,
which was the bole of a plantain tree about twenty yards
distant.

5th. Went in the boat to the southward with the captain,
etc. ; saw two inlets in the reef, and good harbours within
them. They were both situate close to islands, having one on
each side of them ; indeed, in general, I have seen breaches
in reefs wherever there are islands upon them. The people
along shore were very poor, so much so that after all our
day's work we did not procure either hog or fowl, nor, indeed,
did we see either.

Qtk. Yesterday Opoony, the king of Bola-Bola, sent his
compliments and a present of hogs and fowls to the king of
the ship, sending word also that he would in person wait
upon him to-day. We therefore all stayed at home in hopes
of the honour of his Excellency's visit. We were disappointed
in our expectations, but not disagreeably, for instead of his
Majesty came three handsome, lively girls, who stayed with
us the morning, and took off all regret for the want of his
Majesty's company.

In the evening we all went to see the great king, and
thank him for his civilities. The king of the Tata-toas, or
clubmen, who have conquered this island, and are the terror
of all others, we expected to see young, lively, handsome,
etc. etc., but were disappointed when we were led to an old,
decrepit, half-blind man, who seemed to have scarce reason
enough left to send hogs, much less gallantry enough to send
ladies.

*lth. We learned from Opoony yesterday that his chief
residence was atOtahah: to this place he proposed to accompany
us to-day. Captain Cook and Dr. Solander went upon the
expedition, while I stayed at home. They proceeded with
Opoony and all his train, and many canoes, to a bay in Otahah
called Obooto-booto, his Majesty's chief residence. Here the
houses were very large and good, and the canoes also finer

AUG. 1769 DANCING

123

than any the gentlemen had before seen. Such a prelude
made them expect much from the owners — a boat-load of
hogs was the least they thought of, especially as they had
plenty of Spartan money to pay for them ; but, alack !
the gentlemen who had fatigued themselves with building
their houses chose to refresh themselves with eating
the hogs, so that after the whole day was spent a small
number only were procured in proportion to what were
expected.

Took Mr. Parkinson to the heiva that he might sketch
the dresses. The dancing was exactly the same as I had
seen before, except that another woman was added to the
former two. The interludes of the men were varied ; they
gave us five or six which resembled much the drama of an
English stage dance. Their names and relationships, as
they are chiefly one family, are : (1) Tiarree no Horaa, a
king or chief. (2) WTiannooutooa, wife to 1. (3) Otodbooi,
sister to 2. (4) Orai, elder brother to 2. (5) Tettuanne,
younger brother to 2. (6) Otehammena, dancing girl. (7)
Ouratooa, do. (8), MatteJiea, father to 1. (9) Opipi, mother
to 1.

8th. Dr. Solander and I went along shore to gather
plants, buy hogs, or anything else that might occur. We
took our course towards the heiva, and at last came up with
it. It has gradually moved from very near us till now it is
two leagues off. Tupia tells us that it will in this manner
move gradually round the island. Our friends received us,
as usual, with all manner of civility, dancing, and giving us,
after the amusement, a very good dinner, as well as offering
us a quantity of their cloth as a present, which we should
have accepted had we not been full-stocked with it before.
We now understood a little more of the interludes than
formerly. I shall describe one as well as I can. The men
were divided into two parties, differing in the colour of their
clothes, one brown, the other white. The chief of the browns
gives a basket of meat to his servants that they might take
care of it. The whites represent thieves who constantly
attempt to steal it, dancing all the time. Several different

124 OTAHITE TO OHETEROA CHAP, vi

expedients they make use of without success, till at last
they find the watchmen asleep ; they then go gently up to
them, and lifting them off from the basket, which for security
they have placed in their middle, they go off with their
prize. The others awake and dance, but seem to show little
regret for their loss, or indeed hardly to miss the basket
at all.

9th. We resolved to sail as soon as the people left off
bringing provisions, which about noon they did, and we
again launched out into the ocean in search of what chance
and Tupia might direct us to.

13th. Many albecores have been about the ship all
this evening. Tupia took one, and had not his rod broken,
would probably have taken many. He used an Indian
fish-hook made of mother-of-pearl, so that it served at the
same time for hook and bait.

At noon to-day, high land in sight, which proves to be
an island which Tupia calls Oheteroa.

14tth. The island of Oheteroa was to all appearance more
barren than anything we have seen in these seas, the chief
produce seeming to be etoa (from the wood of which the
people make their weapons) ; indeed, everywhere along shore
where we saw plantations, the trees were of this kind. It
is without a reef, and the ground in the bay we were in was
so foul and coralline, that although a ship might come almost
close to the shore, she could not possibly anchor.

The people seemed strong, lusty, and well made, but were
rather browner than those we have left behind ; they were
not tattowed like them, but had instead black marks
about as broad as my hand under their armpits, the sides
of which marks were deeply indented. They had also
smaller circles round their arms and legs. Their dress
was indeed most singular, as well as the cloth of which
it was made. It consisted of the same materials as the
inhabitants of the other islands make use of, and was gener-
ally dyed of a very bright deep yellow ; upon this was spread
in some cases a composition, either red or of a dark lead
colour, which covered it like oil colour or varnish. Upon

AUG. 1769

OHETEROA

125

this again were painted stripes in many different patterns
with infinite regularity, much in the same way as lustring
silks in England, all
the straight lines upon
them being drawn with
such accuracy that we
were almost in doubt
whether or not they

were stamped on with some kind of press. The red cloth was
painted in this manner with black, the lead-coloured with
white. Of this cloth, generally the lead-coloured, they had
on a short jacket that reached about down to their knees, and
made of one piece, with a hole through which they put their
heads, the sides of which hole differed from anything I have
seen, being stitched with long stitches. This was tied round
their bodies by a piece of yellow cloth which passed behind
their necks and came across the breasts in two broad stripes
crossing each other ; it was then collected round the waist
in the form of a belt, under which was another of the red
cloth, so that the whole made a very gay and warlike
appearance. Some had on their heads caps, as described
above, of the tails of tropic birds, but these did not become
them so well as a piece of white or lead-coloured cloth,
which most of them had wound on their heads like a small
turban.

Their arms consisted of long lances made of the etoa, or
hard wood, well polished and sharpened at one end ; of these
some were nearly twenty feet long, and scarcely as thick as
three fingers ; they had also clubs or pikes of the same
wood about seven feet long, well polished, and sharpened
at one end into a broad point. How expert they may
be in the use of these we cannot tell, but the weapons
themselves seem intended more for show than use, as the
lance was not pointed with stings of sting-rays, and their
clubs or pikes, which must do more execution by their
weight than their sharpness, were not more than half as
heavy as the smallest I have seen in the other islands.
Defensive weapons I saw none ; they, however, guarded

126 OTAHITE TO OHETEROA CHAP, vi

themselves against such weapons as their own by mats
folded and laid upon their breasts under their clothes.

Of the few things we saw among the people, every one
was ornamented in a manner infinitely superior to anything
we had hitherto seen. Their cloth was of a better colour,
as well as nicely painted ; their clubs were better cut and
polished ; the canoe which we saw, though very small and
narrow, was nevertheless very highly carved and ornamented.
One thing particularly in her seemed to be calculated rather
as an ornament for something that was never intended to
go into the water, and that was two lines of small white
feathers placed on the outside of the cajioe, and which were,
when we saw them, thoroughly wet with the water.

We have now seen seventeen islands in these seas,
and have landed on five of the most important; of these
the language, manners, and customs agreed most exactly.
I should therefore be tempted to conclude that those
islands which we have not seen do not differ materially at
least from the others. The account I shall give of them is
taken chiefly from Otahite, where I was well acquainted with
their policy, as I found them to be a people so free from
deceit that I trusted myself among them almost as freely
as I could do in my own country, sleeping continually in
their houses in the woods without so much as a single
companion. Whether or not I am right in judging their
manners and customs to be general among these seas, any
one who gives himself the trouble of reading this journal
through can judge as well as I myself.

CHAPTER VII

GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE SOUTH SEA ISLANDS

Description of the people— Tattowing — Cleanliness— Clothing— Ornaments
and head-dress — Houses — 'Food — Produce of the sea — Fruits — Animals
— Cooking — Mahai- making — Drinking salt-water — Meals — Women eat
apart from the men — Pastimes — Music — Attachment to old customs —
Making of cloth from bark — Dyes and dyeing — Mats — Manufacture of
fishing-nets — Fish-hooks — Carpentry, etc. — Boats and boat-building —
Fighting, fishing, and travelling ivahahs — Instability of the boats —
Paddles, sails, and ornaments — Pahies — Predicting the weather —
Astronomy — Measurement of time and space — Language — Its resemblance
to other languages — Diseases — Medicine and surgery — Funeral ceremonies
— Disposal of the dead — Religion — Origin of mankind— Gods— Priests —
Marriage — Mara/is — Bird-gods — Government — Ranks — Army and battles
—Justice.

ALL the islands I have seen are very populous along the
whole length of the coast, where are generally large flats
covered with a great many bread-fruit and cocoanut trees.
There are houses scarcely fifty yards apart, with their little
plantations of plantains, the trees from which they make
their cloth, etc. But the inland parts are totally uninhabited,
except in the valleys, where there are rivers, and even there
there are but a small proportion of people in comparison with
the numbers who live upon the flats.

These people are of the larger size of Europeans, all very
well made, and some handsome, both men and women ; the
only bad feature they have is their noses, which are in
general flat, but to balance this their teeth are almost with-
out exception even and white to perfection, and the eyes of
the women especially are full of expression and fire. In
colour they differ very much ; those of inferior rank who

128 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF SOUTH SEA ISLANDS CH. vn

are obliged in the exercise of their profession, fishing
especially, to be much exposed to the sun and air, are
of a dark brown, while those of superior rank, who spend
most of their time in their houses under shelter, are seldom
browner (the women particularly) than that kind of brunette
which many in Europe prefer to the finest red and white.
Complexion, indeed, they seldom have, though some I have
seen show a blush very manifestly ; this is perhaps owing
to the thickness of their skin, but that fault is in my
opinion well compensated by their infinite smoothness, much
superior to anything I have met with in Europe.

The men, as I have before said, are rather large. I
have measured one 6 feet 3 J inches. The superior women
are also as tall as Europeans, but the inferior sort are
generally small. Their hair is almost universally black
and rather coarse, this the women wear always cropped
short round their ears ; the men, on the other hand, wear
it in many various ways, sometimes cropping it short, some-
times allowing it to grow very long, and tying it at the
top of their heads or letting it hang loose on their shoulders,
etc. Their beards they all wear in many different fashions,
always, however, plucking out a large part of them and
keeping what is left very clean and neat. Both sexes
eradicate every hair from under their armpits, and they
looked upon it as a great mark of uncleanliness in us that
we did not do the same.

During our stay in these islands I saw some, not more
than five or six, who were a total exception to all I have
said above. They were whiter even than we, but of a dead
colour, like that of the nose of a white horse ; their eyes,
hair, eyebrows, and beards were also white ; they were
universally short-sighted, and always looked unwholesome,
the skin scurfy and scaly, and the eye often full of rheum.
As no two of them had any connection with one another,
I conclude that the difference of colour, etc., was totally
accidental, and did not at all run in families.

So much for their persons. I shall now mention their
methods of painting their bodies, or tattow as it is called in

1769 TATTOWING 129

their language. This they do by inlaying black under their
skins, in such a manner as to be indelible. Every one is
thus marked in different parts of his body, according maybe
to his humour, or different circumstances of his life. Some
have ill-designed figures of men, birds or dogs ; but they
more generally have a Z, either plain — as is generally the
case with the women on every joint of their fingers and toes
and often round the outside of their feet — or in different
figures such as squares, circles, crescents, etc., which both
sexes have on their arms and legs ; in short, they have an
infinite diversity of figure in which they place this mark.
Some of them we were told had significations ; but these we
never learnt to our satisfaction. Their faces are generally
left without any marks ; I did not see more than one instance
to the contrary. Some few old men had the greater part
of their bodies covered with large patches of black, which
ended in deep indentations, like coarse imitations of flame ;
these we were told were not natives of Otahite, but came
from a low island called Noonoora. Although they vary so
much in the application of the figures — I have mentioned
that both the quantity and situation seem to depend entirely
upon the humour of each individual — yet all the islanders I
have seen (except those of Oheteroa) agree in having their
buttocks covered with a deep black. Over this most have
arches, which are often a quarter of an inch broad, drawn
one above the other as high as their short ribs, and neatly
worked on their edges with indentations, etc. These arches
are their great pride : both men and women show them with
great pleasure, whether as a mark of beauty, or a proof of
their perseverance and resolution in bearing pain I cannot
tell. The pain in doing this is almost intolerable, especially
the arches upon the loins, which are so much more susceptible
to pain than the fleshy buttocks.

The colour they use is lamp black prepared from the
smoke of a kind of oily nut, used by them instead of candles.
This is kept in cocoanut shells, and occasionally mixed with
water for use. Their instruments for pricking this under
the skin are made of flat bone or shell ; the lower part of

K

130 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF SOUTH SEA ISLANDS CH. vn

which is cut into sharp teeth, numbering from three to twenty,
according to the purposes it is to be used for ; the upper
end is fastened to a handle. The teeth are dipped into the
black liquor, and then driven by quick sharp blows, struck
upon the handle with a stick used for that purpose, into the
skin, so deeply that every stroke is followed by a small
quantity of blood, or serum at least, and the part so marked
remains sore for many days before it heals.

I saw this operation performed on the 5th of July on
the buttocks of a girl about fourteen years of age ; for some
time she bore it with great resolution, but afterwards began
to complain; and in a little time grew so outrageous that
all the threats and force her friends could use could hardly
oblige her to endure it. I had occasion to remain in an
adjoining house an hour at least after this operation began,
and yet went away before it was finished, in which time
only one side was blacked, the other having been done some
weeks before.

It is performed between the ages of fourteen and eighteen,
and so essential is it that I have never seen one single
person of years of maturity without it. What can be a
sufficient inducement to suffer so much pain is difficult to
say ; not one Indian (though I have asked hundreds) would
ever give me the least reason for it. Possibly superstition
may have something to do with it, nothing else in my opinion
could be a sufficient cause for so apparently absurd a custom.
As for the smaller marks upon the fingers, arms, etc., they
may be intended only for beauty ; our European ladies have
found the convenience of patches, and something of that
kind is more useful here where the best complexions are
much inferior to theirs in England ; and yet whiteness is
esteemed the first essential in beauty.

They are certainly as cleanly a people as any under the
sun ; they all wash their whole bodies in running water as
soon as they rise in the morning, at noon, and before they
sleep at night. If they have not such water near their
houses, as often happens, they will go a good way to it. As
for their lice, had they the means only they would certainly

1769 DRESS OF OTAHITE 131

be as free from them as any inhabitants of so warm a climate
could be. Those to whom combs were given proved this,
for those with whom I was best acquainted kept themselves
very clean during our stay by the use of them. Eating lice
is a custom which none but children, and those of the inferior
people, can be charged with. Their clothes also, as well as
their persons, are kept almost without spot or stain ; the
superior people spend much of their time in repairing, dye-
ing, etc., the cloth, which seems to be a genteel amusement
for the ladies here as it is in Europe.

Their clothes are either of a kind of cloth made of the
bark of a tree, or mats of several different sorts ; of all these
and of their manner of making them I shall speak in another
place ; here I shall only mention their method of covering
and adorning their persons, which is most diverse, as they
never form dresses, or sew any two pieces together. A
piece of cloth, generally two yards wide and eleven long,
is sufficient clothing for any one, and this is put on in a
thousand different ways, often very genteelly. Their formal
dress however is, among the women, a kind of petticoat, parou,
wrapped round their hips, and reaching to about the middle
of their legs; and one, two, or three pieces of thick cloth,
about two and a half yards long and one wide, called tebuta,
through a hole in the middle of which they put their heads,
and suffer the sides to hang before and behind, the open
edges serving to give their arms liberty of movement. Round
the ends of this, about as high as their waists, are tied two
or three large pieces of thin cloth, and sometimes one or two
more thrown loosely over their shoulders, for the rich seem
to take the greatest pride in wearing a large quantity of cloth.
The dress of the men differs but little from this, their bodies
are rather more bare, and instead of the petticoat they have
a piece of cloth (maro) passed between their legs and round
their waists, which gives them rather more liberty to use
their limbs than the* women's dress will allow. Thus much
of the richer people ; the poorer sort have only a smaller
allowance of cloth given them from the tribes or families to
which they belong, and must use that to the best advantage.

132 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF SOUTH SEA ISLANDS CH. vn

It is no uncommon thing for the richest men to come to
see us with a large quantity of cloth rolled round the loins,
and all the rest of the body naked ; though the cloth wrapped
round them was sufficient to have clothed a dozen people.
The women at sunset always bared their bodies down to the
waist, which seemed to be a kind of easy undress to them ;
as it is to our ladies to pull off any finery that has been used
during the course of the day, and change it for a loose gown
or capuchin.

Both sexes shade their faces from the sun with little
bonnets of cocoanut leaves, which they make occasionally
in a very few minutes ; some have these made of fine mat-
ting, but that is less common. Of matting they have
several sorts ; some very fine, which is used in exactly the
same manner as cloth for their dresses, chiefly in rainy
weather, as the cloth will not bear the least wet.

Ornaments they have very few. They are very fond of
earrings, but wear them only in one ear. When we arrived
they had their own earrings made of shell, stone, berries,
red peas, and some small pearls, of which they wore three
tied together; but our beads very quickly supplied their
place. They are also very fond of flowers, especially of the
Cape jasmine, of which they have great plenty planted near
their houses. These they stick into the holes of their ears
and into their hair, if they have enough of them, which is
but seldom. The men wear feathers, often the tails of tropic
birds stuck upright in their hair. They have also a kind
of wig made upon one string, of the hair of men or dogs, or
of cocoanut, which they tie under their hair at the back of the
head. I have seen them also wear whimsical garlands made
of a variety of flowers stuck into a piece of the rind of
plantain, or of scarlet peas stuck upon a piece of wood with
gum, but these are not common. But their great pride in
dress seems to be centred in what they call tamou, which is
human hair plaited scarcely thicker than common thread ; of
this I may easily affirm that I have seen pieces above a mile 1

1 21st January 1772, measured one 6144 feet, another 7294 feet. (Note ty
Batiks.)

1769 DWELLINGS 133

in length, worked on end without a single knot ; and I
have seen five or six of such pieces wound round the head of
one woman, the effect of which, if done with taste, was most
becoming. Their dancing dresses I have described in the
island of Ulhietea ; and that of the Heiva I shall when I
come to their mourning ceremonies. They have also several
others suited to particular ceremonies which I had not an
opportunity of seeing, although I was desirous of doing so,
as the singular taste of those I did see promised much novelty,
at least, if not something worth imitation, in whatever they
take pains with.

I had almost forgotten the oil (monoe it is called in
their language) with which they anoint their heads, a custom
more disagreeable to Europeans than any other among them.
This is made of cocoanut oil, in which some sweet woods
or flowers are infused. It is most commonly very rancid,
and consequently the wearers of it smell most disagreeably ;
at first we found it so, but very little custom reconciled me,
at least, completely to it.

The houses, or rather dwellings, of these people are
admirably adapted to the continual warmth of the climate.
They do not build them in villages or towns, but separate
each from the other, according to the size of the estate the
owner of the house possesses. They are always in the
woods ; and no more ground is cleared for each house than
is just sufficient to hinder the dropping off the branches from
rotting the thatch with which they are covered, so that you
step from the house immediately under shade, and that the
most beautiful imaginable. No country can boast such
delightful walks as this ; for the whole plains where the
people live are covered with groves of bread-fruit and cocoa-
nut trees without underwood. These are intersected in all
directions by the paths which go from one house to the
other, so that the whole country is one shade, than which
nothing can be more grateful in a climate where the sun has
so powerful an influence. The houses are built without
walls, so that the air, cooled by the shade of the trees, has
free access in whatever direction it happens to blow. I

134 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF SOUTH SEA ISLANDS CH. vn

shall describe one of the middle size, which will give an
idea of all the rest, as they differ scarcely at all in fashion.

Its length was 24 feet, breadth 11 feet, extreme height
8-J- feet, height of the eaves 3-J- feet ; it consisted of nothing
more than a thatched roof of the same form as in England,
supported by three rows of posts or pillars, one on each
side, and one in the middle. The floor was covered some
inches deep with soft hay, upon which here and there were
laid mats for the convenience of sitting down. This is
almost the only furniture, as few houses have more than
one stool, the property of the master of the family, and
constantly used by him ; most are entirely without the stool.
These houses serve them chiefly to sleep in, and make their
cloth, etc. ; they generally eat in the open air under the
shade of the nearest tree, if the weather is not rainy. The
mats which serve them to sit upon in the daytime are also
their beds at night ; the cloth which they wear in the day
serves for covering ; and a little wooden stool, a block of
wood, or bundle of cloth, for a pillow. Their order is gener-
ally this : near the middle of the room sleep the master
of the house and his wife, and with them the rest of the
married people ; next to them the unmarried women ; next to
them again, at some small distance, the unmarried men ; the
servants (toutous) generally lie in the open air, or if it rains,
come just within shelter.

Besides these, there is another much larger kind of
house. One in our neighbourhood measured in length 162
feet, breadth 28^ feet, height of one of the middle row of
pillars 18 feet. These are conjectured to be common to all
the inhabitants of a district, raised and kept up by their
joint labour. They serve, maybe, for any meetings or con-
sultations, or for the reception of any visitors of con-
sequence, etc. Such we have also seen used as dwelling-
houses by the most important people. Some of them were
much larger than this which I have here described.

In the article of food these happy people may almost be
said to be exempt from the curse of our forefathers ; scarcely
can it be said that they earn their bread by the sweat of

1769 FOOD 135

their brow, when their chief sustenance, bread-fruit, is pro-
cured with no more trouble than that of climbing a tree
and pulling it down. Not that the trees grew here
spontaneously, but, if a man in the course of his life planted
ten such trees (which, if well done, might take the labour
of an hour or thereabouts), he would as completely fulfil his
duty to his own as well as future generations, as we, natives
of less temperate climates, can do by toiling in the cold of
winter to sow, and in the heat of summer to reap, the
annual produce of our soil ; which, when once gathered into
the barn, must again be re-sowed and re-reaped as often as the
colds of winter or the heats of summer return to make such
labour disagreeable.

0 fortunatos nimium, sua si bona norint

may most truly be applied to these people; benevolent
nature has not only provided them with necessaries, but
with an abundance of superfluities. The sea, in the neigh-
bourhood of which they always live, supplies them with
vast variety of fish, better than is generally met with
between the tropics, but these they get not without some
trouble. Every one desires to have them, and there is not
enough for all, though while we remained in these seas we
saw more species perhaps than our island can boast of.
I speak now only of what is more properly called fish, but
almost everything which comes out of the sea is eaten and
esteemed by these people. Shell-fish, lobsters, crabs, even
sea insects, and what the seamen call blubbers of many
kinds, conduce to their support ; some of the latter, indeed,
which are of a tough nature, are prepared by suffering them
to stink. Custom will make almost any meat palatable,
and the women, especially, are fond of this, though after
they had eaten it, I confess I was not extremely fond of
their company.

Besides the bread-fruit the earth almost spontaneously
produces cocoanuts ; bananas of thirteen sorts, the best I have
ever eaten ; plantains, but indifferent ; a fruit not unlike an
apple, which, when ripe, is very pleasant ; sweet potatoes ;

136 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF SOUTH SEA ISLANDS CH. vn

yams ; cocos, a kind of arum, known in the East Indies by
the name of ffabava ; l a fruit known there by the name of
eng. mallow,2 and considered most delicious ; sugar-cane,
which the inhabitants eat raw ; a root of the salop kind,
called by the inhabitants pea ; 3 the root also of a plant
called ethee ; and a fruit in a pod like a large hull of a
kidney bean,4 which, when roasted, eats much like a chestnut,
and is called ahee. Besides these there is the fruit of a tree
called wharra,5 in appearance like a pine-apple ; the fruit of
a tree called nono ; the roots, and perhaps leaves of a fern ;
and the roots of a plant called theve : which four are eaten
only by the poorer sort of people in times of scarcity.

Of tame animals they have hogs, fowls, and dogs, which
latter we learned to eat from them ; and few were there of
the nicest of us but allowed that a South Sea dog was next
to an English lamb. This indeed must be said in their
favour, that they live entirely upon vegetables ; probably our
dogs in England would not eat half as well. Their pork
certainly is most excellent, though sometimes too fat ; their
fowls are not a bit better, rather worse maybe, than ours
at home, and often very tough. Though they seem to
esteem flesh very highly, yet in all the islands I have seen,
the quantity they have of it is very unequal to the
number of their people ; it is therefore seldom used among
them, even the principal chiefs do not have it every day or
even every week, though some of them had pigs that we
saw quartered upon different estates, as we send cocks to
walk in England. When any of these chiefs kills a hog,
it seems to be divided almost equally among all his
dependents, he himself taking little more than the rest.
Vegetables are their chief food, and of these they eat a large
quantity.

Cookery seems to have been but little studied here ;
they have only two methods of applying fire. Broiling

1 Colocasia antiquorum, Schott., better known by its New Zealand name
taro (see p. 253). 2 Hibiscus esculentus, Linn. ?.

3 Tacca pinnalifida, Forst. 4 Lablab vulgaris, Savi.

5 Pandanus odoratissimus, Linn. f.

1769 COOKERY I37

or baking, as we called it, is done thus : a hole is dug, the
depth and size varying according to what is to be prepared,
but seldom exceeding a foot in depth; in this is made
a heap of wood and stones laid alternately, fire is then put
to it, which, by the time it has consumed the wood, has
heated the stones just sufficiently to discolour anything
which touches them. The heap is then divided, half is left
in the hole, the bottom being paved with them, and on them
any kind of provisions are laid, always neatly wrapped up in
leaves. Above these again are laid the remaining hot
stones, then leaves again to the thickness of three or four
inches, and over them any ashes, rubbish or dirt that is at
hand. In this situation the food remains about two hours,
in which time I have seen a middling-sized hog very well
done ; indeed, I am of opinion that victuals dressed in this
way are more juicy, if not more equally 'done, than when
cooked by any of our European methods, large fish more
especially. Bread-fruit cooked in this manner becomes soft,
and something like a boiled potato, though not quite so
farinaceous as a good one. Of this two or three dishes are
made by beating it with a stone pestle till it becomes a
paste, mixing water or cocoanut liquor with it, and adding
ripe plantains, bananas, sour paste, etc.

As I have mentioned sour paste, I will proceed to
describe what it is. Bread-fruit, by what I can find, remains
in season during only nine or ten of their thirteen months,
so that a reserve of food must be made for those months
when they are without it. For this purpose, the fruit is
gathered when just upon the point of ripening, and laid in
heaps, where it undergoes a fermentation, and becomes dis-
agreeably sweet. The core is then taken out, which is
easily done, as a slight pull at the stalk draws it out entire,
and the rest of the fruit is thrown into a hole dug for that
purpose, generally in their houses. The sides and bottom
of this hole are neatly lined with grass, the whole is covered
with leaves, and heavy stones laid upon them. Here it
undergoes a second fermentation and becomes sourish, in
which condition it will keep, as they told me, many months.

138 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF SOUTH SEA ISLANDS CH. vn

Custom has, I suppose, made this agreeable to their palates,
though we disliked it extremely ; we seldom saw them make
a meal without some of it in some shape or form.

As the whole making of this mahie, as they call it,
depends upon fermentation, I suppose it does not always
succeed; it is always done by the old women, who make a
kind of superstitious mystery of it, no one except the people
employed by them being allowed to come even into that
part of the house where it is. I myself spoiled a large
heap of it only by inadvertently touching some leaves that
lay upon it as I walked by the outside of the house where
it was ; the old directress of it told me that from that
circumstance it would most certainly fail, and immediately
pulled it down before my face, who did less regret
the mischief I had done, as it gave me an opportunity of
seeing the preparation, which, perhaps, I should not other-
wise have been allowed to do.

To this plain diet, prepared with so much simplicity,
salt water is the universal sauce ; those who live at the
greatest distance from the sea are never without it, keeping
it in large bamboos set up against the sides of their houses.
When they eat, a cocoanut-shell full of it always stands
near them, into which they dip every morsel, especially of
fish, and often leave the whole soaking in it, drinking at
intervals large sups of it out of their hands, so that a man
may use half a pint of it at a meal. They have also a
sauce made of the kernels of cocoanuts fermented until
they dissolve into a buttery paste, and beaten up with salt
water ; the taste of this is very strong, and at first was to
me most abominably nauseous. A very little use, however,
reconciled me to it, so much so that I should almost prefer
it to our own sauces with fish. It is not common among
them, possibly it is thought ill-management among them to
use cocoanuts so lavishly, or we were on the islands at a
time when they were scarcely ripe enough for this purpose.

Small fish they often eat raw, and sometimes large ones.
I myself, by being constantly with them, learnt to do the
same, insomuch that I have often made meals of raw fish

1769 NATIVE MEALS 139

and bread-fruit, by which I learnt that with my stomach at
least it agreed as well as if dressed, and, if anything, was
still easier of digestion, however contrary this may appear
to the common opinion of the people at home.

Drink they have none except water and cocoanut juice,
nor do they seem to have any method of intoxication among
them. Some there were who drank pretty freely of our
liquors, and in a few instances became very drunk, but
seemed far from pleased with their intoxication, the indi-
viduals afterwards shunning a repetition of it, instead of
greedily desiring it, as most Indians are said to do.

Their tables, or at least their apparatus for eating, are
set out with great neatness, though the small quantity of
their furniture will not admit of much elegance. I will
describe the manner in which that of their principal people
is served. They commonly eat alone, unless some stranger
makes a second in their mess. The man usually sits
under the shade of the nearest tree, or on the shady side
of the house. A large quantity of leaves, either of bread-
fruit or banana, are neatly spread before him, and serve
instead of a table-cloth. A basket containing his provisions
is then set by him, and two cocoanut-shells, one full of
fresh, the other of salt, water. He begins by washing his
hands and mouth thoroughly with the fresh water, a process
which he repeats almost continually throughout the whole
meal. Suppose that his provisions consist (as they often did)
of two or three bread-fruits, one or two small fish about as big
as an English perch, fourteen or fifteen ripe bananas or half
as many apples. He takes half a bread-fruit, peels off the
rind, and picks out the core with his nails ; he then crams
his mouth as full with it as it can possibly hold, and while
he chews that, unwraps the fish from the leaves in which
they have remained tied up since they were dressed, and
breaks one of them into the salt water. The rest, as well
as the remains of the bread-fruit, lie before him upon the
leaves. He generally gives a fish, or part of one, to some
one of his dependents, many of whom sit round him, and
then takes up a very small piece of that which he has

140 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF SOUTH SEA ISLANDS CH. vn

broken into the salt water in the ends of all the fingers in
one hand, and sucks it into his mouth to get as much salt
water as possible, every now and then taking a small sup
of it, either out of the palm of his hand or out of the
cocoanut-shell.

In the meanwhile one of the attendants has prepared
a young cocoanut by peeling off the outer rind with his
teeth, an operation which at first appears very surprising
to Europeans, but depends so much upon a knack, that
before we left the island, many of us were ourselves able
to do it, even myself, who can scarce crack a nut. When
he chooses to drink, the master takes this from him, and,
boring a hole through the shell with his finger, or breaking
the nut with a stone, drinks or sucks out the water. When
he has eaten his bread-fruit and fish, he begins with his
plantains, one of which makes no more than a mouthful,
if they are as big as black puddings. If he has apples a
shell is necessary to peel them ; one is picked off the ground,
where there are always plenty, and tossed to him ; with
this he scrapes or cuts off the skin, rather awkwardly, as he
wastes almost half the apple in doing it. If he has any
tough kind of meat instead of fish, he must have a knife,
for which purpose a piece of bamboo is tossed to him, of
which he in a moment makes one, by splitting it transversely
with his nail. With this he can cut tough meat or tendons
at least as readily as we can with a common knife. All
this time one of his people has been employed in beating
bread-fruit with a stone pestle and a block of wood ; by
much beating and sprinkling with water, it is reduced to
the consistence of soft paste ; he then takes a vessel like a
butcher's tray, and in it lays his paste, mixing it with
either bananas, sour paste, or making it up alone, according
to the taste of his master ; to this he adds water, pouring it
on by degrees, and squeezing it often through his hand till
it comes to the consistence of a thick custard. A large
cocoanut-shell full of this he then sets before his master,
who sups it down as we should a custard, if we had not a
spoon to eat it with. His dinner is then finished by

1769 NATIVE MEALS

141

washing his hands and mouth, cleaning the cocoanut- shells
and putting anything that may be left into the basket
again.

It may be thought that I have given rather too large
a quantity of provision to my eater, when I say that he has
eaten three bread-fruits, each bigger than two fists, two or
three fish, fourteen or fifteen plantains or bananas, each, if
they are large, six or nine inches long and four or five
round, and concluded his dinner with about a quart of a food
as substantial as the thickest unbaked custard. But this I
do affirm, that it is but few of the many I was acquainted
with that eat less, while many eat a good deal more. How-
ever, I shall not insist that any man who may read this
should believe it as an article of faith ; I shall be content if
politeness makes him think, as Joe Miller's friend said :
" Well, sir, as you say so, I believe it, but by God, had I
seen it myself, I should have doubted it exceedingly."

I have said that they seldom eat together ; the better
sort hardly ever do so. Even two brothers or two sisters
have each their respective baskets, one of which contains
victuals, the other cocoanut-shells, etc., for the furniture of
their separate tables. These were brought every day to our
tents to those of our friends who, having come from a
distance, chose to spend the whole day, or sometimes two or
three days in our company. These two relations would go
out, and sitting down upon the ground within a few yards
of each other, turn their faces different ways, and make
their meals without saying a word to each other.

The women carefully abstain from eating with the men,
or even any of the victuals that have been prepared for
them ; all their food is prepared separately by boys, and
kept in a shed by itself, where it is looked after by the same
boys who attend them at their meals. Notwithstanding
this, when we visited them at their houses, the women with
whom we had any particular acquaintance or friendship
would constantly ask us to partake of their meals, which we
often did, eating out of the same basket and drinking out
of the same cup. The old women, however, would by no

142 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF SOUTH SEA ISLANDS CH. vn

means allow the same liberty, but would esteem their
victuals polluted if we touched them ; in some instances I
have seen them throw them away when we had inadvert-
ently defiled them by handling the vessels which contained
them.

What can be the motive for so unsocial a custom I
cannot in any shape guess, especially as they are a people
in every other instance fond of society, and very much so of
their women. I have often asked them the reason, but they
have as often evaded the question, or answered merely that
they did it because it was right, and expressed much disgust
when I told them that in England men and women ate to-
gether, and the same victuals. They, however, constantly
affirm that it does not proceed from any superstitious
motive : Eatua, they say, has nothing to do with it. What-
ever the motive may be, it certainly affects their outward
manners more than their principles ; in the tents, for
example, we never saw an instance of the women partaking
of our victuals at our table, but we have several times seen
five or six of them go together into the servants' apartment
and there eat very heartily of whatever they could find.
Nor were they at all disturbed if we came in while they
were doing so, though we had before used all the entreaties
we were masters of to invite them to partake with us.
When a woman was alone with us, she would often eat
even in our company, but always extorted a strong promise
that we should not let her country-people know what she
had done.

After their meals, and in the heat of the day, they often
sleep ; middle-aged people especially, the better sort of
whom seem to spend most of their time in eating or sleeping.
The young boys and girls are uncommonly lively and active,
and the old people generally more so than the middle-aged,
which perhaps is owing to their excessively dissolute
manners.

Diversions they have but few : shooting with the bow is
the most usual I have seen at Otahite. It is confined
almost entirely to the chiefs ; they shoot for distance only,

1769 MUSIC 143

with arrows unfledged, kneeling upon one knee, and dropping
the bow from their hands the instant the arrow parts from
it. I measured a shot made by Tubourai Tamaide ; it was
274 yards, yet he complained that as the bow and arrows
were bad he could not shoot as far as he ought to have
done. At Ulhietea bows were less common, but the people
amused themselves by throwing a kind of javelin eight or
nine feet long at a mark, which they did with a good deal
of dexterity, often striking the trunk of a plantain tree,
their mark, in the very centre. I could never observe that
either these or the Otahite people staked anything ; they
seemed to contend merely for the honour of victory.

Music is very little known to them, and this is the more
wonderful as they seem very fond of it. They have only
two instruments, the flute and the drum. The former is
made of a hollow bamboo, about a foot long, in which are
three holes : into one of these they blow with one nostril,
stopping the other nostril with the thumb of the left hand ;
the other two they stop and unstop with the forefinger of the
left, and middle finger of the right hand. By this means
they produce four notes, and no more, of which they have
made one tune that serves them for all occasions. To it
they sing a number of songs, pehay as they call them,
generally consisting of two lines, affecting a coarse metre,
and generally in rhyme. Maybe these lines would appear
more musical if we well understood the accent of their
language, but they are as downright prose as can be written.
I give two or three specimens of songs made upon our
arrival.

Te de pahai de parow-a

Ha maru no mina.

E pahah tayo malama tai ya
No tabane tonatou whannomi ya.

E turai eattu terara patee whennua toai
Ino o maio pretane to whennuaia no tute.

At any time of the day when they are lazy they amuse
themselves by singing the couplets, but especially after dark ;

144 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF SOUTH SEA ISLANDS CH. vn

their candles — made of the kernel of a nut abounding much
in oil — are then lighted. Many of these are stuck upon a
skewer of wood, one below the other, and give a very
tolerable light, which they often keep burning an hour after
dark, and if they have any strangers in the house it is
sometimes kept up all night.

Their drums they manage rather better : they are made
of a hollow block of wood, covered with shark's skin ; with
these they make out five or six tunes, and accompany
the flute not disagreeably. They know also how to tune
two drums of different notes into concord, which they do
nicely enough. They also tune their flutes ; if two persons
play upon flutes which are not in unison, the shorter is
lengthened by adding a small roll of leaf tied round the end
of it, and moved up and down till their ears (which are
certainly very nice) are satisfied. The drums are used
chiefly in their heivas, which are at Otahite no more than a
set of musicians, two drums for instance, two flutes and two
singers, who go about from house to house and play. They
are always received and rewarded by the master of the
family, who gives them a piece of cloth or whatever else he
can spare; and during their stay of maybe three or four
hours, receives all his neighbours, who crowd his house full.
This diversion the people are extravagantly fond of, most
likely because, like concerts, assemblies, etc., in Europe, they
serve to bring the sexes easily together at a time when the
very thought of meeting has opened the heart and made
way for pleasing ideas. The grand dramatic heiva which we
saw at Ulhietea is, I believe, occasionally performed in all
the islands, but that I have so fully described in the journal
(3rd, *7th, and 8th August) that I need say no more
about it.

Besides this they dance, especially the young girls, when-
ever they can collect eight or ten together, and setting their
mouths askew in a most extraordinary manner, in the
practice of which they are brought up from their earliest
childhood. In doing this they keep time to a surprising
nicety ; I might almost say as truly as any dancers I have

1769 CLOTH MANUFACTURE 145

seen in Europe, though their time is certainly much more
simple. This exercise is, however, left off as they arrive at
years of maturity.

The great facility with which these people have always pro-
cured the necessaries of life may very reasonably be thought
to have originally sunk them into a kind of indolence, which
has, as it were, benumbed their inventions, and prevented
their producing such a variety of arts as might reasonably
be expected from the approaches they have made in their
manners to the politeness of the Europeans. To this may
also be added a fault which is too frequent even among the
most civilised nations, I mean an invincible attachment to
the customs which they have learnt from their forefathers.
These people are in so far excusable, as they derive their
origin, not from creation, but from an inferior divinity, who
was herself, with others of equal rank, descended from the
god, causer of earthquakes. They therefore look upon it as
a kind of sacrilege to attempt to mend customs which they
suppose had their origin either among their deities or their
ancestors, whom they hold as little inferior to the divinities
themselves.

They show their greatest ingenuity in marking and dyeing
cloth ; in the description of these operations, especially the
latter, I shall be rather diffuse, as I am not without hopes
that my countrymen may receive some advantage, either
from the articles themselves, or at least by hints derived
from them.

The material of which it is made is the internal bark or
liber of three sorts of trees, the Chinese paper mulberry
(Morus papyri/era), the bread-fruit tree (Sitodium utile1), and
a tree much resembling the wild fig-tree of the West Indies
(Ficus prolixa}. Of the first, which they name aouta, they
make the finest and whitest cloth, which is worn chiefly by
the principal people ; it is likewise the most suitable for
dyeing, especially with red. Of the second, which they call
ooroo, is made a cloth inferior to the former in whiteness and
softness, worn chiefly by people of inferior degree. Of the

1 Artocarpus incisa, Linn. f.
L

146 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF SOUTH SEA ISLANDS CH. vn

third, which is by far the rarest, is made a coarse, harsh
cloth of the colour of the deepest brown paper: it is the
only one they have that at all resists water, and is much
valued ; most of it is perfumed and used by the very great
people as a morning dress. These three trees are cultivated
with much care, especially the former, which covers the
largest part of their cultivated land. Young plants
of one or two years' growth only are used; their great
merit is that they are thin, straight, tall, and without
branches ; to prevent the growth of these last they pluck
off with great care all the lower leaves and their germs, as
often as there is any appearance of a tendency to produce
branches.

Their method of manufacturing the bark is the same for
all the sorts : one description of it will therefore be sufficient.
The thin cloth they make thus : when the trees have grown
to a sufficient size they are drawn up, and the roots and
tops cut off and stripped of their leaves ; the best of the
aouta are in this state about three or four feet long and as
thick as a man's finger, but the ooroo are considerably
larger. The bark of these rods is then slit up longitudinally,
and in this manner drawn off the stick ; when all are
stripped, the bark is carried to some brook or running water,
into which it is laid to soak with stones upon it, and in this
situation it remains some days. When sufficiently soaked
the women servants go down to the river, and stripping
themselves, sit down in the water and scrape the pieces of
bark, holding them against a flat smooth board, with the
shell called by the English shell merchants Tiger's tongue
(Tellina gargadia), dipping it continually in the water until
all the outer green bark is rubbed and washed away, and
nothing remains but the very fine fibres of the inner bark.
This work is generally finished in the afternoon : in the
evening the pieces are spread out upon plantain leaves, and in
doing this I suppose there is some difficulty, as the mistress
of the family generally presides over the operation. All
that I could observe was that they laid them in two or
three layers, and seemed very careful to make them every-

1769 CLOTH MANUFACTURE 147

where of equal thickness, so that if any part of a piece
of bark had been scraped too thin, another thin piece
was laid over it, in order to render it of the same thick-
ness as the rest. When laid out in this manner, a piece
of cloth is eleven or twelve yards long, and not more
than a foot broad, for as the longitudinal fibres are all
laid lengthwise, they do not expect it to stretch in that
direction, though they well know how considerably it will
in the other.

In this state they suffer it to remain till morning, by
which time a large proportion of the water with which it was
thoroughly soaked has either drained off or evaporated, and
the fibres begin to adhere together, so that the whole may
be lifted from the ground without dropping in pieces. It
is then taken away by the women servants, who beat it in
the following manner. They lay it upon a long piece of
wood, one side of which is very even and flat, this side being
put under the cloth : as many women then as they can
muster, or as can work at the board together, begin to beat it.
Each is furnished with a baton made of the hard wood, etoa
(Casuarina equisetifolia) : it is about a foot long and square
with a handle ; on each of the four faces of the square are
many small furrows, whose width differs on each face, and
which cover the whole face.1 They begin with the coarsest
side, keeping time with their strokes in the same manner as
smiths, and continue until the cloth, which extends rapidly
under these strokes, shows by the too great thinness of the
groves which are made in it that a finer side of the beater
is requisite. In this manner they proceed to the finest side,
with which they finish ; unless the cloth is to be of that
very fine sort hoboo, which is almost as thin as muslin. In
making this last they double the piece several times, and
beat it out again and afterwards bleach it in the sun and
air, which in these climates produce whiteness in a very

1 The instrument is apparently something like a razor strop, of which the
cross section is square, having longitudinal furrows, a varying number on
each face. By the "coarsest side" is to be understood the face with the
fewest furrows, which are larger and more deeply indented.

148 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF SOUTH SEA ISLANDS CH. vn

short time. But I believe that the finest of their Jioboo
does not attain either its whiteness or softness until it has
been worn some time, then washed and beaten over again
with the very finest beaters.

Of this thin cloth they have almost as many different
sorts as we have of linen, distinguishing it according to its
fineness and the material of which it is made. Each piece
is from nine to fifteen yards in length, and about two and a
half broad. It serves them for clothes in the day and
bedding at night. When, by use, it is sufficiently worn and
becomes dirty, it is carried to the river and washed, chiefly
by letting it soak in a gentle stream, fastened to the bottom
by a stone, or, if it is very dirty, by wringing it and squeez-
ing it gently. Several of the pieces of cloth so washed are
then laid on each other, and being beaten with the coarsest
side of the beater, adhere together, and become a cloth as
thick as coarse broad-cloth, than which nothing can be more
soft or delicious to the touch. This softness, however, is not
produced immediately after the beating : it is at first stiff
as if newly starched, and some parts not adhering together
as well as others it looks ragged, and also varies in thick-
ness according to any faults in the cloth from which it was
made.

To remedy this is the business of the mistress and the
principal women of the family, who seem to amuse them-
selves with this, and with dyeing it, as our English women
do with making caps, ruffles, etc. In this way they spend
the greater part of their time. Each woman is furnished
with a knife made of a piece of bamboo cane, to which
they give an edge by splitting it diagonally with their nails.
This is sufficient to cut any kind of cloth or soft substance
with great ease. A certain quantity of a paste made of the
root of a plant which serves them also for food, and is called
by them Pea (Chaitcea tacca1), is also required. With the
knife they cut off any ragged edges or ends which may not
have been sufficiently fixed down by the beating, and with
the paste they fasten down others which are less ragged, and

1 Tacca pinnatifida, Forst.

1769 DYES 149

also put patches on any part which may be thinner than the
rest, generally finishing their work, if intended to be of the
best kind, by pasting a complete covering of the finest thin
cloth or lioboo over the whole. They sometimes make a thick
cloth also of only half-worn cloth, which, having been worn
by cleanly people, is not soiled enough to require washing :
of this it is sufficient to paste the edges together. The
thick cloth made in either of these ways is used either for
the garment called maro, which is a long piece passed
between the legs and round the waist, and which serves
instead of breeches, or as the tebuta, a garment used equally
by both sexes instead of a coat or gown, which exactly
resembles that worn by the inhabitants of Peru and Chili,
and is called by the Spaniards poncho.

The cloth itself, both thick and thin, resembles the
finest cottons, in softness especially, in which property it
even exceeds them ; its delicacy (for it tears by the smallest
accident) makes it impossible that it can ever be used in
Europe, indeed it is properly adapted to a hot climate. I
used it to sleep in very often in the islands, and always
found it far cooler than any English cloth.

Having thus described their manner of making the
cloth, I shall proceed to their method of dyeing. They use
principally two colours, red and yellow. The first of these
is most beautiful, I might venture to say a more delicate
colour than any we have in Europe, approaching, however,
most nearly to scarlet. The second is a good bright colour,
but of no particular excellence. They also on some occasions
dye the cloth brown and black, but so seldom that I had no
opportunity during my stay of seeing the method, or of
learning the materials which they make use of. I shall
therefore say no more of these colours than that they were
so indifferent in their qualities that they did not much raise
my curiosity to inquire concerning them.

To begin then with the red, in favour of which I shall
premise that I believe no voyager has passed through these
seas but that he has said something in praise of this colour,
the brightness and elegance of which is so great that it

150 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF SOUTH SEA ISLANDS CH. vn

cannot avoid being taken notice of by the most superficial
observer. This colour is made by the admixture of the
juices of two vegetables, neither of which in their separate
state have the least tendency to the colour of red, nor, so
far at least as I have been able to observe, are there any
circumstances relating to them from whence any one would
be led to conclude that the red colour was at all latent in
them. The plants are Ficus tinctoria, called by them matte
(the same name as the colour), and Cordia Sebestena, called
etou : of these, the fruits of the first, and the leaves of the
second, are used in the following manner.

The fruit, which is about as large as a rounceval pea, or
very small gooseberry, produces, by breaking off the stalk
close to it, one drop of a milky liquor resembling the juice
of a fig-tree in Europe. Indeed, the tree itself is a kind
of wild fig. This liquor the women collect, breaking off the
foot-stalk, and shaking the drop which hangs to the little
fig into a small quantity of cocoanut water. To sufficiently
prepare a gill of cocoanut water will require three or four
quarts of the little figs, though I never could observe that
they had any rule in deciding the proportion, except by
observing the cocoanut water, which should be of the colour
of whey, when a sufficient quantity of the juice of the little
figs was mixed with it. When this liquor is ready, the
leaves of the etou are brought and well wetted in it ; they
are then laid upon a plantain leaf, and the women begin, at
first gently, to turn and shake them about ; afterwards, as
they grow more and more flaccid by this operation, to squeeze
them a little, increasing the pressure gradually. All this is
done merely to prevent the leaves from breaking. As they
become more flaccid and spongy, they supply them with
more of the juice, and in about five minutes the colour
begins to appear on the veins of the etou leaves, and in ten,
or a little more, all is finished and ready for straining, when
they press and squeeze the leaves as hard as they possibly
can. For straining they have a large quantity of the fibres
of a kind of Cyperus grass (Cyperus stupeus) called by them
mooo, which the boys prepare very nimbly by drawing the

1769 DYEING CLOTH 151

stalks of it through their teeth, or between two little sticks
until all the green bark and the bran-like substance which
lies between them is gone. In a covering of these fibres,
then, they envelop the leaves, and squeezing or wringing
them strongly, express the dye, which turns out very little
more in quantity than the liquor employed ; this operation
they repeat several times, as often soaking the leaves in the
dye and squeezing them dry again, until they have suffi-
ciently extracted all their virtue. They throw away the
remaining leaves, keeping however the mooo, which serves
them instead of a brush to lay the colour on the cloth.
The receptacle used for the liquid dye is always a plantain
leaf, whether from any property it may have suitable to
the colour, or the great ease with which it is always
obtained, and the facility of dividing it, and making of it
many small cups, in which the dye may be distributed to
every one in the company, I do not know. In laying the
dye upon the cloth, they take it up in the fibres of the
mooo, and rubbing it gently over the cloth, spread the out-
side of it with a thin coat of dye. This applies to the
thick cloth : of the thin they very seldom dye more than
the edges ; some indeed I have seen dyed through, as if it
had been soaked in the dye, but it had not nearly so elegant
a colour as that on which a thin coat only was laid on the
outside.

Though the etou leaf is the most generally used, and I
believe produces the finest colour, yet there are several
more, which by being mixed with the juice of the little figs
produce a red colour. Such are Tournefortia sericea (which
they call taheino), Convolvulus brasiliensis, Solanum latifolium
(ebooa). By the use of these different plants or of different
proportions of the materials many varieties of the colour
are observable among their cloths, some of which are very
conspicuously superior to others.

When the women have been employed in dyeing cloth,
they industriously preserve the colour upon their fingers
and nails, upon which it shows with its greatest beauty ;
they look upon this as no small ornament, and I have been

152 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF SOUTH SEA ISLANDS CH. vn

sometimes inclined to believe that they even borrow the
dye of each other, merely for the purpose of colouring their
fingers. Whether it is esteemed as a beauty, or a mark of
their housewifery in being able to dye, or of their riches in
having cloth to dye, I know not.

Of what use this preparation may be to my country-
men, either in itself, or in any tints which may be drawn
from an admixture of vegetable substances so totally different
from anything of the kind that is practised in Europe, I am
not enough versed in chemistry to be able to guess. I
must, however, hope that it will be of some value. The
latent qualities of vegetables have already furnished our
most valuable dyes. No one from an inspection of the
plants could guess that any colour was hidden in the herbs
of indigo, woad, dyer's weed, or indeed most of the plants
whose leaves are used in dyeing : and yet those latent qualities
have, when discovered, produced colours without which our
dyers could hardly maintain their trade.

The painter whom I have with me tells me that the
nearest imitation of the colour that he could make would
be by mixing together vermilion and carmine, but even thus
he could not equal the delicacy, though his would be a body
colour, and the Indian's only a stain. In the way that the
Indians use it, I cannot say much for its lasting; they
commonly keep their cloth white up to the very time it is
to be used, and then dye it, as if conscious that it would
soon fade. I have, however, used cloth dyed with it myself
for a fortnight or three weeks, in which time it has very
little altered, and by that time the cloth itself was pretty
well worn out. I have now some also in chests, which a
month ago when I looked into them had very little changed
their colour : the admixture of fixing drugs would, however,
certainly not a little conduce to its keeping.

Their yellow, though a good colour, has certainly no
particular excellence to recommend it in which it is superior
to our known yellows. It is made of the bark of a root of
a shrub called nono (Morinda umbellata). This they scrape
into water, and after it has soaked a sufficient time, strain

1769 MATTING, ETC. 153

the water, and dip the cloth into it. The wood of the root
is no doubt furnished in some degree with the same property
as the bark, but not having any vessels in which they can
boil it, it is useless to the inhabitants. The genus of
Morinda seems worthy of being examined as to its properties
for dyeing. Browne, in his History of Jamaica, mentions
three species whose roots, he says, are used to dye a brown
colour; and Eumphius says of his Bancudus angustifolia^
which is very nearly allied to our nono, that it is used by
the inhabitants of the East Indian Islands as a fixing drug
for the colour of red, with which he says it particularly
agrees.

They also dye yellow with the fruit of a tree called
tamanu (Calophyllum inophyllum), but their method I never
had the fortune to see. It seems, however, to be chiefly
esteemed by them for the smell, more agreeable to an Indian
than an European nose, which it gives to the cloth.

Besides their cloth, the women make several kinds of
matting, which serves them to sleep upon, the finest being
also used for clothes. With this last they take great pains,
especially with that sort which is made of the bark of the
poorou (Hibiscus tiliaceus), of which I have seen matting
almost as fine as coarse cloth. But the most beautiful sort,
vanne, which is white and extremely glossy and shining, is
made of the leaves of the wharra, a sort of Pandanus, of
which we had not an opportunity of .seeing either flowers
or fruit. The rest of their moeas, which are used to sit down
or sleep upon, are made of a variety of sorts of rushes, grasses,
etc. ; these they are extremely nimble in making, as indeed
they are of everything which is plaited, including baskets of
a thousand different patterns, some being very neat. As
for occasional baskets or panniers made of a cocoanut leaf,
or the little bonnets of the same material which they wear
to shade their eyes from the sun, every one knows how to
make them at once. As soon as the sun was pretty high,
the women who had been with us since morning, generally
sent out for cocoanut leaves, of which they made such

1 Bancudus angustifolia, Rum ph. = Morinda angustifolia, Roxb.

154 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF SOUTH SEA ISLANDS CH. vir

bonnets in a few minutes, and threw away as soon as the
sun became again low in the afternoon. These, however,
serve merely for a shade: coverings for their heads they
have none except their hair, for these bonnets or shades only
fit round their heads, not upon them.

Besides these things, they are very neat in making fish-
ing-nets in the same manner as we do, ropes of about an
inch thick, and lines from the poorou, threads with which
they sew together their canoes, and also belts from the fibres
of the cocoanut, plaited either round or flat. All their
twisting work they do upon their thighs in a manner very
difficult to describe, and, indeed, unnecessary, as no European
can want to learn how to perform an operation which his
instruments will do for him so much faster than it can
possibly be done by hand. But of all the strings that they
make none are so excellent as the fishing-lines, etc., made of
the bark of the erowa, a kind of frutescent nettle (Urtica
argentea) which grows in the mountains, and is consequently
rather scarce. Of this they make the lines which are
employed to take the briskest and most active fish, bonitos,
albecores, etc. As I never made experiments with it, I can
only describe its strength by saying that it was infinitely
stronger than the silk lines which I had on board made in
the best fishing shops in London, though scarcely more than
half as thick.

In every expedient for taking fish they are vastly
ingenious ; their seine nets for fish to mesh themselves in,
etc., are exactly like ours. They strike fish with harpoons
made of cane and pointed with hard wood more dexterously
than we can do with ours that are headed with iron, for we
who fasten lines to ours need only lodge them in the fish to
secure it, while they, on the other hand, throwing theirs
quite from them, must either mortally wo and the fish or
lose him. Their hooks, indeed, as they are not made of iron,
are necessarily very different from ours in construction.
They are of two sorts ; the first, witte-witte, is used for towing.
Fig. 1 represents this in profile, and Fig. 2 the view of the
bottom part. The shank (a) is made of mother-of-pearl,

1769

FISH HOOKS

155

the most glossy that can be got, the inner or naturally
bright side being put undermost. In Fig. 2, & is a tuft of
white dog's or hog's hair, which serves, maybe, to imitate
the tail of a fish. These hooks require no bait : they are
used with a fishing-rod of bamboo. The people having
found by the flight of birds, which constantly attend shoals

Fig. 2.

of bonitos, where the fish are, paddle their canoes as swiftly
as they can across them, and seldom fail to take some.
This Indian invention seems far to exceed anything of the
kind that I have seen among Europeans, and is certainly
more successful than any artificial flying fish or other thing
which is generally used for taking bonitos. So far, it
deserves imitation at any time when taking bonitos is at all
desirable.

The other sort of hook which they have is made likewise
of mother-of-pearl, or some hard shell, and as they cannot
make them bearded as our own, they
supply that fault by making the points
turn much inwards, as in the annexed
figure. They have them of all sizes,
and catch with them all kinds of fish
very successfully, I believe. The manner of making them
is very simple ; every fisherman makes them for himself.

156 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF SOUTH SEA ISLANDS CH. vn

The shell is first cut by the edge of another shell into square
pieces. These are shaped with files of coral, with which
they work in a manner surprising to any one who does not
know how sharp corals are. A hole is then bored in the
middle by a drill, which is simply any stone that may
chance to have a sharp corner in it tied to the handle of a
cane. This is turned in the hand like a chocolate mill until
the hole is made ; the file then comes into the hole and
completes the hook. This is made, in such a one as the
figure shows, in less than a quarter of an hour.

In their carpentry, joinery, and stone-cutting, etc., they
are scarcely more indebted to the use of tools than in making
these hooks. A stone axe in the shape of an adze, a chisel
or gouge made of a human bone, a file or rasp of coral, the
skin of sting-rays and coral sand to polish with, are a suffi-
cient set of tools for building a house and furnishing it with
boats, as well as for quarrying and squaring stones for the
pavement of anything which may require it in the neighbour-
hood. Their axes are made of a black stone, not very hard,
but tolerably tough : they are of different sizes, some,
intended for felling, weigh three or four pounds ; others,
which are used only for carving, not as many ounces.
Whatever quality is lacking in these tools, is made up by
the industry of the people who use them. Felling a tree is
their greatest labour ; a large one requires many hands to
assist, and some days before it can be finished, but when
once it is down they manage it with far greater dexterity
than is credible to a European. If it is to be made into
boards they put wedges into it, and drive them with such
dexterity (as they have told me, for I never saw it) that
they divide it into slabs of three or four inches in thickness,
seldom meeting with an accident if the tree is good. These
slabs they very soon dubb down with their axes to any given
thinness, and in this work they certainly excel; indeed,
their tools are better adapted for this than for any other
labour. I have seen them dubb off the first rough coat of
a plank at least as fast as one of our carpenters could have
done it ; and in hollowing, where they are able to raise

1769 CARPENTRY AND CARVING 157

large slabs of the wood, they certainly work more quickly,
owing to the weight of their tools. Those who are masters
of this business will take off a surprisingly thin coat from a
whole plank without missing a stroke. They can also work
upon wood of any shape as well as upon a flat piece, for in
making a canoe every piece, bulging or flat, is properly shaped
at once, as they never bend a plank ; all the bulging pieces
must be shaped by hand, and this is done entirely with
axes. They have also small axes for carving ; but all this
latter kind of work was so bad, and in so very mean a taste,
that it scarcely deserved that name. Yet they are very
fond of having carvings and figures stuck about their canoes,
the great ones especially, which generally have a figure of a
man at the head and another at the stern. Their marais
also are ornamented with different kinds of figures, one
device representing many men standing on each other's
heads. They have also figures of animals, and planks of
which the faces are carved in patterns of squares and circles,
etc. All their work, however, in spite of its bad taste,
acquires a certain neatness in finish, for they polish every-
thing, even the side of a canoe or the post of a house, with
coral-sand rubbed on in the outer husk of a cocoanut and
ray's skin, which makes it very smooth and neat.

Their boats, all at least that I have seen of them, may
be divided into two general classes. The first, or ivahah,
are the only sort used at Otahite ; they serve for fishing
and for short trips to sea, but do not seem at all calculated
for long voyages ; the others, or pahie, are used by the
inhabitants of the Society Isles, viz. Ulhietea, Bola Bola,
Huahine, etc., and are rather too clumsy for fishing, for which
reason the inhabitants of those islands have also ivahahs.
The pahie are much better adapted for long voyages. The
figures below (p. 158) give a section of both kinds : Fig. 1
is the ivahah and Fig. 2 the pahie.

To begin, then, with the ivahah. These differ very much
in length : I have measured them from 10 feet to 72 feet, but
by no means proportional in breadth, for while that of 1 0 feet
was about 1 foot in breadth, that of 72 feet was scarce 2 feet,

158 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF SOUTH SEA ISLANDS CH. vn

nor is their height increased in much greater proportion.
They may be subdivided into three sorts, the fighting ivahah,
the common sailing or fishing ivahah, and the travelling
ivahah. The fighting ivahah is by far the longest ; the head
and stern of these are considerably raised above the body
in a semicircular form, 17 or 18 feet in height when the
centre is scarcely 3 feet. These boats never go to sea singly ;
two are always fastened together side by side at the distance
of about two feet by strong poles of wood extending across
both, and upon them is built a stage in the fore-part about
ten or twelve feet long, and a little broader than the two
boats : this is supported by pillars about «ix feet high, and

Fig. i.

Fig.2.

upon it stand the people who fight with slings, spears, etc.
Below are the rowers, who are much less engaged in the
battle on account of their confined situation, but who receive
the wounded from the stage, and furnish fresh men to ascend
in their room. (This much from description, for I never
saw any of their battles.)

The sailing and fishing ivahahs vary in size from about
40 feet in length to the smallest I have mentioned, but
those which are under 25 feet in length seldom or never
carry sail : their sterns only are raised, and those not
above four or five feet : their prows are quite flat, and
have a flat board projecting forwards about four feet beyond
them.

Those which I have called travelling ivahahs differ
from these in nothing except that two are constantly

1769 BOATS 159

joined together in the same manner as the war-boats, and
that they have a small neat house five or six feet broad by
seven or eight long fastened upon the fore-part of them, in
which the principal people, who use them very much, sit
while they are carried from place to place. The sailing
ivahahs have also this house upon them when two are joined
together, which is, however, but seldom. Indeed, the differ-
ence between these two consists almost entirely in the
rigging, and I have divided them into two more because
they are generally seen employed in very different occupa-
tions than from any real difference in their build.

All ivahahs agree in the sides built like walls and the
bottoms flat. In this they differ from the pahie (Fig. 2),
of which the sides bulge out and the bottom is sharp,
answering, in some measure, instead of a keel.

These pahies differ very much in size : I have seen
them from 30 to 60 feet in length, but, like the ivahahs,
they are very narrow in proportion to their length. One
that I measured was 51 feet in length, but only 1-J- feet in
breadth at the top (a) and 3 feet in the bilge (&, see Fig. 2).
This is about the general proportion. Their round sides, how-
ever, make them capable of carrying much greater burthens
and being much safer sea-boats, in consequence of which they
are used merely for fighting and making long voyages. For
purposes of fishing and travelling along shore the natives of
the islands where they are chiefly used have ivahahs. The
fighting pahies, which are the longest, are fitted in the same
manner as the fighting ivahahs, only as they carry far greater
burthens, the stages are proportionately larger. Two sailing
boats are most generally fastened together for this purpose ;
those of a middling size are said to be best, and least liable
to accident in stormy weather. In these, if we may credit
the reports of the inhabitants, they make very long voyages,
often remaining several months from home, visiting in that
time many different islands, of which they reported to us
the names of nearly a hundred ; they cannot, however,
remain at sea above a fortnight or twenty days, although
they live as sparingly as possible, for want of proper pro-

160 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF SOUTH SEA ISLANDS CH. VH

visions and place to store them in, as well as water, of
which they carry a tolerable stock in bamboos.

All the boats are disproportionately narrow in respect
to their length, which causes them to be very easily overset,
so that not even the Indians dare venture in them till they
are fitted with a contrivance to prevent this inconvenience,
which is done, either by fastening two together side by
side, as has been before described, in which case one supports
the other and they become as steady a vehicle as can be
imagined ; or, if one of them is going out alone, by fasten-
ing a log of wood to two poles laid across the boat : this
serves to balance it tolerably, though not so securely, but that
I have seen the Indians overturn them very often. This is
the same principle as that adopted in the flying proa of the
Ladrone Islands described in Lord Anson's voyage, where it
is called an outrigger ; indeed, the vessels themselves as
much resemble the flying proa as to make appear at least
possible that either the latter is a very artful improvement
of these, or these a very awkward imitation of the proa.

These boats are propelled with large paddles, which have
a long handle and a flat blade resembling, more than any-
thing I can recollect, a baker's peel ; of these every person
in the boat generally has one, except those who sit under
the houses ; and with these they push themselves on fairly
fast through the water. The boats are so leaky, however,
that one person at least is employed almost constantly in
throwing out the water. The only thing in which they
excel is landing in a surf, for by reason of their great length
and high sterns they land dry when our boats could scarcely
land at all, and in the same manner they put off from the
shore, as I have often experienced.

When sailing, they have either one or two masts fitted
to a frame which is above the canoe : they are made
of a single stick ; in one that I measured of 32 feet
in length, the mast was 25 feet high, which seems to be
about the common proportion. To this is fastened a sail
about one-third longer, but narrow and of a triangular shape,
pointed at the top, and the outside curved ; it is bordered

1769 BOAT-BUILDING 161

all round with a frame of wood, and has no contrivance
either for reefing or furling, so that in case of bad weather
it must be entirely cut away ; but I fancy that in these
moderate climates they are seldom brought to this necessity.
The material of which it is made is universally matting.
With these sails their canoes go at a very good rate, and
lie very near the wind, probably on account of their sail
being bordered with wood, which makes them stand better
than any bow-lines could possibly do. On the top of this
sail they carry an ornament which, in taste, resembles much
our pennants ; it is made of feathers, and reaches down to
the very water, so that when blown out by the wind it
makes no inconsiderable show. They are fond of ornaments
in all parts of their boats ; in the good ones they commonly
have a figure at the stern, and in the pahies they have a
figure at both ends, and the smaller ivahahs have usually
a small carved pillar upon the stern.

Considering that these people are so entirely destitute of
iron, they build these canoes very well. Of the ivahahs the
foundation is always the trunks of one or more trees
hollowed out : the ends of these are sloped off, and sewed
together with the fibres of the husk of the cocoanut ; the
sides are then raised with planks sewed together in the same
manner.

The pahies, as they are much better embarkations, so
they are built in a more ingenious manner. Like the
others they are laid upon a long keel, which, however, is not
more than four or five inches deep. Upon this they raise
two ranges of planks, each of which is about eighteen inches
high, and about four or five feet in length : such a number
of pieces must necessarily be framed and fitted together
before they are sewed ; and this they do very dexterously,
supporting the keel by ropes made fast to the top of the
house under which they work, and each plank by a
stanchion ; so that the canoe is completely put together
before any one part is fastened to the next, and in this
manner it is supported till the sewing is completed. This,
however, soon rots in the salt water ; it must be renewed

M

162 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF SOUTH SEA ISLANDS CH. vn

once a year at least ; in doing so the canoe is entirely taken
to pieces and every plank examined. By this means they
are always in good repair; the best of them are, however,
very leaky, for as they use no caulking the water must run
in at every hole made by the sewing. This is no great in-
convenience to them, who live in a climate where the water
is always warm, and who go barefoot.

For the convenience of keeping these pahies dry, we saw
in the islands where they are used a peculiar sort of house
built for their reception and put to no other use. It was
built of poles stuck upright in the ground and tied together
at the top, so that they make a kind of Gothic arch : the
sides of these are completely covered with thatch down to
the ground, but the ends are left open. One of these I
measured was fifty paces in length, ten in breadth, and
twenty-four feet in height, and this was of an average size.

The people excel much in predicting the weather, a
circumstance of great use to them in their short voyages
from island to island. They have various ways of doing this,
but one only that I know of which I never heard of being
practised by Europeans, and that is foretelling the quarter of
the heavens from whence the wind will blow by observing
the Milky Way, which is generally bent in an arch either
one way or the other : this arch they conceive as already
acted upon by the wind, which is the cause of its curving,
and say that if the same curve continues a whole night the
wind predicted by it seldom fails to come some time in the
next day, and in this as well as their other predictions we
found them indeed not infallible, but far more clever than
Europeans.

In their longer voyages they steer in the day by the sun,
and in the night by the stars : of these they know a very
large number by name, and the cleverest among them will
tell in what part of the heavens they are to be seen in any
month when they are above their horizon : they know also
the time of their annual appearance and disappearance to a
great nicety, far greater than would be easily believed by an
European astronomer.

1769 MEASURES OF TIME, ETC. 163

I was not able to get a complete idea of their method of
dividing time. I shall, however, set down what little I know.
In speaking of time either past or to come, they never use
any term but moons, of which they count thirteen, and then
begin again : this of itself sufficiently shows that they have
some idea of the solar year, but how they manage to make
their thirteen months agree with it I never could find out.
That they do, however, I believe, because in mentioning the
names of months they very frequently told us the fruits that
would be in season in each of them, etc. They also have a
name for the thirteen months collectively, but they never use
it in speaking of time ; it is employed only in explaining the
mysteries of their religion. In their metaphorical year they
say that the year Tettowma ta tayo was the daughter of the
chief divinity Taroataihetoomoo, and that she in time brought
forth the months, who in their turn produced the days, of
which they count twenty-nine in every month, including
one in which the moon is invisible. Every one of these has
its respective name, and is again subdivided into twelve
parts, containing about two hours each, six for the day
and six for the night, each of which has likewise its re-
spective name. In the day-time they guess the divisions
of these parts very well, but in the night, though they have
the same number of divisions as in the day, seem very little
able to tell at any time which hour it is, except the cleverest
among them who know the stars.

In counting they proceed from one to ten, having a
different name for each number ; from thence they say one
more, two more, etc., up to twenty, which after being called
in the general count ten more, acquires a new name as we
say a score : by these scores they count till they have got
ten of them, which again acquires a new name, 200 ; these
again are counted till they get ten of them, 2000 ; which
is the largest denomination I have ever heard them make
use of, and I suppose is as large as they can ever have
occasion for, as they can count ten of these (i.e. up to
20,000) without any new term.

In measures of space they are very poor indeed : one

1 64 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF SOUTH SEA ISLANDS CH. vn

fathom and ten fathoms are the only terms I have heard
among them. By these they convey the size of anything,
as a house, a boat, depth of the sea, etc., but when they
speak of distances from one place to another they have no
way of making themselves understood but by the number of
days it takes them in their canoes to go the distance.

Their language appeared to me to be very soft and tuneful;
it abounds in vowels, and was easily pronounced by us, while
ours was to them absolutely impracticable. I instance par-
ticularly my own name, which I took much pains to teach
them and they to learn ; after three days' fruitless trial I
was forced to select from their many attempts To/pane, the
only one I had been able to get from them that had the
least similitude to it. Spanish or Italian words they pro-
nounced with ease, provided they ended with a vowel, for
few or none of theirs end with a consonant.

I cannot say that I am sufficiently acquainted with it to
pronounce whether it is copious or not; in one respect,
however, it is beyond measure inferior to all European
languages, and that is in its almost total want of inflection
both of nouns and verbs, few or none of the former having
more than one case or the latter one tense. Notwithstand-
ing this want, however, we found it very easy to make
ourselves understood in matters of common necessaries, how-
ever paradoxical it may appear to an European.

They have certain suffixes and make very frequent use
of them. This puzzled us at first very much, though they
are but few in number. An instance or two may be
necessary to make myself understood, as they do not exist
in any modern European language. One asks another
" Harre nea ? " " Where are you going ? " The other answers
" Ivahinera," " To my wives," on which the first questioning
him still further "Ivahinera ? " " To your wives?" is answered
" Ivahinereiaa," " Yes, I am going to my wives." Here the
suffixes era and eiaa save several words to both parties.

From the vocabularies given in Le Maire's voyage (see
Histoire des Navigations aux Terres Australes, torn. i. p. 4 1 0 1)
1 By C. de Brosse, 1756.

1769

LANGUAGE

165

it appears clearly that the languages given there as those of
the Isles of Solomon and the Isle of Cocos1 are radically the
identical language we met with, most words differing in
little, but the greater number of consonants. The languages
of New Guinea and Moyse Isle 2 have also many words radi-
cally the same, particularly their numbers, although they are
so obscured by a multitude of consonants that it is scarcely
possible that they should be detected but by those who are in
some measure acquainted with one of the languages. For
instance the New Guinea kisson (fish) is found to be the
same as the Otahite eia by the medium of ica of the Isle of
Solomon; talingan (ears) is in Otahite terrea; limang (a
hand) becomes lima, or rima ; paring (cheeks) is paperea ;
mattanga (eyes) mata ; " they called us," says the author,
" tata" which in Otahite signifies men in general.

That the people who inhabit this numerous range of
islands should have originally come from one and the same
place, and brought with them the same numbers and
language, which latter especially have remained not materi-
ally altered to this day, is in my opinion not at all beyond
belief ; but that the numbers of Madagascar should be the
same as all these is almost if not quite incredible. I shall
give them from a book called a Collection of Voyages ly the
Dutch East Company, Lond. 1*703, p. 116, where, supposing
the author who speaks of ten numbers and gives only nine
to have lost the fifth, their similarity is beyond dispute.

Madagascar.

Otahite.

Cocos Isle.

New Guinea.

1. Issa

Tahie

Taci

Tika

2. Rove

Rua

Loua

Roa

3. Tello

Torou

Tolou

Tola

4. Effat

Hea

Fa

Fatta

6. Enning

Whene

Houno

Wamma

7. Fruto

Hetu

Fitou

Fita

8. Wedo

Waru

Walou

Walla

9. Sidai

Heva

Ywore

Siwa

10. Scula

Ahourou

Ongefoula

Sangafoula

1 Probably one of the Samoa group, not the Keeling Islands.

2 An island off the N.E. coast of New Guinea, so named by Le Maire.

166 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF SOUTH SEA ISLANDS CH. vn

It must be remembered, however, that the author of this
voyage, during the course of it, touched at Java and several
other East Indian Isles, as well as at Madagascar ; so that if
by any disarrangement of his papers he has given the numerals
of some of those islands for those of Madagascar, our wonder
will be much diminished ; for after having traced them from
Otahite to New Guinea it would not seem very wonderful
to carry them a little farther to the East Indian Isles, which
from their situation seem not unlikely to be the place from
whence our islanders originally came. But I shall waive
saying any more on this subject till I have had an opportunity
of myself seeing the customs, etc. of the\ Javans, which this
voyage will in all probability give me an opportunity of doing.

The language of all the islands I was upon was the same,
so far as I could understand it ; the people of Ulhietea only
changed the t of the Otahiteans to k, calling tata, which
signifies a man or woman, Itaka, a peculiarity which made
the language much less soft. The people of Oheteroa, so far
as I could understand their words, which were only shouted
out to us, seemed to do the same thing, and add many more
consonants, which made their language much less musical
I shall give a few of the words, from whence an idea may
be got of their language.

Eupo

the head

Oboo

the belly

Ahewh

the nose

Rema

the arm

Roourou

the hair

Aporema

the hand

Outou

the month

Manneow

the fingers

Niheo

the teeth

Mieu

the nails

Arrero

the tongue

Touhe

the buttocks

Men-Emm

the beard

Hoouhah

the thighs

Tiarraboa

the throat

Mae

fat

Taamo

the shoulders

Huru-pum

hair

Tuah

the back

Eraou

a tree

Aoai

the legs

Ama

a branch

Tapoa

the feet

Tiale

a flower

Boot

a hog

Huero

fruit

Moa

a fowl

Etummoo

the stem

Euree

a dog

Afl

the root

Eure-eure

iron

Eiherre

herbaceous plants

Ooroo

bread-fruit

Oboopa

a pigeon

Hearee

cocoanute

Avigne

a parroquet

Mia

bananas

Aa

another species

Vae

wild plantains

Mannu

a bird

Ooma

the breast

Mora

a duck

Eu

the nipples

Mattow

a fish-hook

1769

DISEASES

167

Toura

a rope

Eno

bad

Mow

a shark

A

yes

Mattera

a fishing-rod

Ima

no

Eupea

a net

Paree

ugly

M ah anna

the sun

Pororee

hungry

Malama

the moon

Pia

full

Whettu

a star

Tuhea

lean

Whettu-euphe

a comet

Timahah

heavy

Erai
Eatta

the sky
a cloud

Mama
Poto

light
short

Main mahi

a dolphin

Roa

tall

Poe

beads

Neuenne

sweet

Poe Matawewwe

pearl

Mala

bitter

Ahow

a garment

Whanno

to go far

Avee

a fruit like an apple

Harre

to go

Ahee

another like a

Arrea

to stay

chestnut

Enoho

to remain or

tarry

Ewharre

a house

Rohe-rohe

to be tired

Whennua

a high island

Maa

to eat

Motu

a low island

Inoo

to drink

Toto

blood

Ete

to understand

Aevo

bone

Warriddo

to steal

Aeo

flesh

Woridde

to be angry

Miti

good

Teparahie

to beat

Among people whose diet is so simple and plain dis-
tempers cannot be expected to be as frequent as among us
Europeans ; we observed but few, and those chiefly cutane-
ous, as erysipelas and scaly eruptions on the skin. This
last was almost, if not quite, advanced to leprosy ; the
people who were in that state were secluded from society,
living by themselves each in a small house built in some
unfrequented place, where they were daily supplied with
provisions. Whether these had any hope of relief, or were
doomed in this manner to languish out a life of solitude, we
did not learn. Some, but very few, had ulcers on different
parts of their bodies, most of which looked very virulent ;
the people who were afflicted with them did not, however,
seem much to regard them, leaving them entirely without
any application, even to keep off the flies. Acute distempers
no doubt they have, but while we stayed upon the island
they were very uncommon ; possibly in the rainy season
they are more frequent. Among the numerous acquaintances
I had upon the island only one was taken ill during our
stay. I visited her and found her, as is their custom, left
by everybody but her three children, who sat by her ; her

1 68 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF SOUTH SEA ISLANDS CH. vn

complaint was colic, which did not appear to me to be at all
violent. I asked her what medicine she took, she told me
none, and that she depended entirely upon the priest, who
had been trying to free her from her distemper by his
prayers and ceremonies, which, she said, he would repeat till
she was well, showing me at the same time branches of
the Thespesia populnea, which he had left with her. After
this I left her, and whether through the priest's ceremonies
or her own constitution, she came down to our tents com-
pletely recovered in three days' time.

I never happened to be present when the priests per-
formed their ceremonies for the cure x)f sick people ; but
one of our gentlemen who was informed me that they con-
sisted of nothing but the repetition of certain fixed sentences,
during which time the priest plaited leaves of the cocoanut
tree into different figures, neatly enough ; some of which he
fastened to the fingers and toes of the sick man, who was at
the time uncovered, out of respect to the prayers. The
whole ceremony almost exactly resembled their method
of praying at the marais, which I shall by and by describe.
They appear, however, to have some knowledge of medicine,
besides these operations of priestcraft. That they have
skilful surgeons among them we easily gathered from the
dreadful scars of wounds which we frequently saw cured,
some of which were far greater than any I have seen any-
where else ; and these were made by stones which these
people throw with slings with great dexterity and force.
One man I particularly recollect whose face was almost
entirely destroyed ; yet this dreadful wound had healed
cleanly without any ulcer remaining. Tupia, who has had
several wounds, had one made by a spear headed with the
bone of a sting-ray's tail which had pierced right through
his body, entering at his back and coming out just under
his breast ; yet this has been so well cured that the remain-
ing scar is as smooth and as small as any I have seen from
the cures by our best European surgeons.

Vulnerary herbs they have many, nor do they seem at
all nice in the choice of them. They have plenty of such

1769 MEDICINE 169

herbaceous plants as yield mild juices devoid of all acridity,
similar to the English chickweed, groundsel, etc. ; with these
they make fomentations, which they frequently apply to the
wound, taking care to cleanse it as often as possible ; the
patient all the time observing great abstinence. By this
method, if they have told me truly, their wounds are cured
in a very short time. As for their medicines we learned but
little concerning them ; they told us, and indeed freely, that
such and such plants were good for such and such distempers,
but it required a much better knowledge of the language
than we were able to obtain during our short stay to under-
stand the method of application.

Their manner of disposing of their dead as well as the
ceremonies relating to their mourning are so remarkable
that they deserve a very particular description. As soon as
any one is dead the house is immediately filled with his
relations, who bewail their loss with loud lamentations,
especially those who are the farthest removed in blood from,
or who profess the least grief for, the deceased. The
nearer relations and those who are really affected spend
their time in more silent sorrow, while the rest join in
a chorus of grief at certain intervals, between which they
laugh, talk, and gossip as if totally unconcerned. This lasts
till daylight of the next day, when the body, being shrouded
in cloth, is laid upon a kind of bier on which it can con-
veniently be carried on men's shoulders. The priest's office
now begins ; he prays over the body, repeating his sentences,
and orders it to be carried down to the sea-side. Here his
prayers are renewed ; the corpse is brought down near the
water's edge, and he sprinkles water towards but not upon
it ; it is then removed forty or fifty yards from the sea, and
soon after brought back. This ceremony is repeated several
times. In the meantime a house has been built and a small
space of ground round it railed in ; in the centre of this house
are posts, upon which the bier, as soon as the ceremonies are
finished, is set. On these the corpse is to remain and
putrefy in state, to the no small disgust of every one whose
business requires him to pass near it.

i;o GENERAL ACCOUNT OF SOUTH SEA ISLANDS CH. vn

These houses of corruption, tu papow, are of a size pro-
portionate to the rank of the person contained in them. If
he is poor it merely covers the bier, and generally has no
railing round it. The largest I ever saw was eleven yards
in length. These houses are ornamented according to the
ability and inclination of the surviving relations, who never
fail to lay a profusion of good cloth about the body, and
often almost cover the outside of the house ; the two ends,
which are open, are also hung with garlands of the fruits
of the palm-nut (Pandanm), cocoanut leaves knotted by
the priests, mystic roots, and a plant called by them ethee
nota marai (Terminalia), which is particularly consecrated
to funerals. Near the house is also laid fish, fruits, and
cocoanut s, or common water, or such provisions as can
well be spared ; not that they suppose the dead in any-
way capable of eating this provision, but they think that
if any of their gods should descend upon that place, and
being hungry find that these preparations had been neglected,
he would infallibly satisfy his appetite with the flesh of the
corpse.

No sooner is the corpse fixed up within the house, or
ewhatta, as they call it, than the ceremony of mourning
begins again. The women (for the men seem to think
lamentations beneath their dignity) assemble, led on by the
nearest relative, who, walking up to the door of the house,
swimming almost in tears, strikes a shark's tooth several
times into the crown of her head ; the blood which results
from these wounds is carefully caught in their linen, and
thrown under the bier. Her example is imitated by the
rest of the women; and this ceremony is repeated at intervals
of two or three days, as long as the women are willing or
able to keep it up ; the nearest relation thinking it her
duty to continue it longer than any one else. Besides this
blood — which they believe to be an acceptable present to the
deceased, whose soul they believe to exist, and hover about
the place where the body lays, observing the action of the
survivors — they throw in cloths wet with tears, of which all
that are shed are carefully preserved for that purpose ; and

1769 MOURNING CEREMONIES 171

the younger people cut off all or a part of their hair, and
throw that also under the bier.

When the ceremonies have been performed for two or
three days, the men, who till now seemed to be entirely
insensible of their loss, begin their part. They have a
peculiar dress for this occasion, and patrol the woods early
in the morning and late at night, preceded by two or three
boys, who have nothing upon them but a small piece of
cloth round their waists, and who are smutted all over
with charcoal. These sable emissaries run about their
principal in all directions, as if in pursuit of people on
whom he may vent the rage inspired by his sorrow, which he
does most unmercifully if he catches any one, cutting them
with his stick, the edge of which is set with shark's teeth.
But this rarely or never happens, for no sooner does this figure
appear than every one who sees either him or his emissaries,
inspired with a sort of religious awe, flies with the utmost
speed, hiding wherever he thinks himself safest, but by all
means quitting his house if it lies even near the path of
this dreadful apparition.

These ceremonies continue for five moons, decreasing,
however, in frequency very much towards the latter part
of that time. The body is then taken down from the
ewha&a, the bones washed and scraped very clean, and
buried according to the rank of the person, either within or
without some one of their marais or places of public
worship ; and if it is one of their earees, or chiefs, his skull
is preserved, and, wrapped up in fine cloth, is placed in a
kind of case made for the purpose, which stands in the
marai. The mourning then ceases, unless some of the
women, who find themselves more than commonly afflicted
by their loss, repeat the ceremony of poopooing, or bleeding
themselves in the head, which they do at any time or in any
place they happen to be when the whim takes them.

The ceremonies, however, are far from ceasing at this
stage ; frequent prayers must be said by the priest, and
frequent offerings made for the benefit of the deceased, or
more properly for that of the priests, who are well paid

i;2 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF SOUTH SEA ISLANDS CH. vn

for their prayers by the surviving relations. During the
ceremony emblematical devices are made use of; a young
plantain tree signifies the deceased, and a bundle of feathers
the deity invoked. Opposite to this the priest places
himself, often attended by relations of the deceased, and
always furnished with a small offering of some kind of
eatables intended for the god. He begins by addressing
the god by a set form of sentences, and during the time he
repeats them employs himself in weaving cocoanut leaves
into different forms, all which he disposes upon the grave
where the bones have been deposited ; the deity is then
addressed by a shrill screech, used only on that occasion,
and the offering presented to his representative (the little
tuft of feathers), which after this is removed, and everything
else left in statu quo, to the no small emolument of the rats,
who quietly devour the offering.

Keligion has been in all ages, and is still in all countries,
clothed in mysteries inexplicable to human understanding.
In the South Sea Islands it has still another disadvantage
to any one who desires to investigate it : the language in
which it is conveyed, or at least many words of it, is
different from that of common conversation ; so that although
Tupia often showed the greatest desire to instruct us in it,
he found it almost impossible. It is only necessary to
remember how difficult it would be to reconcile the apparent
inconsistencies of our own religion to the faith of an infidel,
and to recollect how many excellent discourses are daily
read to instruct even us in the faith which we profess, to
excuse me when I declare that I know less of the religion of
these people than of any other part of their policy. What
I do know, however, I shall here write down, hoping that
inconsistencies may not appear to the eye of the candid
reader as absurdities.

This universe and its marvellous parts must strike the
most stupid with a desire of knowing from whence they
themselves and it were produced ; their priests, however,
have not ideas sufficiently enlarged to adopt that of creation.
That this world should have been originally created from

1769 RELIGION

173

nothing far surpasses their comprehension. They observed,
however, that every animal and every plant produced others,
and adopted the idea ; hence it is necessary to suppose two
original beings, one of whom they called Ettoomoo, and the
other, which they say was a rock, Tepapa. These, at some
very remote period of time, produced men and women, and
from their children is derived all that is seen or known to
us. Some things, however, they imagine, increased among
themselves, as the stars, the different species of plants, and
even the different divisions of time — the year, say they,
produced the months, who in their turn produced the days.

Their gods are numerous, and are divided into two
classes, the greater and the lesser gods, and in each class
some are of both sexes. The chief of all is Tarroatiettoomoo,
the father of all things, whom they emphatically style the
" Causer of Earthquakes " ; his son, Tane, is, however,
much more generally invoked, as he is supposed to be the
more active deity. The men worship the male gods, and
the women the females ; the men, however, supply the
office of priest for both sexes.

They believe in a heaven and a hell : the first they call
Tamrua 1'orai, the other tiahoboo. Heaven they describe as
a place of great happiness, while hell is only a place enjoy-
ing less of the luxuries of life : to this, they say, the
souls of the inferior people go after death, and those of
the chiefs and rich men go to heaven. This is one of the
strongest instances to show that their religion is totally
independent of morality, no actions regarding their neigh-
bours are supposed to come at all under the cognisance of
the diety : a humble regard only is to be shown him, and
his assistance asked on all occasions with much ceremony
and some sacrifice, from whence are derived the perquisites
of the priests.

The Tahowa, or priest, is here a hereditary dignity.
These priests are numerous : the chief of them is generally the
younger brother of some very good family, and ranks next
to the king. All priests are commonly more learned than
the laity : their learning consists chiefly in knowing well

174 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF SOUTH SEA ISLANDS CH. vn

the names and rank of the different Eatuas, or divinities, the
origin of the universe and all its parts, etc. This knowledge
has been handed down to them in set sentences, of which
those who are clever can repeat an almost infinite number.

Besides religion, the practice of physic and the knowledge
of navigation and astronomy is in the possession of the
priests : the name indeed, Tahowa, signifies a man of
knowledge, so that even here the priests monopolise the
greater part of the learning of the country in much the
same manner as they formerly did in Europe. From their
learning they gain profit as well as respect, each in his
particular order ; for each order has priests of its own ; nor
would those of the manahounis do anything for a toutou
who is below them.

Marriage in these islands is no more than an agreement
between man and woman, totally independent of the priest ;
it is in general, I believe, well kept, unless the parties agree
to separate, which is done with as little trouble as they came
together. Few people, however, enter this state, but rather
choose freedom, though bought at the inhuman expense of
murdering their children, whose fate is in that case entirely
dependent on the father, who if he does not choose to
acknowledge both them and the woman, and engage to con-
tribute his part towards their support, orders the child to be
strangled, which is instantly put in execution.

If our priests have excelled theirs in persuading us that
marriage cannot be lawful without their benediction having
been bought, they have done it by intermingling it so far
with religion that the fear of punishment from above secures
their power over us ; but these untaught persons have
secured to themselves the profit of two operations without
being driven to the necessity of so severe a penalty on the
refusal, viz. tattowirig and circumcision; neither of these
can be performed by any but priests, and as the highest
degree of shame attaches to the neglect of either, the people
are as much obliged to make use of them as if bound by the
highest ties of religion, of which both customs are totally
independent. They give no reason for the tattowing but

1769 MARAIS 175

that their ancestors did the same : for both these operations
the priests are paid by every one according to his ability,
in the same manner as weddings, christenings, etc., etc., are
paid for in Europe. Their places of public worship, or
marais, are square enclosures of very different sizes, from
ten to a hundred yards in length. At one end a heap or
pile of stones is built up, near which the bones of the
principal people are interred, those of their dependents
lying all round on the outside of the wall. Near or in
these enclosures are often placed planks carved into different
figures, and very frequently images of many men standing
on each other's heads ; these, however, are in no degree the
objects of adoration, every prayer and sacrifice being offered
to invisible deities.

Near, or even within the marai, are one or more large
altars, raised on high posts ten or twelve feet above the
ground, which are called ewhattas ; on these are laid the
offerings, hogs, dogs, fowls, fruits, or whatever else the piety
or superfluity of the owner thinks proper to dedicate to the
gods.

Both these places are reverenced in the highest degree :
no man approaches them without taking his clothes from off
his shoulders, and no woman is on any account permitted
to enter them. The women, however, have marais of their
own, where they worship and sacrifice to their goddesses.

Of these marais each family of consequence has one,
which serves for himself and his dependents. As each
family values itself on its antiquity, so are the marais
esteemed: in the Society Isles, especially Ulhietea, were
some of great antiquity, particularly that of Tapo de boatea.
The material of these is rough and coarse, but the stones of
which they are composed are immensely large. At Otahite
again, where from frequent wars or other accidents many
of the most ancient families are extinct, they have tried to
make them as elegant and expensive as possible, of which
sort is that of Oamo (described on pp. 102-4).

Besides their gods, each island has a bird, to which the
title of Eatua or god is given : for instance Ulhietea has the

1 76 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF SOUTH SEA ISLANDS CH. vn

heron, and Bola-Bola a kind of kingfisher : these birds are
held in high respect, and are never killed or molested : they
are thought to be givers of good or bad fortune, but no sort
of worship is offered to them.

Though I dare not assert that these people, to whom the
art of writing, and consequently of recording laws, etc., is
totally unknown, live under a regular form of government,
yet the subordination which takes place among them very
much resembles the early state of the feudal laws, by which
our ancestors were so long governed, a system evidently
formed to secure the licentious liberty of a few, while the
greater part of the society are unalterably immersed in the
most abject slavery.

Their orders are Earee ra hie, which answers to king ;
earee, baron ; manahouni, vassal ; and toutou, villain. The
earee ra hie is always the head of the best family in the
country : to him great respect is paid by all ranks, but in
power he seemed to be inferior to several of the principal
earees, nor indeed did he once appear in the transaction of
any part of our business. Next to him in rank are the
earees, each of whom holds one or more of the districts into
which the island is divided : in Otahite there may be about
a hundred such districts, which are by the earees parcelled
out to the manahounis, each of whom cultivates his part,
and for the use of it owes his chief service and provisions
when called upon, especially when the latter travels, which he
constantly does, accompanied by many of his friends and
their families, often amounting to nearly a hundred principals,
besides their attendants. Inferior to the manahounis are
the toutous, who are almost upon the same footing as the
slaves in the East Indian Islands, only that they never
appeared transferable from one to the other. These do all
kinds of laborious work : till the land, fetch wood and water,
dress the victuals, under the direction, however, of the
mistress of the family, catch fish, etc. Besides these are
the two classes of erata and towha, who seem to answer to
yeomen and gentlemen, as they came between the earee and
manahouni : but as I was not acquainted with the existence

1769 RANKS AND CLASSES 177

of these classes during our stay in the island, I know little
of their real situation.

Each of the earees keeps a kind of court, and has a large
attendance, chiefly of the younger brothers of his own
family and of other earees. Among these were different
officers of the court, as Heewa no t' Earee, Whanno no t'
Earee, who were sometimes sent to us on business. Of all
these courts Dootahah's was the most splendid, indeed we
were almost inclined to believe that he acted as locum tenens
for Otow, the Earee ra hie being his nephew, as he lived
upon an estate belonging to him, and we never could hear
that he had any other public place of residence.

The earees, or rather the districts which they possess,
are obliged in time of a general attack to furnish each
their quota of soldiers for the public service ; those of the
principal districts which Tupia recollected, when added
together, amounted to 6680 men, to which army it is
probable that the small quotas of the rest would not make
any great addition.

Besides these public wars, which must be headed by the
JEaree ra hie, any private difference between two earees is
decided by their own people without in the least disturbing
the tranquillity of the public. Their weapons are slings,
which they use with great dexterity, pikes headed with the
stings of sting-rays, and clubs six or seven feet long, made
of a very heavy and hard wood ; with these they fight by
their own account very obstinately, which appears the more
probable as the conquerors give no quarter to any man,
woman, or child who is unfortunate enough to fall into
their hands during or for some time after the battle, that
is, until their passion has subsided.

Otahite at the time of our stay there was divided into
two kingdoms, Oporenoo, the larger, and Tiarrebo ; each had
its separate king, etc. etc., who were at peace with each
other ; the king of Oporenoo, however, called himself king
of both, in just the same manner as European monarchs
usurp the title of king over kingdoms in which they have
not the least influence.

N

178 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF SOUTH SEA ISLANDS CH. vn

It is not to be expected that in a government of this
kind justice can be properly administered, we saw indeed
no signs of punishment during our stay. Tupia, however,
always insisted upon it that theft was punished with death,
and smaller crimes in proportion. All punishments, how-
ever, were the business of the injured party, who, if superior
to him who committed the crime, easily executed them by
means of his more numerous attendants ; equals seldom
chose to molest each other, unless countenanced by their
superiors, who assisted them to defend their unjust acquisi-
tions. The chiefs, however, to whom in reality all kinds
of property belong, punish their dependents for crimes
committed against each other, and the dependents of others,
if caught doing wrong within their districts.

CHAPTER VIII

SOUTH SEA ISLANDS TO NEW ZEALAND (THAMES RIVER)
AUG. 15— Nov. 22, 1769

Waterspout — Comet : its effect on natives— Diary at sea— Condition of ship's
supplies — Port Egmont hens — Land of New Zealand made — A native
shot — Conflict with natives — Capture of a canoe — Poverty Bay — Natives
come on board — Their appearance and clothing — Boy seized by natives —
Appearance of the land — Occupations of the natives — Bracken as food —
Mode of fighting — Religion — A large canoe — Natives throw stones on
board — Coast along New Zealand— Habits of natives — Transit of Mercury
— Shags — Oysters — Lobster-catching — Heppahs or forts — Thames River —
Timber trees.

1 6th August 1769. Early this morning we were told that
land was in sight. It proved to be a cloud, but at first sight
was so like land that it deceived every man in the ship ; even
Tupia gave it a name.

Vlfh. A heavy swell from the south-west all day, so we
are not yet under the lee of the continent. Our taros
(roots like a yam, called in the West Indies cocos) failed us
to-day ; many of them were rotten. They would probably
have kept longer had we had either time or opportunity of
drying them well, but I believe that at the best they are
very much inferior to either yams or potatoes for keeping.

24ith. The morning was calm. About nine it began
to blow fresh with rain, which came on without the least
warning ; at the same time a waterspout was seen to lee-
ward. It appeared to me so inconsiderable, that had it not
been pointed out to me, I should not have particularly
noticed the appearance. It resembled a line of thick mist,
as thick as a middling-sized tree, which reached, not in a

i8o SOUTH SEA ISLANDS TO NEW ZEALAND CH. vni

straight line, almost to the water's edge, and in a few
minutes totally disappeared. Its distance, I suppose, made
it appear so trifling, as the seamen judged it to be not less
than two or three miles from us.

29th. In the course of last night a phenomenon was
seen in the heavens which Mr. Green says is either a comet
or a nebula ; he does not know which ; the seamen have
observed it these three nights.

30th. Our comet is this morning acknowledged, and
proves a very large one, but very faint. Tupia, as soon as
he saw it, declared that the people of Bola-Bola would, upon
the sight of it, kill the people of Ulhietea, of whom as many
as were able would fly into the mountains. Several birds
were seen : pintados, albatrosses of both kinds, the little
silver-backed bird which we saw off the Falkland Isles
and Cape Horn (Procellaria velox), and a gray shearwater.
Peter saw a green bird about the size of a dove : the colour
makes us hope that it is a land bird ; it took, however, not
the least notice of the ship. Some seaweed was also seen
to pass by the ship, but as it was a very small piece, our
hopes are not very sanguine on that head.

3 1st. Many millions, I may safely say, of the Procellaria
velox mentioned yesterday were about the ship to-day ; they
were grayish on the back, and some had a dark -coloured
mark going in a crooked direction over the back and wings.
I tried to-day to catch some of these numerous attendants
with a hook; but after the whole morning spent in the
attempt caught only one pintado, which proved to be Procel-
laria capensis, Linn.

19th September. Shot Procellaria velox (the dove of the
31st), P. vagabunda (a gray - backed shearwater) and a
Passerina. Took with the dipping-net Medusa vitrea,
Phyllodoce velella (to one species of which adhered Lepas
anatifera), Doris complanata, Helix violacea,1 and a Cancer.

23rd. Dr. Solander has been unwell for some days, so
to-day I opened Dr. Hulme's essence of lemon juice, Mr.
Monkhouse having prescribed it for him ; it proved perfectly

1 A species of lanthina.

SEPT. 1769 CONDITION OF SHIP'S PROVISIONS 181

good, little, if at all, inferior in taste to fresh lemon juice.
We also to-day made a pie of the North American apples
which Dr. Fothergill had given me, and which proved very
good ; if not quite equal to the apple pies which our friends
in England are now eating, good enough to please us who
have been so long deprived of the fruits of our native country.
In the main, however, we are very well off for refreshments
and provisions of most sorts. Our ship's beef and pork are
excellent ; peas, flour, and oatmeal are at present, and have
been in general, very good ; our water is as sweet and
has rather more spirit than it had when drank out of the
river at Otahite ; our bread, indeed, is but indifferent, occa-
sioned by the quantity of vermin that are in it. I have
often seen hundreds, nay, thousands, shaken out of a single
biscuit. We in the cabin have, however, an easy remedy for
this, by baking it in an oven, not too hot, which makes them
all walk off ; but this cannot be allowed to the ship's people,
who must find the taste of these animals very disagreeable,
as they every one taste as strong as mustard, or rather
spirits of hartshorn. They are of five kinds, three Tenebrio,
one Ptinus, and the PJialangium canchroides ; this last, how-
ever, is scarce in the common bread, but vastly plentiful in
white meal biscuits, as long as we had any left.

Wheat has been boiled for the breakfasts of the ship's
company two or three times a week, in the same manner as
frumenty is made. This has, I believe, been a very useful
refreshment to them, as well as an agreeable food, which I
myself and most of the officers in the ship have constantly
breakfasted upon in the cold weather. The grain was origin-
ally of a good quality, and has kept without the least damage.
This, however, cannot be said of the malt, of which we have
plainly had two kinds, one very good, which was used up
some time ago. What we are at present using is good for
nothing at all; it was originally of a bad light grain, and
so little care has been taken in making it that the tails are
left in with innumerable other kinds of dirt ; add to all
this that it has been damped on board ship ; so that, with all
the care that can be used, it will scarce give a tincture to

182 SOUTH SEA ISLANDS TO NEW ZEALAND CH. vm

water. Portable soup is very good ; it has now and then
required an airing to prevent it from moulding. Sour crout
is as good as ever.

So much for the ship's company : we ourselves are hardly
as well off as they. Our live stock consists of seventeen
sheep, four or five fowls, as many South Sea hogs, four or five
Muscovy ducks, and an English hoar and sow with a litter
of pigs. In the use of these we are rather sparing, as the
time of our getting a fresh supply is rather precarious.
Salt stock we have nothing worth mentioning, except a kind
of salt beef and salted cabbage. Our malt liquors have
answered extremely well ; we have now both small beer and
porter upon tap, as good as I ever drank them, especially
the latter. The small beer had some art used to make it
keep. Our wine I cannot say much for, though I believe it
to be good in its nature ; we have not had a glass full these
many months, I believe chiefly owing to the carelessness or
ignorance of the steward.

2nd October. Took Dagysa rostrata, serena, and polyedra ;
Beroe incrassata and coarctata ; Medusa vitrea ; PJiyllodoce
velella, with several other things which are all put in spirits ;
Diomedea exulans ; Procellaria velox, palmipes, latirostris, and
longipes ; and Nectris fuliginosa.

3rd. In the course of the day several pieces of a new
species of seaweed were taken, and one piece of wood covered
with striated barnacles (Lepas anserina).

5th. Two seals passed the ship asleep, and three birds
which Mr. Gore calls Port Egmont hens (Larus catarrhactes).
He says they are a sure sign of our being near land. They
are something larger than a crow ; in flight much like one,
flapping their wings often with a slow motion. Their
bodies and wings are of a dark chocolate or soot colour ;
under each wing is a small broadish bar of a dirty white,
which makes them so remarkable that it is hardly possible
to mistake them. They are seen, as he says, all along the
coast of South America and the Falkland Isles. I myself
remember to have seen them at Terra del Fuego, but by
some accident did not note them down.

OCT. 1769 OFF NEW ZEALAND 183

*lth. This morning the land was plainly seen from the
deck ; it appears to be very large. About eleven a large
smoke was seen, and soon after several more sure signs of
inhabitants. I shot Nectris munda and Procellaria velox,
and took with the dipping-net Dagysa gemma, and a good
deal of Fucus sertularia, etc., the examination of which is
postponed till we shall have more time than we are likely
to have at present.

8th. This morning we are very near the land, which
forms many white cliffs like chalk. The hills are in general
clothed with trees ; in the valleys some appear to be very
large. The whole appearance is not so fruitful as we could
wish. We stood in for a large bay in hopes of finding a
harbour, and before we were well within the heads we saw
several canoes standing across the bay, which after a little
time returned to the place they came from without appear-
ing to take the least notice of us. Some houses were also
seen, which appeared low but neat ; near one of them there
were a good many people collected, who sat down upon the
beach, seemingly observing us. On a small peninsular at
the north-east head we could plainly see a regular paling,
pretty high, inclosing the top of a hill, for what purpose many
conjectures were made ; most are of opinion, or say at least,
that it must be either a park of deer or a field of
oxen and sheep. By four o'clock we came to an anchor
nearly two miles from the shore. The bay appears to be
quite open, without the least shelter ; the two sides of it
make in high white cliffs ; the middle is lowland, with hills
gradually rising behind one another to a chain of high
mountains inland. Here we saw many great smokes, some
near the beach, others between the hills, some very far
within land, which we looked upon as great indications of a
populous country.

In the evening I went ashore with the marines. We
marched from the boats in hopes of finding water, etc., and
saw a few of the natives, who ran away immediately on
seeing us. While we were absent four of them attacked
our small boat, in which were only four boys. They got off

184 NEW ZEALAND CHAP, vm

from the shore in a river ; the people followed them and
threatened with long lances ; the pinnace soon came to their
assistance, fired upon the natives, and killed the chief. The
other three dragged the body about a hundred yards and
then left it. At the report of the muskets we drew
together and went to the place where the body was left ; it
was shot through the heart. He was a middle-sized man,
tattowed on the face on one cheek only, in spiral lines very
regularly formed. He was covered with a fine cloth of a
manufacture totally new to us ; it was tied on exactly as
represented in Mr. Dalrymple's book,1 p. 6 3 ; his hair was
also tied in a knot on the top of his head, but there was no
feather stuck in it ; his complexion brown but not very dark.

Soon after we came on board we very distinctly heard
the people ashore talking very loud, although they were not
less than two miles distant from us.

9th. On attempting to land this morning the Indians
received us with threatening demonstrations, but a musket
fired wide of them intimidated them, and they allowed us
to approach near enough to parley. Tupia found their
language so near his own that he could tolerably well
understand them. He induced them to lay down their
arms, and we gave them some beads and iron, neither of
which they seemed to value ; indeed, they seemed totally
ignorant of the use of the latter. They constantly
attempted to seize our arms, or anything they could get, so
that we were obliged to fire on them and disperse them ;
none were, we hope, killed. Soon after we intercepted a
native canoe; but when we came up with it, the owners
made so desperate a resistance that we were compelled to
fire upon them, killing four; the other three (boys)
attempted to swim to shore, but were captured and taken
on board the ship. On finding that they were not to be
killed, they at once recovered their spirits, and soon
appeared to have forgotten everything that had happened.
At supper they ate an enormous quantity of bread, and

1 An Account of the Discoveries made in the South Pacifick Ocean, previous to
1764. By Alexander Dalrymple. London, 1767.

OCT. 1769 POVERTY BAY 185

drank over a quart of water apiece. Thus ended the most
disagreeable day my life has yet seen ; black be the mark
for it, and heaven send that such may never return to
embitter future reflection.

IQth. The native boys, after being loaded with presents,
were put in the boats and rowed ashore by our men. They
at first begged hard not to be set ashore at the place where
we had landed yesterday, and to which we first rowed
to-day, but afterwards voluntarily landed there. The
natives again appeared threatening, but it was presently
discovered that they were friends of the boys we had
captured, and a peace was presently concluded by our
acceptance of green boughs which they presented to us ; a
not unimportant ratification apparently being the removal
by them of the body of the man killed yesterday, which had
remained till now on the same spot.

11th. This morning we took leave of Poverty Bay, as we
named it, with not above forty species of plants in our boxes,
which is not to be wondered at, as we were so little ashore,
and always upon the same spot. The only time when we
wandered about a mile from the boats was upon a swamp
where not more than three species of plants were found.

Several canoes put off from the shore, and came towards
us within less than a quarter of a mile, but could not at
first be persuaded to come nearer. At last one was seen
coming from Poverty Bay, or near it. She had only four
people in her, one of whom I well remembered to have seen
at our first interview on the rock. These never stopped to
look at anything, but came at once alongside of the ship,
and with very little persuasion came on board. Their
example was quickly followed by the rest, seven canoes in
all, and fifty men. Many presents were given to them,
notwithstanding which they very quickly sold almost every-
thing that they had with them, even their clothes from their
backs, and the paddles out of their boats. Arms they had
none, except two men, one of whom sold his
patoo patoo, as he called it, a short weapon of
green talc of this shape, intended, doubtless, for fighting

1 86 NEW ZEALAND CHAP, vm

hand-to-hand, and certainly well contrived for splitting skulls,
as it weighs not less than four or five pounds, and has sharp
edges excellently polished.

The people were, in general, of a middling size, though
there was no one who measured more than six feet. Their
colour was a dark brown. Their lips were stained with
something put under the skin (as in the Otahite tattow), and
their faces marked with deeply - engraved furrows, also
coloured black, and formed in regular spirals. Of these, the
oldest people had much the greatest quantity, and most
deeply channelled, in some not less than ^ part of an
inch. Their hair was black, and tietl up on the tops of
their heads in a little knot, in which were stuck feathers
of various birds in different tastes, according to the
humour of the wearer. Sometimes they had one knot on
each side, and pointing forwards, which made a most dis-
agreeable appearance. In their ears they generally wore a
large bunch of the milk-white down of some bird. The
faces of some were painted with a red colour in oil, some
all over, others in parts only. In their hair was much oil,
which had very little smell, but more lice than ever I saw
before. Most of them had a small comb, neatly enough
made, sometimes of wood, sometimes of bone, which they
seem to prize much. A few had on their faces or arms
regular scars, as if made with a sharp instrument, such as I
have seen on the faces of negroes. The inferior sort were
clothed in something that very much resembled hemp : the
loose strings of this were fastened together at the top, and it
hung down about two feet like a petticoat. Of these
garments they wore two, one round their shoulders, and the
other about their waists. The richer had garments probably
of a finer sort of the same stuff, most beautifully made, and
exactly like that of the South American Indians at this day,
and as fine, or finer, than a piece which I bought at Eio de
Janeiro for thirty-six shillings, and which was esteemed un-
commonly cheap at that price. Their boats were not large,
but well made, something like our whale boats, not longer.
The bottom was the trunk of a tree hollowed out, and very

OCT. 1769 APPEARANCE OF THE NATIVES 187

thin. This was raised by a board on each side, with a strip
of wood sewed over the seani to make it tight. On the
prow of every one was carved the head of a man with an
enormous tongue reaching out of his mouth. These gro-
tesque figures were generally very well executed; some
had eyes inlaid with something that shone very much. The
whole served to give us an idea of their taste, as well as
ingenuity in execution. It was certainly much superior
to anything we have yet seen.

Their behaviour while on board showed every sign of
friendship. They invited us very cordially to come back
to our old bay, or to a small cove near it. I could not help
wishing that we had done so, but the captain chose rather
to stand on in search of a better harbour. God send that we
may not have the same tragedy to act over again as we so
lately perpetrated. The country is certainly divided into many
small principalities, so we cannot hope that an account of
our weapons and management of them can be conveyed as
far as we must in all probability go ; and of this I am well
convinced, that till these warlike people have severely felt
our superiority they will never behave to us in a friendly
manner.

About an hour before sunset the canoes left us, and with
us three of their people, who were very desirous to have
gone with them, but were not permitted to return. What
their reason for so doing is we can only guess ; possibly they
may think that their being on board may induce us to
remain here till to-morrow, when they will return and
renew the traffic by which they find themselves so great
gamers. The three people were tolerably cheerful ; enter-
tained us with dancing and singing after their custom ; ate
their suppers and went to bed very quietly.

1 2th. During last night the ship sailed some leagues,
which, as soon as the three men saw, they began to lament
and weep very much, and Tupia could with difficulty comfort
them. About seven o'clock two canoes appeared, one of
which contained an old man who seemed to be a chief, from
the fineness of his garment and patoo patoo, which was made

i88 NEW ZEALAND CHAP, vm

of bone (he said of a whale). He stayed but a short time,
and when he went he took with him our three guests, much
to our, as well as their, satisfaction.

In sailing along shore, we could clearly see several
cultivated spots of land, some freshly turned up, and lying
in furrows, as if ploughed; others with plants growing
upon them, some younger and some older. We also saw in
two places high rails upon the ridges of hills, but could only
guess that they are a part of some superstition, as they were
in lines not inclosing anything.

1 5th. Snow was still to be seen upon the mountains inland.
In the morning we were abreast of the southernmost cape of
a large bay, the northernmost of which was named Portland
Isle. The bay itself was called Hawke's Bay. The southern
point was called Cape Kidnappers, on account of an attempt
made by the natives to steal Tayeto, Tupia's boy. He was
employed in handing up the articles which the natives were
selling, when one of the men in a canoe seized him and
pushed off. A shot was fired into the canoe, whereupon
they loosed the boy, who immediately leaped into the water
and swam to the ship. When he had a little recovered from
his fright, Tayeto brought a fish to Tupia, and told him that
he intended it as an offering to his eatua, in gratitude for
his escape. Tupia approved it, and ordered him to throw it
in the water, which he did.

16th. Mountains covered with snow were in sight again
this morning, so that a chain of them probably runs within
the country. Vast shoals of fish were about the ship,
pursued by large flocks of brownish birds a little bigger
than a pigeon (Nectris munda). Their method of fishing
was amusing enough : a whole flock of birds would follow
the fish, which swam fast; they continually plunged under
water, and soon after rose again in another place, so that the
whole flock sometimes vanished altogether, and rose again,
often where you did not expect them ; in less than a
minute's time they were down again, and so alternately as
long as we saw them. Before dinner we were abreast of
another cape, which made in a bluff rock, the upper part of

OCT. 1769 HAWKE'S BAY !89

a reddish-coloured stone or clay, the lower white. Beyond
this the country appeared pleasant, with low smooth hills
like downs. The captain thought it not necessary to
proceed any farther on this side of the coast, so the ship's
head was turned to the northward, and the cape thence
called Cape Turnagain. At night we were off Hawke's Bay
and saw two monstrous fires inland on the hills. We are
now inclined to think that these, and most if not all the
great fires that we have seen, are made for the convenience
of clearing the land for tillage, but for whatever purpose
they are a certain indication that where they are the country
is inhabited.

20th. Several canoes followed us, and seemed very
peaceably inclined, inviting us to go into a bay they pointed
out, where they said was plenty of fresh water. We followed
them in, and by eleven came to an anchor. We then
invited two, who seemed by their dress to be chiefs, to come
on board ; they immediately accepted our invitation. In the
meantime those who remained in the canoes traded with our
people very fairly for whatever they had in their boats. The
chiefs, who were two old men, the one dressed in a jacket
ornamented after their fashion with dog skin, the other in
one covered almost entirely with some tufts of red feathers,
received our presents, and stayed with us till we had dined.

21st. At daybreak the waterers went ashore, and soon
after Dr. Solander and myself did the same. There was a
good deal of surf upon the beach, but we landed without
much difficulty. The natives sat by our people, but did not
intermix with them. They traded, however, for cloth chiefly,
giving whatever they had, though they seemed pleased with
observing our people, as well as with the gain they got by
trading with them ; yet they did not neglect their ordinary
occupations. In the morning several of their boats went
out fishing, and at dinner-time all went to their respective
homes, returning after a certain time. Such fair appearances
made Dr. Solander and myself almost trust them ; we ranged
all about the bay and were well repaid by finding many
plants, and shooting some most beautiful birds. In doing

190 NEW ZEALAND CHAP, vm

this we visited several houses, and saw a little of their
customs, for they were not at all shy of showing us anything
we desired to see, nor did they on our account interrupt their
meals, the only employment we saw them engaged in.

Their food at this time of the year consisted of fish, with
which, instead of bread, they eat the roots of a kind of fern,
Pteris crenulata,1 very like that which grows upon our
commons in England. These were slightly roasted on the
fire and then beaten with a stick, which took off the bark
and dry outside ; what remained had a sweetish, clammy,
but not disagreeable taste. It might be esteemed a tolerable
food, were it not for the quantity of strings and fibres in it,
which in quantity three or four times exceed the soft part.
These were swallowed by some, but the greater number spit
them out, for which purpose they had a basket standing
under them to receive their chewed morsels, in shape and
colour not unlike chaws of tobacco. Though at this time of
the year this most homely fare was their principal diet, yet
in the proper seasons they certainly have plenty of excellent
vegetables. We have seen no sign of tame animals among
them, except very small and ugly dogs. Their plantations
were now hardly finished, but so well was the ground tilled
that I have seldom seen land better broken up. In them
were planted sweet potatoes, cocos, and a plant of the
cucumber kind, as we judged from the seed leaves which
just appeared above ground.

The first of these were planted in small hills, some in
rows, others in quincunx, all laid most regularly in line.
The cocos were planted on flat land, and had not yet
appeared above ground. The cucumbers were set in small
hollows or ditches, much as in England. These plantations
varied in size from 1 to 10 acres each. In the bay there
might be 150 or 200 acres in cultivation, though we did
not see 100 people in all. Each distinct patch was fenced
in, generally with reeds placed close one by another, so that
a mouse could scarcely creep through.

When we went to their houses, men, women and children

1 The same plant as the British bracken, Pteris aquilina.

OCT. 1769 NATIVE CUSTOMS 191

received us ; no one showed the least signs of fear. The
women were plain, and made themselves more so by paint-
ing their faces with red ochre and oil, which was generally
fresh and wet upon their cheeks and foreheads, easily trans-
ferable to the noses of any one who should attempt to kiss
them, not that they seemed to have any objection to such
familiarities, as the noses of several of our people evidently
showed. But they were as coquettish as any Europeans
could be, and the young ones as skittish as unbroken fillies.
One part of their dress I cannot omit to mention: besides
their cloth, each one wore round the waist a string made of
the leaves of a highly-perfumed grass,1 to which was fastened
a small bunch of the leaves of some fragrant plant. Though
the men did not so frequently paint their faces, yet they
often did so ; one especially I observed, whose whole body
and garments were rubbed over with dry ochre ; of this he
constantly kept a piece in his hand, and generally rubbed it
on some part or other.

In the evening, all the boats being employed in carrying
on board water, we were likely to be left ashore till after dark.
We did not like to lose so much of our time for sorting our
specimens and putting them in order, so we applied to our
friends the Indians for a passage in one of their canoes.
They readily launched one for us ; but we, in number eight,
not being used to so ticklish a conveyance, overset her in
the surf, and were very well soused. Four of us were
obliged to remain, and Dr. Solander, Tupia, Tayeto and
myself embarked again, and came without accident to the
ship, well pleased with the behaviour of our Indian friends,
who would a second time undertake to carry off such clumsy
fellows.

24th. Dr. Solander and I went ashore botanising, and
found many new plants. The people behaved perfectly
well, not mixing with or at all interrupting our people in
what they were about, but on the contrary selling them
whatever they had for Otahite cloth and glass bottles, of
which they were uncommonly fond.

1 Hierochloe redolens, Br.

192 NEW ZEALAND CHAP, vm

In our walks we met with many houses in the valleys
that seemed to be quite deserted. The people lived on the
ridges of hills in very slightly-built houses, or rather sheds.
For what reason they have left the valleys we can only
guess, maybe for air, but if so they purchase that con-
venience at a dear rate, as all their fishing tackle and lobster
pots, of which they have many, must be brought up with
no small labour.

"We saw also an extraordinary natural curiosity. In pur-
suing a valley bounded on each side by steep hills, we
suddenly saw a most noble arch or cavern through the face
of a rock leading directly to the sea, so that through it we
had not only a view of the bay and hills on the other side,
but an opportunity of imagining a ship or any other grand
object opposite to it. It was certainly the most magnificent
surprise I have ever met with ; so much is pure nature
superior to art in these cases. I have seen such places
made by art, where from an inland view you were led
through an arch 6 feet wide, and 7 feet high, to a prospect
of the sea ; but here was an arch 2 5 yards in length,
9 in breadth, and at least 15 in height.

In the evening we returned to the watering-place, in order
to go on board with our treasure of plants, birds, etc., but were
prevented by an old man who detained us some time in show-
ing us their exercises with arms, lances, and patoo patoos. The
lance is made of a hard wood, from 10 to 14 feet long,
and very sharp at the ends. A stick was set up as an
enemy ; to this he advanced with a most furious aspect,
brandishing his lance, which he held with great firmness ;
after some time he ran at the stick, and, supposing it a
man run through the body, immediately fell upon the upper
end of it, dealing it most merciless blows with his patoo
patoo, any one of which would have probably split most
skulls. From this I should conclude that they give no
quarter.

25th. Went ashore this morning and renewed our
search for plants, etc., with great success. In the mean-
time Tupia, who stayed with the waterers, had much conver-

OCT. 1769 NEW ZEALAND CANOE 193

sation with one of their priests ; they seemed to agree very
well in their notions of religion, only Tupia was much
more learned than the other, and all his discourse was
received with much attention. He asked them in the course
of his conversation many questions, among the rest whether
or no they really ate men, which he was very loth to
believe ; they answered in the affirmative, saying that they
ate the bodies only of those of their enemies who were killed
in war.

Among other knicknacks, Dr. Solander bought a boy's
top, which resembled those our boys play with in England,
and which they made signs was to be whipped in the same
manner.

2Sth. On an island called Jubolai we saw the largest
canoe which we had met with; her length was 68 J feet,
her breadth 5 feet, and her height 3 feet 6 inches. She
was built with a sharp bottom, made in three pieces of
trunks of trees hollowed out, the middlemost of which was
much longer than either of the other two; their gunnel
planks were in one piece 62 feet 2 inches in length, carved
prettily enough in bas-relief; the head also was richly
carved in their fashion. We saw also a house larger than
any we had seen, though not more than 3 0 feet long ; it
seemed as if it had never been finished, being full of chips ;
the woodwork was squared so evenly and smoothly that we
could not doubt of their having very sharp tools. All the
side-posts were carved in a masterly style of their whimsical
taste, which seems confined to making spirals and distorted
human faces ; all these had clearly been moved from some
other place, so that such work probably bears a value among
them.

While Mr. Sporing was drawing on the island he saw a
most strange bird fly over his head. He described it as
being about as large as a kite, and brown like one ; his tail,
however, was of so enormous a length that he at first took
it for a flock of small birds flying after him : he who is a
grave thinking man, and is not at all given to telling
wonderful stories, says he judged it to be yards in length.

o

194 NEW ZEALAND CHAP, vin

29th. Our water having been got on board the day
before yesterday, and nothing done yesterday but getting a
small quantity of wood and a large supply of excellent
celery, with which this country abounds, we this morning
sailed.

30th. Before noon we passed by a cape which the
captain judged to be the easternmost point of the country,
and therefore called it East Cape, at least till another is
found which better deserves that name.

1st November. Just at nightfall we were under a small
island, from whence came off a large double canoe, or rather
two canoes lashed together at a distance of about a foot,
and covered with boards so as to make a kind of deck.
She came pretty near the ship, and the people in her talked
with Tupia with much seeming friendship ; but when it
was just dark they ran the canoe close to the ship and
threw in three or four stones, after which they paddled
ashore.

2nd. Passed this morning between an island and the
main, which appeared low and sandy, with a remarkable hill
inland : flat and smooth as a molehill, though very high and
large. Many canoes and people were seen along shore.
Some followed us, but could not overtake us. A sailing
canoe that had chased us ever since daybreak then came up
with us, and proved the same double canoe which had
pelted us last night, so that we prepared for another volley
of their ammunition, dangerous to nothing on board but our
windows. The event proved as we expected, for after having
sailed with us an hour they threw their stones again. A
musket was fired over them and they dropped astern, not, I
believe, at all frightened by the musket, but content with
having showed their courage by twice insulting us. We
now begin to know these people, and are much less afraid
of any daring attempt from them than we were.

The country appeared low, with small cliffs near the
shore, but seemingly very fertile inland ; we saw plainly
with our glasses villages larger than any we had before
seen, situated on the tops of cliffs in places almost in-

NOV. 1769 COAST OF NEW ZEALAND

195

accessible, besides which they were guarded by a deep
fosse and a high paling within it, so that probably these
people are much given to war. In the evening many towns
were in sight, larger than those seen at noon, and always
situated like them on the tops of cliffs and fenced in the
same manner : under them, upon the beach, were many very
large canoes, some hundreds I may safely say, some of
which either had or appeared to have awnings, but not one
of them put off. From all these circumstances we judged
the country to be much better peopled hereabouts, and
inhabited by richer people than we had before seen ; maybe
it was the residence of some of their princes. As far as we
have yet gone along the coast from Cape Turnagain to this
place, the people have acknowledged only one chief, Teratu.
If his dominion is really so large, he may have princes or
governors under him capable of drawing together a vast
number of people, for he himself is always said to live far
inland.

3rd. The continent appeared this morning barren and
rocky, but many islands were in sight, chiefly with such
towns upon them as we saw yesterday. Two canoes put
off from one, but could not overtake us. At breakfast a
cluster of islands and rocks was in sight, which made an
uncommon appearance from the number of perpendicular
rocks or needles (as the seamen call them) which were in
sight at once. These we called the Court of Aldermen, in
respect to that worthy body, and entertained ourselves some
time with giving names to each of them from their resemb-
lance, thick and squab or lank and tall, to some one or
other of those respectable citizens. Soon after this we
passed an island, on which were houses built on the steep
sides of rocks, inaccessible, I had almost said, to birds. How
their inhabitants could ever have got to them surpassed my
comprehension. At present, however, we saw none, so that
these situations are probably no more than places to retire
to in case of danger, which are totally evacuated in peace-
able times.

5th. Two Indians were seen fighting about some quarrel

196 NEW ZEALAND CHAP, vm

of their own ; they began with lances, which were soon taken
from them by an old man, apparently a chief, but they were
allowed to continue their battle, which they did like
Englishmen with their fists for some time, after which all
of them retired behind a little hill, so that our people did
not see the event of the combat.

6th. The Indians, as yesterday, were tame. Their
habitations were certainly at a distance, as they had no
houses, but slept under the bushes. The bay where we now
are may be a place to which parties of them often resort for
the sake of shell-fish, which are here very plentiful ; indeed,
wherever we went, on hills or in valleys, in woods or plains,
we continually met with vast heaps of shells, often many
waggon-loads together, some appearing to be very old.
Wherever these were it is more than probable that parties of
Indians had at some time or other taken up their residence,
as our Indians had made such a pile about them. The
country in general was very barren, but the tops of the hills
were covered with a very large fern, the roots of which they
had got together in large quantities, as they said, to carry
away with them. We did not see any kind of cultivation.

8th. We botanised with our usual good success, which
could not be doubted in a country so totally new. In the
evening we went to our friends the Indians that we might
see the method in which they slept : it was, as they had
told us, on the bare ground, without more shelter than a
few trees over their heads. The women and children were
placed innermost, or farthest from the sea ; the men lay in a
kind of semicircle round them, and on the trees close by
were ranged their arms, in order, so no doubt they were
afraid of an attack from some enemy not far off. They do
not acknowledge any superior king, as did all those whom
we had before seen, so possibly these are a set of outlaws
from Teratu's kingdom. Their having no cultivation or
houses makes it clear at least either that it is so or that this
is not their real habitation ; they say, however, that they
have houses and a fort somewhere at a distance, but do not
say that even there there is any cultivation.

NOV. 1769 MERCURY BAY 197

9th. At daybreak this morning a vast number of boats
came on board, almost loaded with mackerel of two sorts,
one exactly the same as is caught in England. "We concluded
that they had caught a large shoal and sold us the surplus,
as they set very little value upon them. It was, however,
a fortunate circumstance for us, as we soon had more fish
on board than all hands could eat in two or three days,
and before night so many that every mess who could raise
any salt corned as many as will last them this month or
more.

After an early breakfast, the astronomer went on shore
to observe the transit of Mercury, which he did without the
smallest cloud intervening, a fortunate circumstance, as
except yesterday and to-day we have not had a clear day
for some time.

10 tli. This day was employed in an excursion to view a
large river at the bottom of a bay. Its mouth proved
to be a good harbour, with sufficient water for our ship,
but scarcely enough for a larger. The stream was in
many places very wide, with large flats of mangroves, which
at high water are covered. We went up about a league,
where it was still wider than at the mouth, and divided
itself into innumerable channels separated by mangrove
flats, the whole several miles in breadth. The water was
shoal, so we agreed to stop our disquisition here, and go
ashore to dine. A tree in the neighbourhood, on which
were many shags' nests, and old shags sitting by them,
confirmed our resolution. An attack was consequently
made on the shags, and about twenty were soon killed,
and as soon broiled and eaten ; every one declaring that
they were excellent food, as indeed I think they were.
Hunger is certainly most excellent sauce ; but since we
have no fowls and ducks left, we find ourselves able to eat
any kind of bird (for indeed we throw away none) without
even that kind of seasoning. Fresh provision to a seaman
must always be most acceptable, if he can get over the
small prejudices which once affected several in this ship,
most or all of whom are now by virtue of good example

198 NEW ZEALAND CHAP, vm

completely cured. Our repast ended, we proceeded down
the river again. At the mouth of it was a small Indian
village, where we landed, and were most civilly received
by the inhabitants, who treated us with hot cockles, or
at least a small flat shell-fish (Tellina), which was most
delicious food.

lltk. An oyster bank was found in the river, about half
a mile up, just above a small island which is covered at high
water ; here the long-boat was sent and soon returned
deeply loaded with as good oysters as ever came from Col-
chester, and of about the same size. They were laid down
under the booms, and employed the ship's company very
well, who, I sincerely believe, did nothing but eat from the
time they came on board till night, by which time a large
part were expended. But this gave us no kind of uneasi-
ness, since we well knew that not the boat only but the
ship might be loaded in one tide almost, as they are dry
at half ebb.

12th. We all went ashore to see an Indian fort, or heppah,
in the neighbourhood, uncertain, however, what kind of a re-
ception we should meet with, as they might be jealous about
letting us into a place where all their valuable effects were
probably lodged. We went to a bay where were two heppahs,
and landed first near a small one, the most beautiful romantic
thing I ever saw. It was built on a small rock detached
from the main, and surrounded at high water ; the top of
this was fenced round with rails after their manner, but was
not large enough to contain above five or six houses ; the
whole appeared totally inaccessible to any animal who was
not furnished with wings, indeed, it was only approachable
by one very narrow and steep path, but what made it most
truly romantic was that much the greater part of it was
hollowed out into an arch, which penetrated quite through
it, the top being not less than twenty perpendicular yards
above the water, which ran through it.

The inhabitants on our approach came down, and invited
us to go in ; but we refused, intending to visit a much larger
and more perfect one about a mile off: we spent, however,

NOV. 1769 DESCRIPTION OF A HEPPAH 199

some little time in making presents to their women. In
the meanwhile we saw the inhabitants of the other come
down from it, men, women and children, about one hundred
in number, and march towards us ; as soon as they came
near enough they waved, and called haromai, and sat down
in the bushes near the beach (a sure mark of their good
intentions).

We went to them, made a few presents, and asked leave
to go up to their heppah, which they with joy invited us to
do, and immediately accompanied us to it. It was called
Wharretoueva, and was situated at the end of a hill where
it jutted out into the sea, which washed its two sides : these
were sufficiently steep, but not absolutely inaccessible. Up
one of the land sides, which was also steep, went the road ;
the other side was flat and open. The whole was enclosed
by a palisade about ten feet high, made of strong poles
bound together with withies : the weak side next the hill
had also a ditch, twenty feet in depth nearest the palisade.
Besides this, beyond the palisade was built a fighting stage,
which they call pordva. It is a flat stage covered with
branches of trees upon which they stand to throw darts or
stones at their assailants, they themselves being out of
danger. Its dimensions were as follows : its height above
the ground 20 J feet, breadth 6 feet 6 inches, length 43 feet ;
upon it were laid bundles of darts, and heaps of stones, ready
in case of an attack. One of the young men at our desire
went up to show their method of fighting, and another went
to the outside of the ditch to act as assailant ; they both
sang their war-song, and danced with the same frightful
gesticulations as we have often seen, threatening each other
with their weapons. This, I suppose, they do in their attacks,
to work themselves into a sufficient fury of courage, for
what we call calm resolution is, I believe, found in few un-
civilised people. The side next the road was also defended
by a similar stage, but much longer ; the other two were by
their steepness thought to be sufficiently secure with the
palisade. The inside was divided into, I believe, twenty
larger and smaller divisions, some of which contained not

200 NEW ZEALAND CHAP, vm

more than one or two houses, others twelve or fourteen.
Every one of these was enclosed by its own palisade, though
not so high and strong as the general one ; in these were
vast heaps of dried fish and fern roots piled up, so much so
that if they had had water, I should have thought them
well prepared for a siege, but that had to be fetched from
a brook below ; so that they probably do not besiege a town
as we do in Europe. Without the fence were many houses
and large nets, the latter, I suppose, being brought in upon
any alarm ; there was also about half an acre planted with
gourds and sweet potatoes, the only cultivation we have
seen in this bay.

~L4Jh. As we were resolved to stay no longer here, we all
went ashore, the boats to get as much celery and oysters as
possible, Dr. Solander and myself to get as many green plants
as possible, in order to finish the sketches, etc., while at sea;
so an enormous number of all these articles came on board.

Dr. Solander, who was to-day in a cove different from
that I was in, saw the natives catch many lobsters in a very
simple manner ; they walked among the rocks at low water,
about waist-deep in water, and moved their feet about till
they felt one, on which they dived down, and constantly
brought him up. I do not know whether I have before
mentioned these lobsters, but we have had them in tolerable
plenty in almost every place we have been in, and they are
certainly the largest and best I have ever eaten.

20th. We had yesterday resolved to employ this day in
examining a bay we saw, so at daybreak we set out in the
boats. A fresh breeze of wind soon carried us to the
bottom of the bay, where we found a very fine river, broad
as the Thames at Greenwich, though not quite so deep ;
there was, however, water enough for vessels of more than a
middling size, and a bottom of mud so soft that nothing
could possibly take damage by running ashore.

About a mile up this was an Indian town built upon a
small bank of dry sand, but totally surrounded by deep mud,
so much so that I believe they had purposely built it there
as a defence. The people came out in flocks upon the banks,

NOV. 1769 THAMES RIVER— TIMBER 201

inviting us in ; they had heard of us from our last friends.
We landed, and while we stayed they were most perfectly
civil, as indeed they have always been where we were
known, but never where we were not. We proceeded up
the river and soon met with another town with but few
inhabitants. Above this the banks were completely clothed
with the finest timber l my eyes ever beheld, of a tree we had
before seen, but only at a distance, in Poverty Bay and
Hawke's Bay. Thick 'woods of it were everywhere upon the
banks, every tree as straight as a pine, and of immense size,
and the higher we went the more numerous they were.
About two leagues from the mouth we stopped and went
ashore. Our first business was to measure one of these trees.
The woods were swampy, so we could not range far ; we
found one, however, by no means the largest we had seen,
which was 19 feet 8 inches2 in circumference, and 89
feet in height without a branch. But what was most re-
markable was that it, as well as many more that we saw,
carried its thickness so truly up to the very top, that I dare
venture to affirm that the top, where the lowest branch took
its rise, was not a foot less in diameter than where we
measured it, which was about 8 feet from the ground. We
cut down a young one of these trees ; the wood proved heavy
and solid, too much so for masts, but it would make the
finest plank in the world, and might possibly by some art
be made light enough for masts, as the pitch-pine in America
(to which our carpenter likened this timber) is said to be
lightened by tapping.

Up to this point the river has kept its depth and very
little decreased in breadth ; the captain was so much pleased
with it that he resolved to call it the Thames. It was now
time for us to return ; the tide turning downwards gave us
warning, so away we went, and got out of the river into the
bay before it was dark. We rowed for the ship as fast as we

1 Podocarpus dacrydioides, A. Cunn.

2 The dimensions were left blank in Banks's Journal. In Wharton's Cook, p.
159, it is stated to be 19 feet 8 inches at 6 feet above the ground, and its
length from the root to the first branch 89 feet ; and it tapered so little that
Cook judged it to contain 356 feet of solid timber, clear of the branches.

202 NEW ZEALAND CHAP, vin

could, but night overtook us before we could get within
some miles of her. It blew fresh with showers of rain.
In this situation we rowed until nearly twelve, and then
gave over, and running under the land came to a grappling,
and all went to sleep as well as we could.

21st. Before daybreak we set out again. It still blew
fresh with mizzling rain and fog, so that it was an hour
after day before we got a sight of the ship. However,
we made shift to get on board by seven, tired enough ;
and lucky for us it was we did, for before nine it blew a
fresh gale, so that our boat could not have rowed ahead,
and, had we been out, we must have either gone ashore or
sheltered ourselves. Before evening, however, it moderated,
so that we got under way with the ebb, but did little or
nothing.

CHAPTEE IX

CIRCUMNAVIGATION OF NEW ZEALAND
Nov. 22, 1769— MARCH 30, 1770

Tattowing — Thieving of the natives — Cannibalism — Rapid healing of shot-
wounds — Native seines — Paper mulberry — Native accounts of their
ancestors' expedition to other countries — Three Kings Islands — Christmas
Day — Albatross swimming — Mount Egmont — Murderers' Bay — Queen
Charlotte's Sound — Threats of natives — Corpses thrown into the sea —
Cannibalism — Singing-birds — Fishing-nets — Human head preserved —
Discovery of Cook's Straits — Native names for New Zealand, and tradi-
tions — Courteous native family — Leave Queen Charlotte's Sound— Tides

— Cape Turnagain— Coast along the southern island — Banks' Peninsula

— Appearance of minerals — Mountains along the west coast — Anchor in
Admiralty Bay.

. Two large canoes came from a distance; the people
in them were numerous and appeared rich ; the canoes were
well carved and ornamented, and they had with them many
patoo-patoos of stone and whale-bone which they value very
much. They had also ribs of whales, of which we had often
seen imitations in wood carved and ornamented with tufts
of dog's hair. The people themselves were browner than
those to the southward, as indeed they have been ever since
we came to Opoorage, as this part is called, and they had a
much larger quantity of amoca or black stains upon their
bodies and faces. They had almost universally a broad
spiral on each buttock, and many had their thighs almost
entirely black, small lines only being left untouched, so that
they looked like striped breeches. In this particular, I
mean the use of amoca, almost every tribe seems to have a
different custom ; we have on some days seen canoes where

204 CIRCUMNAVIGATION OF NEW ZEALAND CH. ix

every man was almost covered with it, and at the same time
others where scarcely a man had a spot, except on his lips,
which seems to be always essential.

These people would not part with any of their arms, etc.,
for any price we could offer. At last, however, one produced
an axe of talc and offered it for cloth ; it was given, and the
canoe immediately put off with it ; a musket ball was fired
over their heads, on which they immediately came back and
returned the cloth, but soon after put off and went ashore.

In the afternoon other canoes came off, and through some
inattention of the officers were suffered to cheat, unpunished
and unfrightened ; this put one of the midshipmen who had
suffered upon a droll, though rather mischievous, revenge.
He got a fishing-line, and when the canoe was close to the
ship hove the lead at the man who had cheated him with
such good success that he fastened the hook into his back,
on which he pulled with all his might ; the Indian kept
back, so that the hook soon broke in the shank, leaving its
beard in the man, no very agreeable legacy.

30th. Several canoes came off to the ship very early, but
sold little or nothing ; indeed, no merchandise that we can
show them seems to take with them. Our island cloth,
which used to be so much esteemed, has now entirely lost
its value. The natives have for some days past told us
that they have some of it ashore, and showed us small
pieces in their ears, which they said was of their own
manufacture. This accounts for their having been once so
fond of it, and now setting so little value upon it. Towards
noon, however, they sold us a little dried fish for paper,
chiefly, or very white Indian cloth.

In the evening we went ashore upon the continent.
The people received us very civilly, and were as tame as we
could wish. One general observation I here set down : they
always, after one night's consideration, have acknowledged
our superiority, but hardly ever before. I have often seen
a man, when his nearest companion was wounded or killed
by our shot, not give himself the trouble to inquire how or
by what means he was hurt. When they attack they work

DEC. 1769 CANNIBALISM 205

themselves up into a kind of artificial courage, which does
not allow them time to think much.

1st December. It is now some time since I mentioned their
custom of eating human flesh, as I had been for a long time
loth to believe that any human beings could have among them
so brutal a custom. I am now, however, convinced, and shall
here give a short account of what we have heard from the
Indians concerning it.

At Taoneroa, where we first landed, the boys whom we
had on board mentioned it of their own accord, asking
whether the meat they ate was not human flesh, as they
had no idea of any animal so large, except a man, till they
saw our sheep. They, however, seemed ashamed of the
custom, saying that the tribe to which they belonged did
not use it, but that another living very near them did. Since
then we have never failed to ask the question, and we have
without one exception been answered in the affirmative.
Several times, as at Tolago and here, the people have put
themselves into a heat by defending the custom, which
Tupia, who had never before heard of such a thing, takes
every occasion to speak ill of, exhorting them often to
leave it off. They, however, universally agree that they eat
none but the bodies of those of their enemies who are
killed in war ; all others are buried.

3rd. Many canoes visited us in the morning; one very
large carrying eighty-two people. Dr. Solander and myself
went ashore ; we found few plants, and saw but few people,
but they were perfectly civil. We went on their invitation
to their little town, which was situated at the bottom of a
cove, without the least defence. One of the old men here
showed us the instrument with which they stain their
bodies; it was exactly like that used at Otahite. We
saw also here a man who had been shot on the 29th while
attempting to steal our buoy. The ball had gone through
the fleshy part of his arm and grazed his breast. The wound
was open to the air, without the smallest application upon
it, yet it had as good an appearance, and seemed to give
him as little pain as if it had had the very best dressing

206 CIRCUMNAVIGATION OF NEW ZEALAND CH. ix

possible. We gave him a musket ball, and with a little
talking he seemed to be fully sensible of the escape he
had had.

In the evening we went ashore on another island where
were many more people, who lived in the same peaceable
style, and had very large plantations of sweet potatoes, yams,
etc., about their village. They received us much as our
friends in the morning had done, and, like them, showed much
satisfaction at the little presents of necklaces, etc., which
were given to them.

&th. "We went ashore at a large Indian fort or heppah.
A great number of people immediately crowded about us,
and sold almost a boat-load of fish in a very short time.
They then showed us their plantations, which were very
large, of yams, cocos, and sweet potatoes : and after
having a little laugh at our seine, a common king's seine,
showed us one of theirs, which was five fathoms deep. Its
length we could only guess, as it was not stretched out,
but it could not from its bulk be less than four or five
hundred fathoms. Fishing seems to be the chief business
of this part of the country. About all their towns are
abundance of nets laid upon small heaps like haycocks, and
thatched over, and almost every house you go into has nets
in process of making.

After this they showed us a great rarity, six plants of
what they called aouta, from whence they make cloth like
that of Otahite. The plant proved exactly the same, as
the name is the same, Morus papyrifera, Linn, (the Paper
Mulberry). The same plant is used by the Chinese to
make paper. Whether the climate does not well agree with
it I do not know, but they seemed to value it very much ;
that it was very scarce among them I am inclined to be-
lieve, as we have not yet seen among them pieces large
enough for any use, but only bits sticking into the holes of
their ears.

Qth. Many canoes came off, and Tupia inquired about
the country : they told him that at the distance of three
days' rowing in their canoes, at a place called Moore-

DEC. 1769 VOYAGE OF NATIVES TO NORTH-WEST 207

whennua, the land would turn to the southward, and from
thence extend no more to the west. This place we con-
cluded must be Cape Maria Van Diemen; and finding
these people so intelligent, desired Tupia to inquire if
they knew of any countries besides this, or ever went to
any. They said no, but that their ancestors had told them that
to the KW. by 1ST. or KKW. was a large country to which
some people had sailed in a very large canoe, which passage
took them a month. From the expedition a part only
returned, who told their countrymen that they had seen a
country where the people eat hogs, for which animal they
used the same name (Booah) as is used in the islands.
" And have you no hogs among you ? " said Tupia. — " No."
— " And did your ancestors bring none back with them ? "
— " No." — " You must be a parcel of liars then," said he,
" and your story a great lie, for your ancestors would never
have been such fools as to come back without them." Thus
much as a specimen of Indian reasoning.

10th. This morning we were near the land, which was
quite barren, hills beyond hills, and ridges even far inland
were covered with white sand on which no kind of vegetable
was to be seen. It was conjectured by some that the land
here might be very narrow, and that the westerly wind blew
the sand right across it. Some Indian forts or heppahs
were seen.

~L8th. On a rock pretty near us we saw through our
glasses an Indian fort, which we all thought was encircled
with a mud wall ; if so, it is the only one of the kind we
have seen.

24:th. Land in sight: an island, or rather several small
ones, most probably the Three Kings, so that it was con-
jectured that we had passed the cape, which had so long
troubled us. From a boat I killed several gannets or solan
geese, so like European ones that they are hardly dis-
tinguishable from them. As it was the humour of the ship
to keep Christmas in the old-fashioned way, it was resolved
to make a goose-pie for to-morrow's dinner.

25th. Christmas Day: our goose-pie was eaten with

208 CIRCUMNAVIGATION OF NEW ZEALAND CH. ix

great approbation ; and in the evening all hands were as
drunk as our forefathers used to be upon like occasions.

1st January 1770. — The new year began with more
moderate weather than the old one ended with, but wind
as foul as ever : we ventured to go a little nearer the
land, which appeared on this side the cape much as it had
done on the other, almost entirely occupied by vast sands.
Our surveyors suppose the cape to be shaped like a shoulder
of mutton with the knuckle placed inwards, where they say
that the land cannot be above two or three miles across,
and that most probably in high winds the sea washes quite
over the sands, which here are low.

Qth. Calm to day. Shot Procellaria longipes, P. velox, and
Diomedea exulans (the albatross). I had an opportunity
of seeing this last sit upon the water ; and as it is commonly
said by seamen that they cannot in a calm rise upon the
wing, I tried the experiment. There were two of them.
One I shot dead : the other, which was near it, swam off
nearly as fast as my small boat could row. "We gave chase
and gained a little ; the bird attempted to fly by trying to
take off from a falling wave, but did not succeed : I who
was so far off that I knew I could not hurt him, fired at
him to make his attempts more vigorous, this had the
desired result, for at the third effort he got upon the wing,
though I believe that had it not been for a little swell upon
the water he could not have done it.

10th. The country we passed by appeared fertile, more
so, I think, than any part of this country that I have seen ;
rising in gentle slopes not over well wooded, but what trees
there were, were well grown. Few signs of inhabitants
were seen : one fire and a very few houses.

About noon we passed between the main and a small
island or rock, which seemed almost totally covered with
birds, probably gannets. Towards evening a very high hill
was in sight, but very distant.

12th. This morning we were abreast of the great hill,1
but it was wrapped in clouds, and remained so the whole

1 Mount Egmont.

JAN. 1770 MOUNT EGMONT 209

day ; it is probably very high, as a part of its side, which
was for a moment seen, was covered with snow. The country
beyond it appeared very pleasant and fertile, the sides of
the hills sloping gradually. With our glasses we could dis-
tinguish many white lumps in companies, fifty or sixty
together, which were probably stones or tufts of grass, but
bore much resemblance to flocks of sheep:1 at night a
small fire, which burned about half an hour, made us sure
that there were inhabitants, of whom we had seen no signs
since the 10th.

1 3th. This morning, soon after daybreak, we had a
momentary view of our great hill, the top of which was
thickly covered with snow, though this month answers to
July in England. How high it may be I do not take upon
me to judge, but it is certainly the noblest hill I have ever
seen, and it appears to the utmost advantage, rising from
the sea without another hill in its neighbourhood one-fourth
of its height.

14th. In a large bay, called in the draughts Murderers'
Bay ; the appearance of a harbour just ahead made us
resolve to anchor in the morning.

1 5th. In the course of last night we were driven to the
eastward more than we had any reason to expect, so much
that we found ourselves in the morning past the harbour we
intended to go into. Another, however, was in sight, into
which we went.2 The land on both sides appeared most
miserably barren, till we got some way up the harbour,
when it began to mend gradually. Here we saw some
canoes, which, instead of coming towards us, went to an
Indian town or fort built upon an island nearly in the
middle of the passage, which appeared crowded with people,
as if they had flocked to it from all parts. As the ship
approached it they waved to us as if inviting us to come to
them, but the moment we had passed, they set up a loud
shout, and every man brandished his weapons.

1 Clumps of the remarkable Composite plant Eaoulia mammillaris, Hook, f.,
or an allied species, called "vegetable sheep" in New Zealand.

2 Ship's Cove, Queen Charlotte's Sound.

P

210 CIRCUMNAVIGATION OF NEW ZEALAND CH. ix

The country about us now was very fertile to appearance,
and well wooded, so we came to anchor about a long cannon
shot from the fort, from whence four canoes were immediately
despatched to reconnoitre, I suppose, and, if might be, to
take us, as they were all well armed. The men in these
boats were dressed much as they are represented in Tasman's
figure, that is, two corners of the cloth they wore were
passed over their shoulders and fastened to the rest of it
just below their breasts ; but few or none had feathers in
their hair. They rowed round and round the ship, defying
and threatening us as usual, and at last hove some stones
aboard, which we all expected to be a prelude of some
behaviour which would oblige us to fire upon them; but
just at this time a very old man in one of the boats ex-
pressed a desire of coming on board, which we immediately
encouraged him to do, and threw a rope into his canoe, by
which he was immediately hauled up alongside, contrary to
the desire of all the other Indians, who went so far as to
hold him fast for some tune. We received him in as
friendly a manner as possible, and gave him many presents,
with which he returned to the canoes, who immediately
joined in a war dance, whether to show their enmity or
friendship it is impossible to say. We have so often seen
them do it upon both occasions.

After this they retired to their town, and we went
ashore abreast of the ship, where we found good wood and
water, and caught more fish in the seine than all our people
could possibly consume, besides shooting a multitude of shags.
The country, however, did not answer so well to Dr.
Solander and myself as to the ship, as we found only two
new plants in the whole evening.

16th. The women and some of the men wore an article
of dress which we had not before seen, a round bunch of
black feathers tied upon the tops of their heads, which it
entirely covered, making them look twice as large as they
really were. On seeing this, my judgment paid an involun-
tary compliment to my fair English countrywomen, for, led
astray by the head-dress, which in some measure resembles

JAN. 1770 QUEEN CHARLOTTE'S SOUND 211

the high foretops in England, I was forward to declare it
as my opinion that these were much the handsomest women
we had seen upon the coast ; but upon their near approach I
was convinced that nothing but the head-dress had misled
me, as I saw not one who was even tolerably handsome.

After dinner we went in the boat towards a cove about
two miles from the ship. As we rowed along, some-
thing was seen floating upon the water, which we took to be
a dead seal. It proved, to our great surprise, to be the body
of a woman, who seemed to have been dead some time. We
left it, and proceeded to our cove, where we found a small
family of Indians, who were a little afraid of us, as they all
ran away but one. They soon, however, returned except an
old man and a child, who stayed in the woods, but not out
of sight of us. Of these people we inquired about the body
we had seen. They told Tupia that the woman was a
relation of theirs, and that instead of burying their dead,
their custom was to tie a stone to them, and throw them
into the sea, which stone they suppose to have been un-
loosened by some accident.

The family were employed, when we came ashore, in
dressing their provisions, which were a dog, at that time
buried in their oven. Near by were many provision baskets.
Looking carelessly upon one of these, we by accident observed
two bones pretty cleanly picked, which, as appeared upon
examination, were undoubtedly human bones.

Though we had from the beginning constantly heard the
Indians acknowledge the custom of eating their enemies, we
had never before had a proof of it, but this amounted almost
to demonstration. The bones were clearly human ; upon
them were evident marks of their having been dressed on
the fire ; the meat was not entirely picked off them, and
on the gristly ends, which were gnawed, were evident marks
of teeth ; and they were accidentally found in a provision
basket. On asking the people what bones they were, they
answered : " The bones of a man." — " And have you eaten
the flesh ?" — " Yes." — " Have you none of it left ? " — " No."
— " Why did you not eat the woman whom we saw to-day in

212 CIRCUMNAVIGATION OF NEW ZEALAND CH. ix

the water?" — "She was our relation." — "Whom, then, do
you eat ? " — " Those who are killed in war." — " And who
was the man whose bones these are?" — "Five days ago a
boat of our enemies came into this bay, and of them we
killed seven, of whom the owner of these bones was one."
The horror that appeared in the countenances of the seamen
on hearing this discourse, which was immediately trans-
lated for the good of the company, is better conceived than
described. For ourselves, and myself in particular, we were
too well convinced of the existence of such a custom to be
surprised, though we were pleased at having so strong a
proof of a custom which human nature holds in too great
abhorrence to give easy credit to.

Vlih. I was awakened by the singing of the birds ashore,
from whence we are distant not a quarter of a mile. Their
numbers were certainly very great. They seemed to strain
their throats with emulation, and made, perhaps, the most
melodious wild music I have ever heard, almost imitating
small bells, but with the most tunable silver sound imagin-
able, to which, maybe, the distance was no small addition.
On inquiring of our people, I was told that they had
observed them ever since we had been here, and that they
begin to sing about one or two in the morning, and continue
till sunrise, after which they are silent all day, like our
nightingales.

1 8th. Among other things that the Indians told us
yesterday, one was that they expected their enemies to come
and revenge the death of the seven men, and some of our
people thought that they had intelligence of their coming
to-day, which made us observe the Indian town, where the
people seemed more quiet than usual, not attending to their
usual occupations of fishing, etc. No canoe attempted to
come near the ship.

After breakfast we went in the pinnace to explore some
parts of the bay, which we had not seen, as it was immensely
large, or, rather, consisted of numberless small harbours,
coves, etc. We found the country on our side of the bay
very well wooded everywhere, but on the opposite side very

JAN. 1770 FISHING 213

bare. In turning a point, we saw a man in a small canoe
fishing, who, to our surprise, showed not the least fear of us.
We went to him, and at our request he took up his nets,
and showed us his implement, which was a circular net
about seven or eight feet in diameter, extended by two
hoops. The top of this was open, and to the bottom were
tied sea-ears, etc., as bait : this he let down upon the
ground, and when he thought that fish enough were assembled
over it, he lifted it up by a very gentle and even motion,
so that the fish were hardly sensible of being lifted till they
were almost out of the water. By this simple method he
had caught abundance of fish, and I believe it is the general
way of fishing all over this coast, as many such nets have
been seen at almost every place we have been in. In this
bay, indeed, fish were so plentiful that it is hardly possible
not to catch abundance by whatever method is adopted.

20th. Our old man came this morning with the heads
of four people, which were preserved with the flesh and hair
on, and kept I suppose as trophies, as possibly scalps were
by the North Americans before the Europeans came among
them. The brains were, however, taken out ; maybe they
are a delicacy here. The flesh and skin upon these heads
were soft ; but they were somehow preserved so as not to
stink at all.

The bay, wherever we have yet been, is very hilly ;
we have hardly seen a flat large enough for a potato
garden. Our friends here do not seem to feel the want of
such places ; as we have not seen the least appearance of
cultivation, I suppose they live entirely upon fish, dogs, and
enemies.

22nd. Made an excursion to-day in the pinnace, in order
to see more of the bay. While Dr. Solander and I were
botanising, the captain went to the top of a hill, and in
about an hour returned in high spirits, having seen the
eastern sea, and satisfied himself of the existence of a strait
communicating with it, the idea of which has occurred to us
all, from Tasman's as well as our own observations.

23rd. Mr. Monkhouse told me that on the 21st he had

214 CIRCUMNAVIGATION OF NEW ZEALAND CH. ix

been ashore at a spot where were many deserted Indian
houses : here he had seen several things tied up to the
branches of trees, particularly human hair, which he brought
away with him, enough to have made a sizable wig. This
induced him to think that the place was consecrated to
religious purposes ; possibly it was, as they certainly have
such places among them, though I have not yet been lucky
enough to meet with them.

24dh. Went to-day to the heppah or town, to see our
friends the Indians, who received us with much confidence
and civility, and showed us every part of their habitations,
which were neat enough. The town was situated upon a
small island or rock separated from the main by a breach in
the rock, so small that a man might almost jump over it ;
the sides were everywhere so steep as to render fortifications,
even in their fashion, almost totally unnecessary ; accordingly
there was nothing but a slight palisade, and one small fight-
ing stage at one end where the rock was most accessible.
The people brought us several bones of men, the flesh of
which they had eaten. These are now become a kind of
article of trade among our people, who constantly ask for
and purchase them for whatever trifles they have. In one
part we observed a kind of wooden cross ornamented with
feathers, made exactly in the form of a crucifix. This
engaged our attention, and we were told that it was a
monument to a dead man ; maybe a cenotaph, as the body
was not there. This much they told us, but would not let
us know where the body was.

25th. Dr. Solander and I (who have now nearly ex-
hausted all the plants in our neighbourhood) went to-day
to search for mosses and small things, in which we had
great success, gathering several very remarkable ones. In
the evening we went out in the pinnace, and fell in with a
large family of Indians, who have now begun to disperse
themselves, as is, I believe, their custom, into the different
creeks and coves where fish are most plentiful. A few only
remain in the heppah, to which they all fly in times of
danger. These people came a good way to meet us at a

FEB. 1770 COOK'S STRAITS 215

place where we were shooting shags, and invited us to join
the rest of them, twenty or thirty in number, men, women,
and children, dogs, etc. We went, and were received with
all possible demonstrations of friendship, if the numberless
hugs and kisses we got from both sexes, old and young, in
return for our ribbons and beads may be accounted such.

2Qth. Went to-day to take another view of our new
straits,1 as the captain was not quite sure of the westernmost
end. We found a hill in a tolerably convenient situation,
and climbing it, saw the strait quite open, and four or five
leagues wide. We then erected a small monument of stone,
such as five stout men could do in half an hour, and laid in
it musket balls, beads, shot, etc., so that if perchance any
Europeans should find and pull it down, they will be sure
it is not of Indian workmanship.

5th February. Our old man, Topaa, was on board, and
Tupia asked him many questions concerning the land, etc.
His answers were nearly as follows : " That the straits
we had seen from the hills were a passage into the
eastern sea ; that the land to the south consisted of two or
several islands round which their canoes might sail in three
or four days ; that he knew of no other great land than
that we had been upon (Aehie no Mauwe), of which Tera
Whitte was the southern part ; that he believed his ancestors
were not born there, but came originally from Heawije "
(from whence Tupia and the islanders also derive their
origin), "which lay to the northwards where were many lands;
that neither himself, his father, nor his grandfather had ever
heard of ships as large as this being here before, but that
they have a tradition of two large vessels, much larger than
theirs, which some time or other came here, and were totally
destroyed by the inhabitants, and all the people belonging
to them killed."

This last Tupia says is a very old tradition, much older

1 Cook's Straits.

2 The Maoris are by some authorities supposed to have originally come
from Hawaii, the direction of which agrees very fairly with that given by the
natives to Banks. The Sandwich Islands really lie N.N.E. from New
Zealand.

216 CIRCUMNAVIGATION OF NEW ZEALAND CH.'IX

than his great-grandfather, and relates to two large canoes
which came from Olimaroa, one of the islands he has
mentioned. Whether he is right, or whether this is a
tradition of Tasman's ships (which they could not well
compare with their own by tradition, and which their
warlike ancestors had told them they had destroyed), is
difficult to say. Tupia has all along warned us not to put
too much faith in anything these people tell us, " for," says
he, " they are given to lying ; they told you that one of
their people was killed by a musket and buried, which was
absolutely false."

The doctor and I went ashore to-day, and fell in by
accident with the most agreeable Indian family we had
seen upon the coast, indeed the only one in which we
have observed any order or subordination. It consisted of
seventeen people ; the head of it was a pretty boy of about
ten years old, who, they told us, was the owner of the land
about where we wooded. This is the only instance of
property we have met with among these people. He and
his mother (who mourned for her husband with tears of
blood, according to their custom) sat upon mats, the rest sat
round them : houses they had none, nor did they attempt
to make for themselves any shelter against the inclemencies
of the weather, which I suppose they by custom very easily
endure. Their whole behaviour was so affable, obliging, and
unsuspicious, that I should certainly have accepted their
invitation to stay the night with them, were not the ship to
sail in the morning. Most unlucky shall I always esteem it
that we did not sooner make acquaintance with these people,
from whom we might have learnt more in a day of their
manners and dispositions than from all we have yet seen.

Qth. Foul wind continued, but we contrived to get into
the straits, which are to be called Cook's Straits. Here we
were becalmed, and almost imperceptibly drawn by the tide
near the land. The lead was dropped, and gave seventy
fathoms ; soon after we saw an appearance like breakers,
towards which we drove fast. It was now sunset, and
night came on apace ; the ship drove into the rough water,

FEB. 1770 PASS COOK'S STRAITS 217

which proved to be a strong tide, and which set her directly
upon a rock. We had approached very near to this when
the anchor was dropped, and she was brought up about
a cable's length from it. We were now sensible of the
force of the tide, which roared like a mill-stream, and ran
at four knots at least when it flowed the fastest, for the
rate varied much. It ran in this manner till twelve o'clock,
when, with the slack water, we got up the anchor with
great difficulty, and a light breeze from the northward soon
cleared us from our dangers.

8^. As some of the officers declared last night that they
thought it probable that the land we have been round might
communicate by an isthmus situated somewhere .between
where we now are and Cape Turnagain (though the whole
distance is estimated at no more than ninety miles), the
captain resolved to stand to the northward till he should
see that cape, which was accordingly done.

Three canoes put off from the shore, and with very little
invitation came on board. The people appeared richer and
more cleanly than any we have seen since we were in the
Bay of Islands ; their canoes also were ornamented in the
same manner as those we had formerly seen in the north of
the island. They were always more civil in their behaviour,
and on having presents made them, immediately made
presents to us in return (an instance we have not before met
with in this island). All these things inclined me to
believe that we were again come to the dominions of Teratu.
but on asking they said that he was not their king.

9th. By eleven o'clock Cape Turnagain was in sight,
which convinced everybody that the land was really an
island, on which we once more turned the ship's head to
the southward.

~L4th. I had two or three opportunities this evening of
seeing albatrosses rise from the water, which they did with
great ease ; maybe they are not able to do so (as I have
seen) when they are gorged with food.

This morning we were close to a new island l which

1 Banks' Peninsula : it is not an island.

218 CIRCUMNAVIGATION OF NEW ZEALAND CH. ix

made in ridges not unlike the South Sea Islands (between
the tropics) ; the tops of these were bare, but in the valleys
was plenty of wood.

23rd. As we have now been four days upon nearly the
same part of the coast without seeing any signs of inhabit-
ants, I think there is no doubt that this part at least is
without inhabitants.

In the evening the land l inclined a good deal to the west.
We on board were now of two parties, one who wished that
the land in sight might, the other that it might not, be a
continent. I myself have always been most firm in the
former wish, though sorry I am to say that my party is so
small, that I firmly believe that there are none more heartily
of it than myself and one poor midshipman : the rest begin
to sigh for roast beef.

4:th March. A large smoke was seen, and proved to be an
immense fire on the side of a hill which we supposed to
have been set on fire by the natives, for though this is the
only sign of people we have seen, yet I think it must be
an indisputable proof that there are inhabitants, though
probably very thinly scattered over the face of this very
large country.

9th. The land 2 appeared barren, and seemed to end in a
point to which the hills gradually declined, much to the regret
of us continent-mongers, who could not help thinking that
the great swell from the south-west and the broken ground
without it were a pretty sure mark of some remarkable cape
being here. By noon we were near the land, which was
uncommonly barren ; the few flat places we saw seemingly
produced little or nothing, and the rest was all bare rocks
which were amazingly full of large veins, and patches of
some mineral that shone as if it had been polished, or
rather looked as if the rocks were really paved with glass ;
what it was I could not at all guess, but it was certainly
some mineral, and seemed to argue by its immense abundance
a country abounding in minerals, where, if one may judge

1 Near Otago Harbour.
2 Stewart Island, which was supposed to be a peninsula.

MARCH 1770 APPEARANCE OF MINERALS 219

from the corresponding latitudes of South America, in all
human probability something very valuable might be found.

10th. Blew fresh all day: we were carried round the
point, to the total destruction of our aerial fabric called
continent.

1 3th. The rocks were very large, and had veins in them
filled with a whitish appearance different from what we saw
on the 9th. The sides of the hills appeared well wooded,
and the country in general as fertile as in so hilly a country
could be expected, but without the least signs of inhabitants.

I4:tk. Stood along shore with a fine breeze, and passed
three or four places which had much the appearance of
harbours, much to my regret, as I wished to examine the
mineral appearance from which I had formed great hopes.1
The country rose immediately from the sea-side in steep hills,
tolerably covered with wood ; behind these was another ridge
covered in many places with snow, which, from its pure white-
ness and smoothness in the morning, and the many cracks
and intervals that appeared among it at night, we conjectured
to be newly fallen.

~L5th. The country to-day appeared covered with steep
hills, whose sides were but ill wooded, but on their tops
were large quantities of snow, especially on the sides looking
towards the south. We imagined that about noon we passed
by some considerable river ; the sea was almost covered with
leaves, small twigs, and blades of grass.

IQtk. Much snow on the ridges of the high hills; two
were, however, seen on which was little or none, whatever
the cause of it might be I could not guess. They were quite
bare of trees or any kind of vegetables, and seemed to con-
sist of a mouldering soft stone of the colour of brick or light
red ochre. About noon the country near the sea changed
much for the better, appearing in broad valleys clothed with
prodigious fine woods, out of which came many fine streams
of water ; but, notwithstanding the beauty of the country,
there was not the smallest sign of inhabitants, nor, indeed,

1 Tin abounds in Stewart Island, but Banks's observations are no evidence
of its presence.

220 CIRCUMNAVIGATION OF NEW ZEALAND CH. ix

have we seen any since we made this land, except the fire
on the 4th.

18th. Immense quantities of snow newly fallen on the
hills were by noon plainly seen to begin to melt.

21st. At night saw a phenomenon which I have but
seldom seen ; at sunset the flying clouds were of almost all
colours, among which green was very conspicuous, though
rather faint.

24:th. Just turned the most westerly point,1 and stood
into the mouth of the straits.

26th. At night came to an anchor in a bay,2 in some
part of which it is probable that Tasman anchored.

30th. I examined the stones which lay on the beach:
they showed evident signs of mineral tendency, being full
of veins, but I had not the fortune to discover any ore of
metal (at least that I know to be so) in them. As the
place we lay in had no bare rocks in its neighbourhood, this
was the only method I had of even conjecturing.

1 Cape Farewell.

2 Admiralty Bay : Tasman anchored in Blind or Tasman's Bay, and the
massacre of three of his crew is supposed to have taken place in a small bay
on its north-west side.— Wharton's Cook, p. 214, note.

CHAPTEE X

GENERAL ACCOUNT OF NEW ZEALAND

Its discovery by Tasman — Mountains— Harbours— Cultivation — Trees— Suita-
bility of Thames River for colonisation — Climate— Absence of native
quadrupeds — Birds — Insects — Fish — Plants — Native and introduced
vegetables — Absence of fruits — New Zealand flax — Population — Qualities
of the natives — Tattowing and painting — Dress — Head-dresses— Ear- and
nose-ornaments — Houses — Food — Cannibalism amongst men — Freedom
from disease — Canoes — Carving — Tools — Cloth fabrics — Nets — Tillage —
Weapons — Spontoons — War and other songs — Human trophies — Heppahs
— Chiefs — Religion — Burial — Language.

As we intend to leave this place to-morrow, I shall spend
a few sheets in drawing together what I have observed of
the country and of its inhabitants, premising that in this,
and in all other descriptions of the same kind which may
occur in this journal, I shall give myself liberty to conjecture,
and draw conclusions from what I have observed. In these
I may doubtless be mistaken ; in the daily Journal, however,
the observations may be seen, and any one who refers to
that may draw his own conclusions from them, attending as
little as he pleases to any of mine.

This country was first discovered by Abel Jansen Tasman
on the 13th of December 1642, and called by him New
Zealand. He, however, never went ashore on it, probably
from fear of the natives, who, when he had come to an
anchor, set upon one of his boats and killed three or four
out of the seven people in her.

Tasman certainly was an able navigator ; he sailed into
the mouth of Cook's Straits, and finding himself surrounded, to
all appearance, by land, observed the flood tide to come from

222 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF NEW ZEALAND CHAP, x

the south-east ; from thence he conjectured that there was in
that place a passage through the land, which conjecture we
proved to be true, as he himself had certainly done, had
not the wind changed as he thought in his favour, giving him
an opportunity of returning the way he came in, which he
preferred to standing into a bay with an on-shore wind,
upon the strength of conjecture only. Again, when he came
the length of Cape Maria Van Diemen he observed hollow
waves to come from the north-east, from whence he concluded
it to be the northernmost part of the land, which we really
found it to be. Lastly, to his eternal credit be it spoken,
although he had been four months absent from Batavia
when he made this land, and had sailed both west and east,
his longitude (allowing for an error in that of Batavia, as he
has himself stated it) differs no more than l from ours,

which is corrected by an innumerable number of observa-
tions of the moon and sun, etc., as well as of a transit of
Mercury over the sun, all calculated and observed by Mr.
Green, a mathematician of well-known abilities, who was
sent out in this ship by the Royal Society to observe the
transit of Venus. Thus much for Tasman ; it were too much
to be wished, however, that we had a fuller account of his
voyage than that published by Dirk Eembrantz, which seems
to be no more than a short extract, and that other navigators
would imitate him in mentioning the supposed latitudes and
longitudes of the places from whence they take their de-
partures ; which precaution, useful as it is, may almost be
said to have been used by Tasman alone.

The face of the country is in general mountainous,
especially inland, where probably runs a chain of very high
hills, parts of which we saw at several times. They were
generally covered with snow, and certainly very high ; some
of our officers, men of experience, did not scruple to say as

1 Left blank in Banks's Journal. The following note was appended by
Banks at the end of the chapter : —

Though Tasman's longitude of Cape Maria Van Diemen comes near the
truth, our seamen affirm, and seem to make it appear, that he erred no less
than 4° 49' in running from the first land he made to Cape Maria Van Diemen ;
if so, his exactness must be attributed more to chance than skill.

1770 MOUNTAINS AND SOIL 223

much as the Peak of Teneriffe : in that particular, however, I
cannot quite agree with them, though that they must be
very high is proved by the hill to the northward of Cook's
Straits, which was seen, and made no inconsiderable figure, at
the distance of many leagues.

The sea coast, should it ever be examined, will probably
be found to abound in good harbours. We saw several, of
which the Bay of Islands, or Motuaro, and Queen Charlotte's
Sound, or Totarra-nue, are as good as any which seamen
need desire to come into, either for good anchorage or for
convenience of wooding and watering. The outer ridge of
land which is open to the sea is (as I believe is the case of
most countries) generally barren, especially to the southward,
but within that the hills are covered with thick woods quite
to the top, and every valley produces a rivulet of water.

The soil is in general light, and consequently admirably
adapted to the uses for which the natives cultivate it, their
crops consisting entirely of roots. On the southern and
western sides it is the most barren, the sea being generally
bounded either by steep hills or vast tracts of sand, which
is probably the reason why the people in these parts were
so much less numerous, and lived almost entirely upon fish.
The northern and eastern shores make, however, some
amends for the barrenness of the others ; on them we often
saw very large tracts of ground, which either actually were,
or very lately had been, cultivated, and immense areas of
woodland which were yet uncleared, but promised great re-
turns to the people who would take the trouble of clearing
them. Taoneroa,or Poverty Bay, and Tolago especially, besides
swamps which might doubtless easily be drained, sufficiently
evinced the richness of their soil by the great size of all the
plants that grew upon them, and more especially of the
timber trees, which were the straightest, cleanest, and I may
say the largest I have ever seen, at least speaking of them
in the gross. I may have seen several times single trees
larger than any I observed among these; but it was not
one, but all these trees, which were enormous, and doubtless
had we had time and opportunity to search, we might have

224 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF NEW ZEALAND CHAP, x

found larger ones than any we saw, as we were never but
once ashore among them, and that only for a short time on
the banks of the river Thames, where we rowed for many
miles between woods of these trees, to which we could see
no bounds. The river Thames is indeed, in every respect,
the most proper place we have yet seen for establishing a
colony.1 A ship as large as ours might be carried several
miles up the river, where she could be moored to the trees
as safely as alongside a wharf in London river, a safe and
sure retreat in case of an attack from the natives. Or she
might even be laid on the mud and a bridge built to her.
The noble timber of which there is such abundance would
furnish plenty of materials for building either defences,
houses, or vessels ; the river would furnish plenty of fish,
and the soil make ample returns for any European vege-
tables, etc., sown in it.

I have some reason to think from observations made
upon the vegetables that the winters here are extremely
mild, much more so than in England ; the summers we have
found to be scarcely at all hotter, though more equally warm.

The southern part, which is much more hilly and barren
than the northern, I firmly believe to abound with minerals
in a very high degree : this, however, is only conjecture. I
had not to my great regret an opportunity of landing in any
place where the signs of them were promising, except the
last; nor indeed in any one, where from the ship the
country appeared likely to produce them, which it did to
the southward in a very high degree, as I have mentioned
in my daily Journal.

On every occasion when we landed in this country, we
have seen, I had almost said, no quadrupeds originally
natives of it. Dogs and rats, indeed, there are, the former

1 A commencement of colonisation was made by Samuel Marsden, a
missionary, in 1814, in the Bay of Islands. The first definite attempt to
colonise was by the New Zealand Company in 1840, whose settlement was at
Wellington. In the same year Captain Hobson, R.N., was sent as Lieut. -
Governor : he landed in the Bay of Islands, and transferred his headquarters
to the Hauraki Gulf in September, where he founded Auckland (Wharton's
Cook, p. 231).

1770 QUADRUPEDS, BIRDS, ETC. 225

as in other countries companions of the men, and the latter
probably brought hither by the men ; especially as they are
so scarce, that I myself have not had opportunity of seeing
even one. Of seals, indeed, we have seen a few, and one
sea-lion ; but these were in the sea, and are certainly very
scarce, as there were no signs of them among the natives,
except a few teeth of the latter, which they make into a
kind of bodkin and value much. It appears not improbable
that there really are no other species of quadrupeds in the
country, for the natives, whose chief luxury in dress con-
sists in the skins and hair of dogs and the skins of divers
birds, and who wear for ornaments the bones and beaks of
birds and teeth of dogs, would probably have made use of
some part of any other animal they were acquainted with,
a circumstance which, though carefully sought after, we
never saw the least signs of.

Of birds there are not many species, and none, except
perhaps the gannet, are the same as those of Europe. There
are ducks and shags of several kinds, sufficiently like the
European ones to be called the same by the seamen, both
which we eat and accounted good food, especially the former,
which are not at all inferior to those of Europe.

Besides these there are hawks, owls, and quails, differing
but little at first sight from those of Europe, and several
small birds that sing much more melodiously than any I
have heard. The sea coast is also frequently visited by
many oceanic birds, as albatrosses, shearwaters, pintados, etc.,
and has also a few of the birds called by Sir John
Narbrough penguins, which are truly what the French call
a nuance between birds and fishes, as their feathers, especially
on their wings, differ but little from scales ; and their wings
themselves, which they use only in diving, by no means
attempting to fly or even accelerate their motion on the
surface of the water (as young birds are observed to do),
might thence almost as properly be called fins.

Neither are insects in greater plenty than birds ; a few
butterflies and beetles, flesh-flies very like those in Europe,
mosquitos and sand-flies, perhaps exactly the same as those

Q

226 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF NEW ZEALAND CHAP, x

of North America, make up the whole list. Of these last,
however, which are most justly accounted the curse of any
country where they abound, we never met with any great
abundance; a few indeed there were in almost every place
we went into, but never enough to make any occupations
ashore troublesome, or to give occasion for using shades for
the face, which we had brought out to protect us from such
insects.

For this scarcity of animals on the land the sea, how-
ever, makes abundant recompense ; every creek and corner
produces abundance of fish, not only wholesome, but at least
as well-tasted as our fish in Europe. The ship seldom
anchored in, or indeed passed over (in light winds), any
place whose bottom was such as fish generally resort to,
without our catching as many with hooks and line as the
people could eat. This was especially the case to the south-
ward, where, when we lay at anchor, the boats could take
any quantity near the rocks ; besides which the seine
seldom failed of success, insomuch that on the two occasions
when we anchored to the southward of Cook's Straits, every
mess in the ship that had prudence enough salted as much
fish as lasted them many weeks after they went to sea.

For the sorts, there are mackerel of several kinds, one
precisely the same as our English, and another much like
our horse-mackerel, besides several more. These come in
immense shoals and are taken in large seines by the natives,
from whom we bought them at very easy rates. Besides
these there were many species which, though they did not
at all resemble any fish that I at least have before seen, our
seamen contrived to give names to, so that hake, bream,
cole-fish, etc., were appellations familiar with us, and I must
say that those which bear these names in England need not
be ashamed of their namesakes in this country. But above
all the luxuries we met with, the lobsters, or sea-crawfish,
must not be forgotten. They are possibly the same as are
mentioned in Lord Anson's voyage as being found at the
island of Juan Fernandez, and differ from ours in England
in having many more prickles on their backs and being red

177° FISH— PLANTS

227

when taken out of the water. Of them we bought great
quantities everywhere to the northward from the natives,
who catch them by diving near the shore, feeling first with
their feet till they find out where they lie. We had also
that fish described by Frezier in his voyage to Spanish South
America by the name of elefant,pejegallo, or poisson coq, which,
though coarse, we made shift to eat, and several species of
skate or sting-rays, which were abominably coarse. But to
make amends for that, we had among several sorts of dog-
fish one that was spotted with a few white spots, whose
flavour was similar to, but much more delicate than, our
skate. We had flat fish also like soles and flounders, eels
and congers of several sorts, and many others, which any
European who may come here after us will not fail to find
the advantage of, besides excellent oysters, cockles, clams, and
many other sorts of shell-fish, etc.

Though the country generally is covered with an abundant
verdure of grass and trees, yet I cannot say that it is productive
of such great variety as many countries I have seen : the entire
novelty, however, of the greater part of what we found
recompensed us as natural historians for the want of variety.
Sow-thistle, garden-nightshade, and perhaps one or two kinds
of grasses, were exactly the same as in England, three or
four kinds of fern were the same as those of the West
Indies : these with a plant or two common to all the world,
were all that had been described by any botanist out of
about four hundred species, except five or six which we
ourselves had before seen in Terra del Fuego.

Of eatable vegetables there are very few ; we, indeed, as
people who had been long at sea, found great benefit in the
article of health by eating plentifully of wild celery and a
kind of cress which grows everywhere abundantly near the
sea-side. We also once or twice met with a herb1 like
that which the country people in England call " lamb's-
quarters " or "fat-hen," which we boiled instead of greens ; and
once only a cabbage-tree,2 the cabbage of which made us

1 Atriplex patula, Linn. ; it is identical with the English "fat-hen."
2 The most southern of all palms, Areca sapida, Soland.

228 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF NEW ZEALAND CHAP, x

one delicious meal. These, with the fern roots and one
vegetable (Pandanus) l totally unknown in Europe, which,
though eaten by the natives, no European will probably
ever relish, are the whole of the vegetables which I know
to be eatable, except those which they cultivate, and have
probably brought with them from the country from whence
they themselves originally come.

Nor does their cultivated ground produce many species
of esculent plants ; three only have I seen, yams, sweet
potatoes, and cocos, all three well known and much esteemed
in both the East and West Indies. Of these, especially the
two former, they cultivate often patches of many acres, and
I believe that any ship that found itself to the northward
in the autumn, about the time of digging them up, might
purchase any quantity. They also cultivate gourds, the
fruits of which serve to make bottles, jugs, etc., and a very
small quantity of the Chinese paper mulberry tree.

Fruits they have none, except I should reckon a few
kinds of insipid berries which had neither sweetness nor
flavour to recommend them, and which none but the boys
took the pains to gather.

The woods, however, abound in excellent timber, fit for
any kind of building in size, grain, and apparent durability.
One, which bears a very conspicuous scarlet flower 2 made up
of many threads, and which is as big as an oak in England,
has a very heavy hard wood which seems well adapted for
the cogs of mill-wheels, etc., or any purpose for which very
hard wood is used. That which I have before mentioned to
grow in the swamps,3 which has a leaf not unlike a yew and
bears small bunches of berries, is tall, straight, and thick
enough 'to make masts for vessels of any size, and seems like-
wise by the straight direction of the fibres to be tough, but it
is too heavy. This, however, I have been told, is the case
with the pitch-pine in North America, the timber of which
this much resembles, and which the North Americans
lighten by tapping, and actually use for masts.

1 Freycinetia Banksii, A. Cunn. 2 Metrosideros robusta, A. Cunn. ;

3 Podocarpus dacrydioides, A. Cunn.

1770 NEW ZEALAND FLAX 229

But of all the plants we have seen among these people,
that which is the most excellent in its kind, and which really
excels most if not all that are put to the same uses in other
countries, is the plant which serves them instead of hemp or
flax.1 Of this there are two sorts. The leaves of both much
resemble those of flags ; the flowers are smaller and grow
many more together. In one sort they are yellowish, in the
other of a deep red. Of the leaves of these plants all their
common wearing apparel is made with very little preparation,
and all strings, lines, and cordage for every purpose, and that
of a strength so much superior to hemp as scarce to bear
comparison with it. From these leaves also by another
preparation a kind of snow-white fibre is drawn, shining
almost as silk, and likewise surprisingly strong ; of this all
their finer cloths are made : their fishing-nets are also made
of these leaves, without any other preparation than splitting
them into proper breadths and tying the strips together. So
useful a plant would doubtless be a great acquisition to England,
especially as one might hope it would thrive there with little
trouble, as it seems hardy and affects no particular soil, being
found equally on hills and in valleys, in dry soil and the
deepest bogs, which last land it seems, however, rather to
prefer, as I have always seen it in such places of a larger
size than anywhere else.

When first we came ashore we imagined the country to
be much better peopled than we afterwards found it ; conclud-
ing from the smokes that we saw that there were inhabitants
very far inland, which indeed in Poverty Bay and the Bay of
Plenty (much the best peopled part of the country that we
have seen) may be the case. In all the other parts we have
been in we have, however, found the sea coast only inhabited,
and that but sparingly, insomuch that the number of inhabit-
ants seems to bear no kind of proportion to the size of the
country. This is probably owing to their frequent wars.
Besides this the whole coast from Cape Maria Van Diemen
to Mount Egmont, and seven-eighths of the Southern Island,
seem totally without people.

1 Phormium tenax, Forst, the New Zealand Flax.

230 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF NEW ZEALAND CHAP, x

The men are of the size of the larger Europeans, stout,
clean-limbed, and active, fleshy, but never fat, as the lazy
inhabitants of the South Sea Isles, vigorous, nimble, and at
the same time clever in all their exercises. I have seen
fifteen paddles of a side in one of their canoes move with
immensely quick strokes, and at the same time as much
justness as if the rowers were animated by one soul, not
the fraction of a second could be observed between the
dipping and raising any two of them, the canoe all the
while moving with incredible swiftness. To see them dance
their war dance was an amusement which never failed to
please every spectator. So much strength, firmness, and
agility did they show in their motions, and at the same time
such excellent time did they keep, that I have often heard
above a hundred paddles struck against the sides of their boats,
as directed by their singing, without a mistake being ever
made. In colour they vary a little, some being browner than
others ; but few are browner than a Spaniard a little sunburnt
might be supposed to be. The women, without being at
all delicate in their outward appearance, are rather smaller
than European women, but have a peculiar softness of voice
which never fails to distinguish them from the men. Both
are dressed exactly alike. The women are like those of the
sex that I have seen in other countries, more lively, airy,
and laughter-loving than the men, and with more volatile
spirits. Formed by nature to soften the cares of more
serious man, who takes upon himself the laborious and toil-
some part, as war, tilling the ground, etc., that disposition
appears even in this uncultivated state of nature, showing
in a high degree that, in uncivilised as well as in the most
polished nations, man's ultimate happiness must at last be
placed in woman. The dispositions of both sexes seem
mild, gentle, and very affectionate to each other, but im-
placable towards their enemies, whom after having killed
they eat, probably from a principle of revenge. I believe
they never give quarter or take prisoners. They seem inured
to war, and in their attacks work themselves up by their
own war dance to a kind of artificial courage, which will

1770 INHABITANTS 231

not let them think in the least. Whenever they met with
us and thought themselves superior they always attacked us,
though seldom seeming to intend more than to provoke us
to show them what we were able to do in this case. By
many trials we found that good usage and fair words would
not avail the least with them, nor would they be convinced
by the noise of our firearms alone that we were superior
to them ; but as soon as they had felt the smart of even a
load of small shot, and had time to recollect themselves
from the effects of their artificial courage, which commonly
took a day, they were sensible of our superiority and be-
came at once our good friends, upon all occasions placing
the most unbounded confidence in us. They are not, like
the islanders,1 addicted to stealing ; but (if they could) would
sometimes, before peace was concluded, by offering anything
they had to sell, entice us to trust something of ours into
their hands, and refuse to return it with all the coolness in
the world, seeming to look upon it as the plunder of an
enemy.

Neither of the sexes are quite so cleanly in their persons
as the islanders ; not having the advantage of so warm a
climate, they do not wash so often. But the disgustful thing
about them is the oil with which they daub their hair,
smelling something like a Greenland dock when they are
" trying " whale blubber. This is melted from the fat either
of fish or birds. The better sort indeed have it fresh, and
then it is entirely void of smell.

Both sexes stain themselves in the same manner with
the colour of black, and somewhat in the same way as the
South Sea Islanders, introducing it under the skin by a
sharp instrument furnished with many teeth. The men
carry this custom to much greater lengths ; the women are
generally content with having their lips blacked, but some-
times have little patches of black on different parts of the
body. The man on the contrary seems to add to the

1 Throughout the remainder of the Journal Banks constantly speaks of the
South Sea Islands simply as "the islands," and their inhabitants as "the
islanders."

232 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF NEW ZEALAND CHAP, x

quantity every year of his life, so that some of the
elders were almost covered with it. Their faces are the
most remarkable ; on them, by some art unknown to me,
they dig furrows a line deep at least, and as broad, the
edges of which are often again indented, and absolutely
black. This may be done to make them look frightful in
war, indeed it has the effect of making them most enor-
mously ugly ; the old ones especially, whose faces are entirely
covered with it. The young, again, often have a small
patch on one cheek or over one eye, and those under a
certain age (maybe twenty -five or twenty-six) have no more
than their lips black. Yet ugly as this certainly looks, it is
impossible to avoid admiring the extreme elegance and just-
ness of the figures traced, which on the face are always
different spirals, and upon the body generally different
figures, resembling somewhat the foliages of old chasing
upon gold or silver. All these are finished with a masterly
taste and execution, for of a hundred which at first sight
would be judged to be exactly the same, no two on close
examination prove alike, nor do I remember ever to have
seen any two alike. Their wild imagination scorns to
copy, as appears in almost all their works. In different
parts of the coast they varied very much in the quantity
and parts of the body on which this amoca, as they call it,
was placed ; but they generally agreed in having the spirals
upon the face. I have generally observed that the more
populous a country the greater was the quantity of amoca
used ; possibly in populous countries the emulation of
bearing pain with fortitude may be carried to greater
lengths than where there are fewer people, and conse-
quently fewer examples to encourage. The buttocks, which
in the islands were the principal seat of this ornament, in
general here escape untouched ; in one place only we saw
the contrary.

Besides this dyeing in grain, as it may be called, they
are very fond of painting themselves with red ochre, which
they do in two ways, either rubbing it dry upon their
skins, as some few do, or daubing their faces with large

1770 TATTOWING— DRESS

233

patches of it mixed with oil, which consequently never
dries. This latter is generally practised by the women, and
was not universally condemned by us, for if any of us had
unthinkingly ravished a kiss from one of these fair savages,
our transgressions were written in most legible characters
on our noses, which our companions could not fail to see on
our first interview.

The common dress of these people is certainly to a
stranger one of the most uncouth and extraordinary sights
that can be imagined. It is made of the leaves of the flag
described before, each being split into three or four slips ;
and these, as soon as they are dry, are woven into a
kind of stuff between netting and cloth, out of the upper
side of which all the ends, of eight or nine inches, are
suffered to hang in the same manner as thrums out of
a thrum mat. Of these pieces of cloth two serve for
a complete dress : one is tied over the shoulders, and
reaches to about their knees ; the other is tied about the
waist, and reaches to near the ground. But they seldom
wear more than one of these, and when they have it on
resemble not a little a thatched house. These dresses,
however, ugly as they are, are well adapted for their con-
venience, as they often sleep in the open air, and live some
time without the least shelter, even from rain, so that they
must trust entirely to their clothes as the only chance they
have of keeping themselves dry. For this they are certainly
not ill adapted, as every strip of leaf becomes in that case
a kind of gutter which serves to conduct the rain down, and
hinder it from soaking through the cloth beneath.

Besides this they have several kinds of cloth which are
smooth, and ingeniously worked; these are chiefly of two sorts,
one coarse as our coarsest canvas, and ten times stronger, but
much like it in the lying of the threads ; the other is formed
by many threads running lengthwise, and a few only cross-
ing them to tie them together. This last sort is sometimes
striped, and always very pretty ; for the threads that com-
pose it are prepared so as to shine almost as much as silk.
To both these they work borders of different colours in fine

234 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF NEW ZEALAND CHAP, x

stitches, something like carpeting or girls' samplers in vari-
ous patterns, with an ingenuity truly surprising to any one
who will reflect that they are without needles. They have
also mats with which they sometimes cover themselves ; but
the great pride of their dress seems to consist in dogs' fur,
which they use so sparingly that to avoid waste they cut
it into long strips, and sew them at a distance from each
other upon their cloth, often varying the colours prettily
enough. When first we saw these dresses we took them for
the skins of bears or some animal of that kind, but we
were soon undeceived, and found upon inquiry that they
were acquainted with no animal that had fur or long hair
but their own dogs. Some there were who had their
dresses ornamented with feathers, and one who had an
entire dress of the red feathers of parrots ; but these were
not common.

The first man we saw when we went ashore at Poverty
Bay, and who was killed by one of our people, had his dress
tied exactly in the same manner as is represented in Mr.
Dalrymple's account of Tasman's voyage, in a plate which
I believe is copied from Valentijn's History of the East
Indies ; it was tied over his shoulders, across his breast,
under his armpits, again across his breast, and round his
loins. Of this dress we saw, however, but one more instance
during our whole stay on the coast, though it seems con-
venient, as it leaves the arms quite at liberty, while the
body is covered. In general, indeed, when they choose to
set their arms at liberty, they at the same time free all
their limbs by casting off their clothes entirely.

The men always wear short beards, and tie their hair
in a small knot on the top of their heads, sticking into it
a kind of comb, and at the top two or three white feathers.
The women, contrary to the custom of the sex in general,
seem to affect rather less dress than the men. Their hair,
which they wear short, is seldom tied, and when it is, it
is behind their heads, and never ornamented with feathers.
Their cloths are of the same stuff, and in the same form, as
those of the men.

1770 ORNAMENTS, ETC. 235

Both sexes bore their ears, and wear in them a great
variety of ornaments ; the holes are generally (as if to keep
them upon the stretch) filled up with a plug of some sort or
other, either cloth, feathers, bones of large birds, or some-
times only a stick of wood : into this hole they often also
put nails or anything we gave them which could go there.
The women also often wear bunches, nearly as large as a
fist, of the down of the albatross, which is snow-white.
This, though very odd, makes by no means an inelegant ap-
pearance. They hang from them by strings many very
different things, often a chisel and bodkins made of a kind of
green talc, which they value much ; the nails and teeth also
of their deceased relations, dogs' teeth, and, in short,
anything which is either valuable or ornamental. Besides
these the women sometimes wear bracelets and anklets
made of the bones of birds, shells, etc., and the men
often carry the figure of a distorted man made of the before-
mentioned green talc, or the tooth of a whale cut slantwise,
so as to resemble somewhat a tongue, and furnished with
two eyes. These they wear about their necks and seem
to value almost above everything else. I saw one instance
also of a very extraordinary ornament, which was a feather
stuck through the bridge of the nose, and projecting on each
side of it over the cheeks ; but this I only mention as a
singular thing, having met with it only once among the
many people I have seen, and never observed in any other
even the marks of a hole which might occasionally serve
for such a purpose.

Their houses are certainly the most unartificially made
of anything among them, scarcely equal to a European dog's
kennel, and resembling it, in the door at least, which is
barely high or wide enough to admit a man crawling upon
all fours. They are seldom more than sixteen or eighteen
feet long, eight or ten broad, and five or six high from the
ridge pole to the ground : they are built with a sloping roof
like our European houses. The material of both walls and
roof is dry grass or hay, and very tightly it is put together,
so that they must necessarily be very warm ; some are lined

236 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF NEW ZEALAND CHAP, x

with the bark of trees on the inside, and many have either
over the door or somewhere in the house a plank covered
with their carving, which they seem to value much
as we do a picture, placing it always as conspicuously
as possible. All these houses have the door at one end ;
and near it is a square hole which serves as a window
or probably in winter time more as a chimney ; for then
they light a fire at the end where this door and window
are placed. The side walls and roof project generally eighteen
inches or two feet beyond the end wall, making a kind
of porch, where are benches on which the people of the
house often sit. Within is a square place fenced off with
either boards or stones from the rest, in the middle
of which they can make a fire ; the sides of the house are
thickly laid with straw, on which they sleep. As for furni-
ture, they are not much troubled with it; one chest com-
monly contains all their riches, consisting of tools, cloths,
arms, and a few feathers to stick into their hair ; their
gourds or baskets made of bark, which serve them to keep
fresh water, their provision baskets, and the hammers with
which they beat their fern roots, are generally left without
the door.

Mean and low as these houses are, they most perfectly
resist all inclemencies of the weather, and answer con-
sequently the purposes of mere shelter as well as larger
ones would do. The people, I believe, spend little of the day
in them (except maybe in winter) ; the porch seems to
be the place for work, and those who have not room there
must sit upon a stone, or on the ground in the neighbourhood.

Some few families of the better sort have a kind of court-
yard, the walls of which are made of poles and hay, ten or
twelve feet high, and which, as their families are large, encloses
three or four houses. But I must not forget the ruins, or
rather frame of a house (for it had never been finished),
which I saw at Tolaga, as it was so much superior in size
to anything of the kind we have met with in any other
part of the land. It was 3 0 feet in length, 1 5 in breadth, and
1 2 high ; the sides of it were ornamented with many broad

1770 HOUSES— FOOD

237

carved planks of a workmanship superior to any other we
saw on the land. For what purpose this was built or why
deserted we could not find out.

Though these people when at home defend themselves so
well from the inclemencies of the weather, yet when they are
abroad upon their excursions, which they often make in search
of fern roots, fish, etc., they seem totally indifferent to shelter.
Sometimes they make a small shade to windward of them,
but more often omit that precaution. During our stay at
Opoorage, or Mercury Bay, a party of Indians were there,
consisting of forty or fifty, who during all that time never
erected the least covering, though it twice rained almost
without ceasing for twenty-four hours together.

Their food, in the use of which they seem to be moderate,
consists of dogs, birds (especially sea fowl, as penguins,
albatrosses, etc.), fish, sweet potatoes, yams, cocos, some few
wild plants, as sow-thistles 1 and palm-cabbage, but above all,
the root of a species of fern which seems to be to them what
bread is to us. This fern is very common upon the hills, and
very nearly resembles that which grows upon our hilly
commons in England, and is called indifferently fern, bracken,
or brakes. As for the flesh of man, although they certainly
do eat it, I cannot in my own opinion debase human nature
so much as to imagine that they relish it as a dainty, or
even look upon it as common food. Thirst for revenge may
drive men to great lengths when their passions are allowed
to take their full swing, yet nature, through all the superior
part of the creation, shows how much she recoils at the
thought of any species preying upon itself. Dogs and cats
show visible signs of disgust at the very sight of a dead
carcass of their own species; even wolves or bears are said
never to eat one another except in cases of absolute necessity,
when the stings of hunger have overcome the precepts of
nature, in which case the same has been done by the in-
habitants of the most civilised nations. Among fish and
insects, indeed, there are many instances which prove that

1 The New Zealand bracken and sow-thistle are identical with the English
(Pteris aquilina, Linn., and Sonchus asper, Vill.).

238 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF NEW ZEALAND CHAP, x

those that live by prey regard little whether what they
take is of their own or any other species. But any one who
considers the admirable chain of nature, in which man,
alone endowed with reason, justly claims the highest rank,
and in which the half -reasoning elephant, the sagacious
dog, the architect beaver, etc., in whom instinct so nearly
resembles reason as to have been mistaken for it by men of
no mean capacities, are placed next ; from these descending
through the less informed quadrupeds and birds to the
fish and insects, who seem, besides the instinct of fear which
is given them for self-preservation, to be moved only by the
stings of hunger to eat, and those of lust to propagate their
species, which, when born, are left entirely to their own
care ; and at last by the medium of the oysters, etc., which
not being able to move, but as tossed about by the waves,
must in themselves be furnished with both sexes, that the
species may be continued; shading itself away into the
vegetable kingdom, for the preservation of whom neither
sensation nor instinct is wanted ; whoever considers this, I
say, will easily see that no conclusion in favour of such a
practice can be drawn from the actions of a race of beings
placed so infinitely below us in the order of nature.

But to return to my subject. Simple as their food is,
their cookery so far as I saw is as simple : a few stones
heated and laid in a hole, with the meat laid upon them and
covered with hay, seems to be the most difficult part of it.
Fish and birds they generally broil, or rather toast, spiking
them upon a long skewer, the bottom of which is fixed
under a stone, another stone being put under the fore
part of the skewer, which is raised or lowered by moving the
second stone as circumstances may require. The fern
roots are laid upon the open fire until they are thoroughly
hot and their bark burnt to a coal ; they are then beaten
with a wooden hammer over a stone, which causes all the
bark to fly off, and leaves the inside, consisting of a small
proportion of a glutinous pulp mixed with many fibres,
which they generally spit out, after having sucked each
mouthful a long time. Strange and unheard of as it must

i/7o FREEDOM FROM DISEASE

239

appear to a European, to draw nourishment from a class of
plant which in Europe no animal, hardly even insects, will
taste, I am much inclined to think that it affords a nourish-
ing and wholesome diet. These people eat but little, and
this is the foundation of their meals all summer, at least
from the time that their roots are planted, till the season
for digging them up. Among them I have seen several
very healthy old men, and in general the whole of them are
as vigorous a race as can be imagined.

To the southward, where little or nothing is planted, fern
roots and fish must serve them all the year. Accordingly,
we saw that they had made vast piles of both, especially
the latter, which were dried in the sun very well, and I
suppose meant for winter stock, when possibly fish is not
so plentiful or the trouble of catching it is greater than in
summer.

Water is their universal drink, nor did I see any signs
of any other liquor being at all known to them, or any
method of intoxication. If they really have not, happy they
must be allowed to be above all other nations that I have
heard of.

So simple a diet, accompanied with moderation, must be
productive of sound health, which indeed these people are
blessed with in a very high degree. Though we were in
several of their towns, where young and old crowded to see
us, actuated by the same curiosity as made us desirous of
seeing them, I do not remember a single instance of a
person distempered in any degree that came under my
inspection, and among the numbers of them that I have
seen naked, I have never seen an eruption on the skin or
any signs of one, scars or otherwise. Their skins, when
they came off to us in their canoes, were often marked in
patches with a little floury appearance, which at first
deceived us, but we afterwards found that it was owing to
their having been in their passage wetted with the spray of
the sea, which, when it was dry, left the salt behind it in a
fine white powder.

Such health drawn from so sound principles must make

24o GENERAL ACCOUNT OF NEW ZEALAND CHAP, x

physicians almost useless ; indeed I am inclined to think
that their knowledge of physic is but small, judging from the
state of their surgery which more than once came under my
inspection. Of this art they seemed totally ignorant. I saw
several wounded by our shot, without the smallest applica-
tion on their wounds ; one in particular who had a musket
ball shot right through the fleshy part of his arm, came out
of his house and showed himself to us, making a little use
of the wounded arm. The wound, which was then of several
days' standing, was totally void of inflammation, and in
short appeared to be in so good a state, that had any
application been made use of, I should not have failed to
inquire carefully what it had been which had produced so
good an effect.

A further proof, and not a weak one, of the sound
health that these people enjoy, may be taken from the
number of old people we saw. Hardly a canoe came off to
us without bringing one or more ; and every town had
several, who, if we may judge by grey hairs and worn-out
teeth, were of a very advanced age. Of these few or none
were decrepit ; the greater number seemed in vivacity and
cheerfulness to equal the young, and indeed to be inferior
to them in nothing but the want of equal strength and
agility.

That the people have a larger share of ingenuity than
usually falls to the lot of nations who have had so little or
no commerce with any others appears at first sight : their
boats, the better sort at least, show it most evidently.
These are built of very thin planks sewn together, their
sides rounding up like ours, but very narrow for their
length. Some are immensely long. One I saw which the
people laid alongside the ship, as if to measure how
much longer she was than the canoe, fairly reached from
the anchor that hung at the bows quite aft, but indeed
we saw few so large as that. All, except a few we saw at
Opoorage or Mercury Bay, which were merely trunks of trees
hollowed out by fire, were more or less ornamented by
carving. The common fishing canoe had no ornament but

1770 CANOES 241

the face of a man with a monstrous tongue, whose eyes were
generally inlaid with a kind of shell like mother-of-pearl ;
but the larger sort, which seemed to be intended for war,
were really magnificently adorned. The head was formed by
a plank projecting about three feet before the canoe, and on
the stern stood another, proportioned to the size of the
canoe, from ten to eighteen feet high. Both these were
richly carved with open work, and covered with loose
fringes of black feathers that had a most graceful effect.
The gunnel boards were often also carved in grotesque
taste, and ornamented with white feathers in bunches
placed upon a black ground at certain intervals. They
sometimes joined two small canoes together, and now and
then made use of an outrigger, as is practised in the islands,
but this was more common to the southward.

In managing these canoes, at least in paddling them,
they are very expert. In one I counted sixteen paddlers
on a side, and never did men, I believe, keep better time
with their strokes, driving on the boat with immense
velocity. Their paddles are often ornamented with carving,
the blade is of an oval shape pointed towards the bottom,
broadest in the middle, and again sloping towards the
handle, which is about four feet long, the whole being
generally about six feet in length, more or less. In sailing they
are not so expert ; we very seldom saw them make use of
sails, and indeed never, unless they were to go right before
the wind. They were made of mat, and instead of a mast
were hoisted upon two sticks, which were fastened one to
each side, so that they required two ropes which answered
the purpose of sheets, and were fastened to the tops of
these sticks. In this clumsy manner they sailed with a
good deal of swiftness, and were steered by two men who
sat in the stern, each with a paddle in his hand. I shall
set down the dimensions of one which we measured, that
was of the largest size. It was in length 68^- feet, breadth
5 feet, depth 3-^ feet. This was the only one we measured,
or indeed had an opportunity of measuring.

Of the beauty of their carving in general I would fain

242 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF NEW ZEALAND CHAP, x

say more, but find myself much inferior to the task. I
shall therefore content myself with saying that their taste led
them into two materially different styles, as I will call them.
One was entirely formed of a number of spirals differently
connected, the other was in a much more wild taste, and I
may truly say was like nothing but itself. The truth with
which the lines were drawn was surprising ; but even more
so was their method of connecting several spirals into one
piece, inimitably well, intermingling the ends in so dexterous
a manner that it was next to impossible for the eye to trace
the connections. The beauty of all their carvings, however,
depended entirely on the design, for the execution was so
rough that when you came near it was difficult to see
any beauty in the things which struck you most at a
distance.

After having said so much of their workmanship, it will
be necessary to say something of their tools. As they
have no metals these are made of stone of different
kinds, their hatchets especially of any hard stone they can
get, but chiefly of a kind of green talc, which is very hard
and at the same time tough. With axes of this stone they
cut so clean that it would often puzzle a man to say whether
the wood they have shaped was or was not cut with an iron
hatchet. These axes they value above all their riches, and
would seldom part with them for anything we could offer.
Their nicer work, which requires nicer-edged tools, they do
with fragments of jasper, which they break and use the sharp
edges till they become blunt, after which they throw them
away as useless, for it is impossible ever again to sharpen
them. I suppose it was with these fragments of jasper
that at Tolaga they bored a hole through a piece of glass
that we had given them, just large enough to admit a thread
in order to convert it into an ornament. I must confess I
am quite ignorant of what method they use to cut and polish
their weapons, which are made of very hard stone.

Their cloths are made exactly in the same manner as
by the inhabitants of South America, some of whose work-
manship, procured at Rio de Janeiro, I have on board. The

1770 MANUFACTURES 243

warp or long threads are laid very close together, and each
crossing of the woof is distant at least an inch from another.
They have besides this several other kinds of cloth, and
work borders to them all, but as to their manner of doing
so I must confess myself totally ignorant. I never but
once saw any of this work going forward ; it was done in a
kind of frame of the breadth of the cloth, across which it
was spread, and the cross threads worked in by hand, which
must be very tedious ; however, the workmanship sufficiently
proves the workmen to be dexterous in their way. One
notable point I must not forget, which is that to every
garment of the better kind is fixed a bodkin, as if to remind
the wearer that if it should be torn by any accident, no
time should be lost before it is mended.

Nets for fishing they make in the same manner as ours,
of an amazing size ; a seine seems to be the joint work of a
whole town, and I suppose the joint property. Of these I
think I have seen as large as ever I saw in Europe. Besides
this they have fish pots and baskets worked with twigs, and
another kind of net which they most generally make use of
that I have never seen in any country but this. It is
circular, seven or eight feet in diameter, and two or three
deep ; it is stretched by two or three hoops and open at
the top for nearly, but not quite, its whole extent. On the
bottom is fastened the bait, a little basket containing the
guts, etc., of fish and sea ears, which are tied to different
parts of the net. This is let down to the bottom where the
fish are, and when enough are supposed to be gathered
together, it is drawn up with a very gentle motion, by
which means the fish are insensibly lifted from the bottom.
In this manner I have seen them take vast numbers of fish,
and indeed it is a most general way of fishing all over the
coast. Their hooks are ill made, generally of bone or shell
fastened to a piece of wood ; indeed, they seem to have little
occasion for them, for with their nets they take fish much
easier than they could with hooks.

In tilling they excel, as people who are themselves to
eat the fruit of their industry, and have little else to do but

244 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF NEW ZEALAND CHAP, x

cultivate, necessarily must. When we first came to Tegadu
the crops were just covered, and had not yet begun to sprout ;
the mould was as smooth as in a garden, and every root had
its small hillock, all ranged in a regular quincunx by lines,
which with the pegs still remained in the field.

We had not an opportunity of seeing them work, but
once saw their tool, which is a long and narrow stake,
flattened a little and sharpened ; across this is fixed a piece
of stick for the convenience of pressing it down with the
foot. With this simple tool, industry teaches them to turn
pieces of ground of six or seven acres in extent. The soil
is generally sandy, and is therefore easily turned up, while
the narrowness of the tool, the blade of which is not more
than three inches broad, makes it meet with the less
resistance.

Tillage, weaving, and the rest of the arts of peace are
best known and most practised in the north-eastern parts ;
indeed, in the southern there is little to be seen of any of
them ; but war seems to be equally known to all, though
most practised in the south-west. The mind of man, ever
ingenious in inventing instruments of destruction, has not
been idle here. Their weapons, though few, are well cal-
culated for bloody fights, and the destruction of numbers.
Defensive weapons they have none, and no missives except
stones and darts, which are chiefly used in defending their
forts ; so that if two bodies should meet either in boats or
upon the plain ground, they must fight hand to hand and
the slaughter be consequently immense.

Of their weapons, the spears are made of hard wood
pointed at both ends, sometimes headed with human bones ;
some are fourteen or fifteen feet long. They are grasped by
the middle, so that the end which hangs behind, serving as a
balance to keep the front steady, makes it much more difficult
to parry a push from one of them than it would from one of
a spear only half as long which was held by the end. Their
battle-axes, likewise made of a very hard wood, are about six
feet long, the bottom of the handle pointed, and the blade,
which is exactly like that of an axe but broader, made very

1770 WEAPONS 245

sharp : with these they chop at the heads of their antagonists
when an opportunity offers.

The patoo-patoos, as they called them, are a kind of
small hand bludgeon of stone, bone, or hard wood, most
admirably adapted for the cracking of skulls ; they are of
different shapes, some like an ^-v r~\ old-fashioned

chopping-knife, others like this, //x or C^ — ' ; always how-
ever, having sharp edges, ^ v^ and sufficient
weight to make a second blow unnecessary if the first takes
effect. In these they seemed to put their chief dependence,
fastening them by a long strap to their wrists, lest they should
be wrenched from them. The principal people seldom stirred
out without one of them sticking in their girdle, generally made
of bone (of whales as they told us) or of coarse, black, and very
hard jasper, insomuch that we were almost led to conclude
that in peace as well as war they wore them as a warlike
ornament, in the same manner as we Europeans wear swords.
The darts are about eight feet long, made of wood, bearded
and sharpened, but intended chiefly for the defence of their
forts, when they have the advantage of throwing them down
from a height upon their enemy. They often brought them
out in their boats when they meant to attack us, but so little
were they able to make use of them against us, who were by
reason of the height of the ship above them, that they never
but once attempted it ; and then the dart, though thrown
with the utmost strength of the man who held it, barely fell
on board. Sometimes I have seen them pointed with the
stings of sting-rays, but very seldom ; why they do not oftener
use them I do not know. Nothing is more terrible to a
European than the sharp-jagged beards of those bones ; but
I believe that they seldom cause death, though the wounds
made by them must be most troublesome and painful.
Stones, however, they use much more dexterously, though
ignorant of the use of slings. They throw by hand a con-
siderable distance ; when they have pelted us with them on
board the ship, I have seen our people attempt to throw
them back, and not be able to reach the canoes, although they
had so manifest an advantage in the height of their situation.

246 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF NEW ZEALAND CHAP, x

These are all that can be properly called arms, but
besides these the chiefs when they came to attack us carried
in their hands a kind of ensign of distinction in the same
manner as ours do spontoons : these were either the rib of a
whale, as white as snow, carved very much, and ornamented
with dogs' hair and feathers, or a stick about six feet long,
carved and ornamented in the same manner, and generally
inlaid with shell like mother-of-pearl. Of these chiefs there
were in their war canoes one, two, or three, according to the
size of the canoes. When within about a cable's length of
the ship, they generally rose up, dressed themselves in a
distinguishing dress (often of dog's skin^, and holding in their
hands either one of their spontoons or a weapon, directed
the rest of the people how to proceed. They were always
old, or at least past the middle age, and had upon them a
larger quantity of amoca than usual. These canoes commonly
paddled with great vigour till they came within about a
stone's throw of the ship (having no idea that any missive
could reach them farther), and then began to threaten us ;
this, indeed, the smaller canoes did, as soon as they were
within hearing. Their words were almost universally the
same, " Haromai haromai, harre uta a patoo-patoo oge,"
" Come to us, come to us, come but ashore with us, and we
will kill you with our patoo-patoos."

In this manner they continued to threaten us, venturing
by degrees nearer and nearer till they were close alongside :
at intervals talking very civilly, and answering any questions
we asked them, but quickly renewing their threats till they
had by our non-resistance gained courage enough to begin
their war-song and dance ; after which they either became
so insolent that we found it necessary to chastise them by
firing small shot at them, or else threw three or four stones
on board, and, as if content with having offered such an
insult unavenged, left us.

The war-song and dance consists of various contortions
of the limbs, during which the tongue was frequently thrust
out incredibly far, and the orbits of their eyes enlarged so
much that a circle of white was distinctly seen round the

1770 WAR SONG— TROPHIES OF HEADS 247

iris ; in short, nothing is omitted which could render a
human shape frightful and deformed, which I suppose they
think terrible. During this time they brandish their
spears, hack the air with their patoo-patoos, and shake their
darts as if they meant every moment to begin the attack,
singing all the while in a wild but not disagreeable manner,
ending every strain with a loud and deep-drawn sigh, in
which they all join in concert. The whole is accompanied
by strokes struck against the sides of the boats with their
feet, paddles, and arms ; the whole in such excellent time,
that though the crews of several canoes join in concert, you
rarely or never heard a single stroke wrongly placed.

This we called the war-song ; for though they seemed
fond of using it upon all occasions, whether in war or
peace, they, I believe, never omit it in their attacks. They
have several other songs which their women sing prettily
enough in parts. They were all in a slow melancholy style,
but certainly have more taste in them than could be ex-
pected from untaught savages. Instrumental music they
have none, unless a kind of wooden pipe, or the shell called
Triton's Trumpet, with which they make a noise not very
unlike that made by boys with a cow's horn, may be
called such. They have, indeed, also a kind of small pipe
of wood, crooked and shaped almost like a large tobacco
pipe, but it has hardly more music in it than a whistle with
a pea. But on none of these did I ever hear them attempt
to play a tune or sing to their music.

That they eat the bodies of such of their enemies as are
killed in war, is a fact which they universally acknowledged
from our first landing at every place we came to. It was
confirmed by an old man, whom we supposed to be the
chief of an Indian town very near us, bringing at our desire
six or seven heads of men, preserved with the flesh on.
These it seems the people keep, after having eaten the
brains, as trophies of their victories, in the same manner as
the Indians of North America do scalps ; they had their orna-
ments in their ears as when alive, and some seemed to have
false eyes. The old man was very jealous of showing them ;

248 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF NEW ZEALAND CHAP, x

one I bought, but much against the inclination of its owner,
for though he liked the price I offered, he hesitated much to
send it up ; yet, having taken the price, I insisted either on
having that returned or the head given, but could not
prevail until I enforced my threats by showing him a
musket, on which he chose to part with the head rather
than the price he had, which was a pair of old drawers of
my white linen. The head appeared to have belonged to a
person of about fourteen or fifteen years of age, and evidently
showed, by the contusions on one side, that it had received
many violent blows which had chipped off a part of the
skull near the eye. From this, and many other circum-
stances, I am inclined to believe that these Indians give no
quarter, or even take prisoners to eat upon a future
occasion, as is said to have been practised by the Floridan
Indians ; for had they done so, this young creature, who
could not make much resistance, would have been a very
proper subject.

The state of war in which they live, constantly in danger
of being surprised when least upon their guard, has taught
them, not only to live together in towns, but to fortify
those towns, which they do by a broad ditch, and a
palisade within it of no despicable construction.

For these towns or forts, which they call Heppahs, they
choose situations naturally strong, commonly islands or
peninsulas, where the sea or steep cliffs defend the greater
part of their works ; and if there is any part weaker than
the rest, a stage is erected over it of considerable height —
eighteen or twenty feet — on the top of which the defenders
range themselves, and fight with a great advantage, as
they can throw down their darts and stones with much
greater force than the assailants can throw them up.
Within these forts the greater part of the tribe to whom
they belong reside, and have large stocks of provisions :
fern roots and dried fish, but no water ; for that article, in
all that I have seen, was only to be had from some distance
without the lines. From this we concluded that sieges are
not usual among them. Some, however, are generally out

1770 HEPPAHS— CHIEF OR KING 249

in small parties in the neighbouring creeks and coves,
employed either in taking fish or collecting fern roots, etc.,
a large quantity of which they bring back with them, a
reserve, I suppose, for times when the neighbourhood of an
enemy or other circumstances make the procuring of fresh
provision difficult or dangerous.

Of these forts or towns we saw many ; indeed, the
inhabitants constantly lived in such, from the westernmost
part of the Bay of Plenty to Queen Charlotte's Sound ; but
about Hawke's Bay, Poverty Bay, Tegadu and Tolaga, there
were none, and the houses were scattered about. There
were, indeed, stages built upon the sides of hills, sometimes
of great length, which might serve as a retreat to save their
lives at the last extremity and nothing else, but these were
mostly in ruins. Throughout all this district the people
seemed free from apprehension, and as in a state of profound
peace ; their cultivations were far more numerous and
larger than those we saw anywhere else, and they had a
far greater quantity of fine boats, fine clothes, fine carved
work ; in short, the people were far more numerous, and
lived in much greater affluence, than any others we saw.
This seemed to be owing to their being joined together
under one chief or king, as they always called Teratu, who
lives far up in the country.1

It is much to be lamented that we could get no further
knowledge of this chief or king than his name only ; his
dominions are for an Indian monarch certainly most exten-
sive. He was acknowledged for a length of coasts of up-
wards of eighty leagues, and yet we do not know the western
limits of his dominions ; we are sure, however, that they
contain the greatest share of the rich part of the northern-
most island, and that far the greatest number of people
upon it are his subjects. Subordinate to him are lesser
chiefs, who seem to have obedience and respect paid them

1 The people who mentioned Teratu to us pointed, as we thought, always
inland ; but since the country has been laid down upon paper, it appears that
over the land in that direction lies the Bay of Plenty ; from hence it appears
probable that this is the residence of Teratu, and, if so, the country inland
will probably be found to be quite void of inhabitants. [Note by Banks. ]

250 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF NEW ZEALAND CHAP, x

by the tribe to whom they belong, and who probably
administer justice to them, though we never saw an instance
of it, except in the case of theft on board the ship, when
upon our complaint the offender received kicks and blows
from the chief with whom he came on board.

These chiefs were generally old men : whether they had
the office of chief by birth or on account of their age, we
never learnt ; but in the other parts, where Teratu was not
acknowledged, we plainly learnt that the chiefs whom they
obeyed, of which every tribe had some, received their dignity
by inheritance. In the northern parts their societies seemed
to have many things in common, particularly their fine
clothes and nets ; of the former they had but few, and we
never saw anybody employed in making them. It might be
that what they had were the spoils of war. They were
kept in a small hut erected for that purpose in the middle
of the town. The latter seemed to be the joint work of
the whole society. Every house had in it pieces of netting
upon which they were engaged ; by joining these together it
is probable that they made the large seines which we saw.

The women are less regarded here than in the South
Sea Islands, so, at least, thought Tupia, who complained of
it as an insult upon the sex. They eat with the men, how-
ever. How the sexes divide labour I do not know, but I
am inclined to believe that the men till the ground, fish in
boats, make nets, and take birds, while the women dig up
fern roots, collect shell -fish and lobsters near the beach,
dress the victuals, and weave cloth. Thus, at least, have
these employments been distributed, when I had an oppor-
tunity of observing them, which was very seldom ; for our
approach generally made a holiday wherever we went, men,
women, and children flocking to us either to satisfy their
curiosity or trade with us for whatever they might have.
They took in exchange cloth of any kind, especially linen
or the Indian cloth we had brought from the islands, paper,
glass bottles, sometimes pieces of broken glass, nails, etc.

We saw few or no signs of religion among these people ;
they had no public places of worship, as the inhabitants of

i?7o MOURNING 251

the South Sea Islands, and only one private one came under
my notice, which was in the neighbourhood of a plantation
of their sweet potatoes. It was a small square bordered
round with stones ; in the middle was a spade, and on it
hung a basket of fern roots — an offering (I suppose) to the
gods for the success of the crops — so, at least, one of the
natives explained it. They, however, acknowledged the
influence of superior beings. Tupia, however, seemed to be
much better versed in legends than any of them, for when-
ever he began to preach, as we called it, he was sure of a
numerous audience, who attended with most profound silence
to his doctrines.

The burial of the dead, instead of being a pompous
ceremony as in the islands, is here kept secret ; we never
so much as saw a grave where any one had been interred ;
nor did they always agree in the accounts they gave of
the manner of disposing of dead bodies. In the northern
parts they told us that they buried them in the ground ;
and in the southern, said that they threw them into the sea,
having first tied to them a sufficient weight to cause their
sinking. However they disposed of the dead, their regret
for the loss of them was sufficiently visible ; few or none
were without scars, and some had them hideously large on
their cheeks, arms, legs, etc., from the cuts they had given
themselves during their mourning. I have seen several
with such wounds of which the blood was not yet stanched,
and one only, a woman, while she was cutting herself and
lamenting ; she wept much, repeating many sentences in a
plaintive tone of voice, at every one of which she with a
shell cut a gash in some part of her body. She, however,
contrived her cuts in such a manner that few of them drew
blood, and those that did, penetrated a small depth only.
She was old, and had probably outlived those violent im-
pressions that grief, as well as other passions of the mind,
make upon young people ; her grief also was probably of
long standing. The scars upon the bodies of the greater
part of these people evinced, however, that they had felt
sorrows more severely than she did.

252 GENERAL5 ACCOUNT OF NEW ZEALAND CHAP, x

Thus much for the manners and customs of these people,
as far as they have come to my knowledge in the few
opportunities I had of seeing them. They differ in many
things, but agree in more, with those of the inhabitants of
the South Sea Islands. Their language I shall next give a
short specimen of; it is almost precisely the same, at least
fundamentally. It is true that they have generally added
several letters to the words as used by the inhabitants of
Otahite, etc., but the original plainly appears in the com-
position. The language of the northern and southern parts
differs chiefly in this, that the one has added more letters than
the other ; the original words are, however, not less visible
to the most superficial observer. I shall give a short table
of each compared with the Otahite, taking care to mention
as many words as possible as are either of a doubtful or
different origin ; premising, however, two things — first, that
the words were so much disguised by their manner of pro-
nouncing them that I found it very difficult to understand
them until I had written them down ; secondly, that Tupia,
from the very first, understood and conversed with them
with great facility.

I must remark that most of the southern language was
not taken down by myself, and I am inclined to believe
that the person who did it for me made use of more letters
in spelling the words than were absolutely necessary. The
genius of the language, especially in the southern parts, is to
add some particle — the or a — before a noun as we do ; the
was generally Jce or Jco. They also often add to the end of
any word, especially if it is in answer to a question, the word
oeia, which signifies yes, really, or certainly. This some-
times led our gentlemen into the most long-winded words,
one of which I shall mention as an example. In the Bay
of Islands a very remarkable island was called by the natives
Motu aro ; some of our gentlemen asked the name of this
from one of the natives, who answered, I suppose, as usual
Komotu aro; the gentleman not hearing well the word,
repeated his question, on which the Indian repeated his
answer, adding oeia to the end of the name, which made it

1770

LANGUAGE

253

Kemotuaroeia. In this way at least, and no other, can I
account for that island being called in the log - book
Cumettiwarroweia. The same is practised by the inhabit-
ants of the South Sea Islands, only their particle, instead of
ke or ko, is to or to, ; their oeia is exactly the same, and,
when I first began to learn the language, produced many
difficulties and mistakes.

Northern.

Southern.

Otahite.

A chief

Eareete

Eareete

Earee

A man

Taata

Taata

Taata

A woman

Ivahine

Ivahine

Ivahine

The head
The hair

Eupo
Macau we

Heaowpoho
Heooo

Eupo
Roourou

The ear

Terringa

Hetahezei

Terrea

The forehead

Erai

Heai

Erai

The eyes

Mata

Hemata

Mata

The cheeks

Paparinga

Hepapach

Paparea

The nose

Ahewh

Heeih

Ahewh

The mouth

Hangoutou

Hegowai

Outou

The chin

Ecouwai

Hekasewai

...

The arm

Hariugaringa

Rema

The finger
The belly

Maticara
Ateraboo

Hemaigawh

Manneow
Oboo

The navel
Come here

Apeto
Haromai

Hecapeeto
Horomai

Peto
Harromai

Fish

Heica

Heica

Eyea

A lobster

Koura

Kooura

Tooura

Cocos

Taro

Taro

Taro

Sweet potatoes

Cumalo

Cumala

Cumula

Yams

Tuphwhe

Tuphwhe

Tuphwhe

Birds

Mannu

Mannu

Mannu

No

Kaoure

Kaoure

Ima

The teeth

Hennihu

Heneaho

Niheo

The wind

Mehow

...

Mattai

A thief

Amooto

Teto

To examine

Mataketaki

Mataitai

To sing

Eheara

Heiva

Bad

Keno

Keno

Eno

Trees

Cratou

Eratou

Eratou

Grandfather

Toubouna

Toubouna

Toubouna

1.

Tahai

Tahie

2.

Rua

Rua

3.

Torou

Torou

4.

Ha

Hea

5.

Rema

Rema

6.

Ono

t<

Ono

7.

Etu

Hetu

8.

Warou

ri

Waru

9.

Iva

Heva

10.

Augahourou

Ahourou

CHAPTEE XI

NEW ZEALAND TO AUSTRALIA (ENDEAVOUR RIVER)
MARCH 31— JUNE 18, 1770

Choice of routes — Reasons in favour of and against the existence of a southern
continent — Suggestions for a proposed expedition in search of it — Leave
^ New Zealand — Malt wort — Portuguese man-of-war and its sting — Hot
weather — Land seen — "Waterspouts — Variation of the compass — Natives —
Their indifference to the ship — Opposition to landing — Excursion into
the country — Vegetation and animals seen — Botanising — Timidity of the
natives — Enormous sting-rays — Treachery of natives — Leave Botany Bay
— Ants — Stinging caterpillars — Gum trees — Oysters — Crabs — Figs im-
pregnated by Gynips — East Indian plants — Ants' nests — Butterflies —
Amphibious fish — Ship strikes on a coral rock — Critical position —
Fothering the ship — Steadiness of the crew — The ship taken into the
Endeavour River — Scurvy.

HAVING now entirely circumnavigated New Zealand, and
found it, not as generally supposed, part of a continent, but
two islands, and having not the least reason to imagine that
any country larger than itself lay in its neighbourhood, it
was resolved to leave it and proceed upon further discoveries
on our return to England, as we were determined to do as
much as the state of the ship and provisions would allow. In
consequence of this resolution a consultation was held and
three schemes proposed. One, much the most eligible, was to
return by Cape Horn, keeping all the way in the high lati-
tudes, by which means we might with certainty determine
whether or not a southern continent existed. This was
unanimously agreed to be more than the condition of the
ship would allow. Our provisions indeed might be equal to
it ; we had six months' at two- thirds allowance, but our

MAR. 1770 SUPPOSED SOUTHERN CONTINENT 255

sails and rigging, with which, the former especially, we were
at first but ill provided, were rendered so bad by the blow-
ing weather that we had met with off New Zealand that we
were by no means in a condition to weather the hard gales
which must be expected in a winter passage through high
latitudes. The second was to steer to the southward of Van
Diemen's Land and stand away directly for the Cape of Good
Hope, but this was likewise immediately rejected. If we
were in too bad a condition for the former, we were in too
good a one for this ; six months' provision was much more
than enough to carry us to any port in the East Indies, and
the overplus was not to be thrown away in a sea where so
few navigators had been before us. The third, therefore,
was unanimously agreed to, which was to stand immediately
to the westward, fall in with the coast of New Holland as
soon as possible, and after following that to the northward
as far as seemed proper, to attempt to fall in with the lands
seen by Quiros in 1606. In doing this we hoped to make
discoveries more interesting to trade at least than any we
had yet made. We were obliged certainly to give up our
first grand object, the southern continent ; this for my own
part I confess I could not do without much regret.

That a southern continent really exists I firmly believe ;
but if asked why I believe so, I confess my reasons are
weak : yet I have a prepossession in favour of the fact which
I find it difficult to account for. Ice in large bodies has
been seen off Cape Horn now and then. Sharp saw it, as did
Frezier on his return from the coast of Chili in the month
of March 1714: he also mentions that it has been seen by
other French ships in the same place. If this ice (as is
generally believed) is formed by fresh water only, there must
be land to the southward, for the coast of Terra del Fuego
is by no means cold enough to produce such an effect. I
should be inclined to think also that it lies away to the
westward, as the west and south-west winds so generally
prevail, that the ice must be supposed to have followed the
direction of these winds, and consequently have come from
these points. When we sailed to the southward, in August

256 NEW ZEALAND TO AUSTRALIA CHAP, xi

and September 1769, we met with signs of land, seaweed
and a seal, which, though both of them are often seen at
great distances from land, yet are not met with in open
oceans, and we were at that time too far from the coast of
New Zealand, and much too far from that of South America,
to have supposed them to have come from either of these.
The body of this land must, however, be situated in very
high latitudes ; a part of it may indeed come to the north-
ward, within our track ; but as we never saw any signs of
land except at the time mentioned above, although I made
it my particular business (as well as I believe did most of
us) to look out for such, it must be prodigiously smaller in
extent than the theoretical continent-makers have supposed
it to be. We have by our track proved the absolute falsity
of over three-fourths of their positions ; and the remaining
part cannot be much relied upon, but above all we have
taken from them their finest groundwork, in proving New
Zealand to be an island, which I believe was looked upon,
even by the most thoughtful people, to be in all probability
at least a part of some vast country. All this we have
taken from them : the land seen by Juan Fernandez, the
land seen by the Dutch squadron under L'Hermite, signs of a
continent seen by Quiros, and the same by Eoggeween, etc.
etc., have by us been proved not to be at all related to a
continent. As for their reasoning about the balancing of
the two poles, which always appeared to me to be a most
childish argument, we have already shorn off so much of
their supposed counterbalancing land, that by their own
account the south pole would already be too light, unless
what we have left should be made of very ponderous
materials. As much fault as I find with these gentlemen
will, however, probably recoil on myself, when I, on so light
grounds as those I have mentioned, again declare it to be
my opinion that a southern continent exists, an opinion in
favour of which I am strongly prepossessed. But foolish
and weak as all prepossessions must be thought, I would not
but declare myself so, lest I might be supposed to have
stronger reasons which I concealed.

i

MAR. 1770 SOUTH POLAR EXPEDITION SUGGESTED 257

To search for this continent, then, the best and readiest
way by which at once its existence or non-existence might
be proved, appears to me to be this : let the ship or ships
destined for this service leave England in the spring and
proceed directly to the Cape of Good Hope, where they
might refresh their people and take in fresh provisions,
and thence proceed round Van Diemen's Land to the coast
of New Zealand, where they might again refresh in any of
the numerous harbours at the mouth of Cook's Straits, where
they would be sure to meet with plenty of water, wood, and
fish. Here they should arrive by the month of October, so
as to have the good season before them to run across to the
South Sea, which by reason of the prevailing westerly winds
they would easily be able to do in any latitude. If in
doing this they should not fall in with a continent, they
might still be of service in exploring the islands in the
Pacific Ocean, where they might refresh themselves and pro-
ceed home by the East Indies. Such a voyage, as a voyage
of mere curiosity, should be promoted by the Eoyal Society,
to whom I doubt not that his Majesty upon proper applica-
tion would grant a ship, as the subject of such a voyage
seems at least as interesting to science in general and the
increase of knowledge as the observation which gave rise to
the present one. The small expense of such an equipment
to Government is easily shown. I will venture roundly to
affirm that the smallest station sloop in his Majesty's service
is every year more expensive than such a ship, where every
rope, every sail, every rope-yarn even is obliged to do its
duty most thoroughly before it can be dismissed. How
trifling then must this expense appear, when in return for
it the nation acquires experienced seamen in those who
execute it, and the praise which is never denied to countries
who in this public-spirited manner promote the increase of
knowledge.

At the Cape of Good Hope might be procured beef,
bread, flour, peas, spirits, or indeed any kind of provision at
reasonable rates. The beef must be bought alive and salted,
for which purpose it would be proper to take out salt from

s

258 NEW ZEALAND TO AUSTRALIA CHAP, xi

Europe : the general price, which indeed never varies, is two-
pence a pound. It is tolerable meat, but not so fat as ours
in England. Pork is scarce and dear, of that therefore a
larger proportion might be taken out. Bread, which varies
in price, is of the rusk kind, very good but rather brown.
Spirit is arrack from Batavia, the price of which, after having
paid the duties of import and export, is 60 rixdollars
(£12 sterling) a legger of 150 gallons. Wine is in great
plenty and very cheap, and while I was there l they began
to distil a kind of brandy, which, however, at that time was
as dear as arrack, and much inferior to it both in strength
and goodness.

Should a ship upon this expedition be obliged to go into
False Bay, into which the Dutch remove on the 12th of
May, most of these articles might be got there at a small
advance occasioned by the carriage, which is very cheap,
and if anything were wanted it might be bought from
Cape Town either by Dutch scouts, of which there are
several belonging to the company in the harbour, or by
waggons over-land, as the road is good and much frequented
at that season of the year.

3 1st March. Our route being settled in the manner
above mentioned, we this morning weighed, and sailed with
a fair breeze of wind, inclined to fall in with Van Diemen's
Land, as near as possible at the place where Tasman
left it.

2nd April. Our malt having turned out so indifferent
that the surgeon made little use of it, a method was thought
of some weeks ago to bring it into use, which was, to make
as strong a wort with it as possible, and in this boil the
wheat, which is served to the people for breakfast : it made
a mess far from unpleasant, which the people soon grew
very fond of. I myself who have for many months con-
stantly breakfasted upon the same wheat as the people, either
received, or thought I received, great benefit from the use of

1 This paragraph, if not the whole of this discussion, has evidently been
introduced (by Banks himself) after having visited the Cape.

APR. 1770 WORT FOR SCURVY 259

this mess. It totally banished that troublesome costiveness
which I believe most people are subject to when at sea.
Whether or no this is a more beneficial method of administer-
ing wort as a preventative than the common, must be left to
the faculty, especially that excellent surgeon Mr. M'Bride,
whose ingenious treatise on the sea-scurvy can never be
sufficiently commended. For my own part I should be
inclined to believe that the salubrious qualities of the wort
which arise from fermentation might in some degree at least
be communicated to the wheat when thoroughly saturated
with its particles, which would consequently acquire a virtue
similar to that of fresh vegetables, the greatest resisters of
sea-scurvy known.

3rd. We got fast on to the westward, but the compass
showed that the hearts of our people hanging that way
caused a considerable north variation, which was sensibly
felt by our navigators, who called it a current, as they do
usually everything which makes their reckonings and
observations disagree.

5th. The captain told me that he had during this whole
voyage observed that between the degrees of 40° and 37°
south latitude the weather becomes suddenly milder in a
very great degree, not only in the temperature of the air,
but in the strength and frequency of gales of wind, which
increase very much in going towards 40°, and decrease in
the same proportion as you approach 3*7°.

11th. Went out shooting and killed Diomedea exulans
and impavida : saw D. profuga; Procellaria melanopus, velox,
oceanica, vagdbunda, and longipes ; Nectris fuliginosa. Took
up with dipping - net Mimus volutator, Medusa pelagica,
Dagysa cornuta, Phyllodoce velella, and ffolothuria oUusata,
of which last an albatross that I had shot discharged a
large quantity, incredible as it may appear that an animal
should feed upon this blubber, whose innumerable stings
give a much more acute pain to a hand which touches them
than nettles.

12th. I again went out in my small boat and shot much
the same birds as yesterday : took up also chiefly the same

260 NEW ZEALAND TO AUSTRALIA CHAP, xi

animals, to which was added Actinia natans. I again saw
undoubted proofs that the albatrosses eat Holothurice or
Portuguese men-of-war? as the seamen call them. I had
also an opportunity of observing the manner in which this
animal stings. The body consists of a bladder, on the upper
side of which is fixed a kind of sail, which he erects or
depresses at pleasure : the edges of this he also at pleasure
gathers in, so as to make it concave on one side and convex
on the other, varying the concavity or convexity to which-
ever side he pleases, for the conveniency of catching the
wind which moves him slowly upon the surface of the sea
in any direction he wishes. Under the bladder hang
down two kinds of strings, one smooth, transparent and harm-
less, the other full of small round knobs, having much the
appearance of small beads strung together : these he contracts
or extends sometimes to the length of four feet. Both these
and the others are in this species of a lovely ultramarine
blue, but in the more common one, which is many times
larger than this, being nearly as large as a goose's egg, they
are of a fine red. With these latter, however, he does his
mischief, stinging, or burning, as it is called. If touched by
any substance they immediately throw out millions of
exceedingly fine white threads, about a line in length, which
pierce the skin and adhere to it, giving very acute pain.
When the animal thrusts them out of the little knobs or
beads which are not in contact with some substance they can
pierce, they appear very visibly to the naked eye like small
fibres of snow-white cotton.

1 3th. Shooting as usual, but saw no new bird except a
gannet, which came not near me. Of these for four or five
days past I have killed a good many ; indeed, during the
whole time they have been tame and appeared unknowing
and unsuspicious of men, the generality of them flying to
the boat as soon as they saw it, which is generally the case
at great distances from land. Took up Dagysa vitrea and
gemma, Medusa radiata and porpita, Helix ianthina, very
large Doris complanata, and Beroe lilola : saw a large shoal

1 See footnote, p. 15.

APR. 1770 AUSTRALIA— WEATHER— WATERSPOUTS 261

of Esox sconiboides leaping out of the water in a very extra-
ordinary manner, pursued by a large fish, which I saw but
could not strike, though I did two of the former. In the
evening saw several fish much resembling bonitos.

The weather we have had for these nine days past, and
the things we have seen upon the sea, are so extraordinary
that I cannot help recapitulating a little. The weather, in
the first place, which till the fifth was cool, or rather cold,
became at once troublesomely hot, bringing with it a mouldy
dampness such as we experienced between the tropics : the
thermometer, although it showed a considerable difference
in the degree of heat, was not nearly so sensible of it as our
bodies, which I believe is generally the case when a damp
air accompanies warmth. During the continuance of this
weather the inhabitants of the tropical seas appeared :
the tropic bird, flying fish, and Medusa porpita are animals
very rarely seen out of the influence of trade winds.
Several others also I have never before seen in so high a
latitude, and never before in such perfection as now, except
between the tropics. All these uncommon appearances I
myself can find no other method of accounting for than the
uncommon length of time that the wind had remained in
the eastern quarter before this, which possibly had all that
time blown home from the trade wind ; and at the same
time, as it kept the sea in a quiet and still state, had
brought with it the produce of the climate from which it
came.

~L9th. With the first daylight this morning the land1
was seen ; it made in sloping hills covered in part with
trees or bushes, but interspersed with large tracts of sand.
At noon we were sailing along shore, five or six leagues
from it, with a brisk breeze of wind and cloudy unsettled
weather, when we were called upon deck to see three water-
spouts which made their appearance at the same time in
different places, but all between us and the land. Two,

1 To the southward of Cape Howe. The most southerly land seen was by
Captain Cook called Point Hicks. It is not a point, but a hill, still called
Point Hicks Hill (Wharton's Cook, p. 237, note).

262 NEW ZEALAND TO AUSTRALIA CHAP, xi

which were very distant, soon disappeared ; but the third,
which was about a league from us, lasted fully a quarter of
an hour. It was a column which appeared of the thickness
of a mast or a middling tree, and reached down from a
smoke-coloured cloud about two-thirds of the way to the
surface of the sea. Under it the sea appeared to be much
troubled for a considerable space, and from the whole of
that space arose a dark-coloured thick mist reaching to the
bottom of the pipe, where it was at its greatest distance
from the water. The pipe itself was perfectly transparent,
and much resembled a tube of glass or a column of water,
if such a thing could be supposed to be suspended in the
air : it very frequently contracted and dilated, lengthened
and shortened itself, and that by very quick motions. It
very seldom remained in a perpendicular direction, but
generally inclined either one way or the other in a curve, as
a light body acted upon by the wind is observed to do.
During the whole time that it lasted, smaller ones seemed
to attempt to form in its neighbourhood ; at last one almost
as thick as a rope formed close by it, and became longer
than the old one, which at that time was in its shortest
state ; upon this they joined together in an instant, and
gradually contracting into the cloud, disappeared.

22nd. We stood in with the land, near enough to dis-
cern five people, who appeared through our glasses to be
enormously black : so far did the prejudices which we had
built on Dampier's account influence us, that we fancied we
could see their colour when we could scarce distinguish
whether or not they were men.

Since we have been on the coast, we have not observed
those large fires which we so frequently saw in the islands
and New Zealand, made by the natives in order to clear the
ground for cultivation : we thence concluded not much in
favour of our future friends. It has long been an obser-
vation among us, that the air in this southern hemisphere
was much clearer than in our northern : these last few days
at least it has appeared remarkably so.

2 3rd. Took with the dipping-net Cancer erythrophthalmus,

APR. 1770 VARIATION OF THE COMPASS 263

Medusa radiata, pelagica ; Dagysa gemma, strumosa, cornuta ;
HolotJiuria obtusata ; Phyllodoce velella and Mimus volutator.
The master to-day, in conversation, made a remark on the
variation of the needle, which struck me much. As to me it
was new, and appeared to throw much light on the theory
of that phenomenon. The variation is here very small : he
says that he has three times crossed the line of no variation,
and that at all those times, as well as at this, he has
observed the needle to be very unsteady, moving very easily
and scarcely at all fixing. This he showed me ; he also told
me that in several places he had been in, the land had a very
remarkable effect upon the variation, as in the place we were
in now : at one or two leagues distant from the shore, the
variation was two degrees less than at eight leagues distance.

2*7 th. Some bodies, three feet long and half as broad,
floated very buoyantly past the ship : they were supposed
to be cuttle bones, which indeed they a good deal resembled,
but for their enormous size.

28th. An opening appearing like a harbour was seen,
and we stood directly in for it : a small smoke arising from
a very barren place directed our glasses that way, and we
soon saw ten people who, on our approach, left the fire, and
retired to a little eminence, whence they could conveniently
see the ship. Soon after this two canoes carrying two men
each landed on the beach under them : the men hauled up
their boats, and went to their fellows upon the hill. Our boat,
which had been sent ahead to sound, now approached the
place, and they all retired higher up the hill. We saw, how-
ever, that at the beach or landing-place one man at least was
hidden among some rocks, and never, so far as we could see, left
that place. Our boat proceeded along shore, and the Indians
followed her at a distance ; when she came back the officer
who was in her told me that in a cove, a little within the
harbour, they came down to the beach and invited our
people to land by many signs and words which he did not
at all understand. All, however, were armed with long
pikes" and a wooden weapon made like a short scimitar.1

1 A boomerang.

264 AUSTRALIA CHAP, xi

During this time, a few of the Indians who had not followed
the boat remained on the rocks opposite the ship, threaten-
ing and menacing with their pikes and swords : two in
particular, who were painted with white, their faces seem-
ingly only dusted over with it, their bodies painted with
broad strokes drawn over their breasts and backs, resembling
much a soldier's cross-belt, and their legs and thighs also
with broad strokes drawn round them, like broad garters or
bracelets. Each of these held in his hand a wooden weapon
about 2^ feet long, in shape much resembling a scimitar ;
the blades of these looked whitish, and some thought shining,
insomuch that they were almost of opinion that they were
made of some kind of metal ; but I thought they were
only wood smeared over with the white pigment with
which they paint their bodies. These two seemed to talk
earnestly together, at times brandishing their crooked
weapons at us, as in token of defiance. By noon we were
within the mouth of the inlet,1 which appeared to be very
good. Under the south head of it were four small canoes,
each containing one man, who held in his hand a long
pole, with which he struck fish, venturing with his little
embarkation almost into the surf. These people seemed to
be totally engaged in what they were about : the ship passed
within a quarter of a mile of them, and yet they scarcely
lifted their eyes from their employment. I was almost
inclined to think that, attentive to their business and
deafened by the noise of the surf, they neither saw nor
heard her go past.

We came to an anchor abreast of a small village con-
sisting of six or eight houses. Soon after this an old woman,
followed by three children, came out of the wood : she
carried several pieces of stick, and the children also had
their little burthens. When she came to the houses, three
younger children came out of one of them to meet her. She
often looked at the ship, but expressed neither surprise nor
concern : she then lighted a fire, and the four canoes came

1 Botany Bay. It was Banks who, on his return to England, recommended
the Government to form a penal settlement at this spot.

APR. 1770 LAND AT BOTANY BAY 265

in from fishing, the people landed, hauled up their boats
and began to dress their dinner, to all appearance totally
unmoved by us, though we were within little more than
half a mile of them. On all these people whom we had
seen so distinctly through our glasses, we had been unable
to observe the least signs of clothing ; myself, to the best of
my judgment, plainly discerned that the women did not
copy our mother Eve even in the fig-leaf.

After dinner the boats were manned, and we set out
from the ship, intending to land at the place where we saw
these people, hoping that as they regarded the ship's coming
into the bay so little, they would as little regard our land-
ing. "We were in this, however, mistaken ; for as soon as
we approached the rocks two of the men came down, each
armed with a lance about 10 feet long, and a short stick,
which he seemed to handle as though it was a machine to
throw the lance. They called to us very loudly in a harsh
sounding language, of which neither we nor Tupia under-
stood a word, shaking their lances and menacing; in all
appearance resolved to dispute our landing to the utmost,
though they were but two, and we thirty or forty at least.
In this manner we parleyed with them for about a quarter
of an hour, they waving to us to be gone ; we again signing
that we wanted water, and that we meant them no harm.
They remained resolute : so a musket was fired over them,
the effect of which was that the younger of the two dropped
a bundle of lances on the rock the instant he heard
the report. He, however, snatched them up again, and
both renewed their threats and opposition. A musket
loaded with small shot was now fired at the elder of the
two, who was about forty yards from the boat ; it struck
him on the legs, but he minded it very little, so another
was immediately fired at him. On this he ran up to the
house, about a hundred yards distant, and soon returned
with a shield. In the meantime we had landed on the rock.
The man immediately threw a lance at us and the young
man another, which fell among the thickest of us, but hurt
nobody ; two more muskets with small shot were then fired

266 AUSTRALIA CHAP, xi

at them, whereupon the elder threw one more lance and
ran away, as did the other. We went up to the houses, in
one of which we found the children hidden behind the shield,
and a piece of bark.

We were conscious, from the distance the people had
been from us when we fired, that the shot could have done
them no material harm ; we therefore resolved to leave the
children upon the spot without even opening their shelter ;
we therefore threw into the house to them some beads,
ribbons, cloth, etc., as presents, and went away. We, how-
ever, thought it no improper measure to take away with us
all the lances which we could find about the houses, amount-
ing in number to forty or fifty. They varied in length from
6 to 1 5 feet. Both those which were thrown at us, and all
we found, except one, had four prongs headed with very sharp
fish bones, which were besmeared with a greenish-coloured
gum, that at first gave me some suspicion of poison.

The people were blacker than any we have seen on the
voyage, though by no means negroes ; their beards were
thick and bushy, and they seemed to have a redundancy of
hair upon those parts of the body where it commonly grows.
The hair of their heads was bushy and thick, but by no
means woolly like that of a negro. They were of a common
size, lean, and seemed active and nimble ; their voices were
coarse and strong. Upon examining the lances we had taken
from them, we found that most of them had been used in
striking fish ; at least we concluded so from the seaweed
which was found stuck in among the four prongs.

At night many moving lights were seen at different
parts of the bay ; such we had been used to see at the
Islands, from hence we supposed that the people here strike
fish in the same manner.

29^. The fishing fires, as we supposed them to be, were
seen during the greater part of the night. In the morning
we went ashore at the houses, but found not the least good
effect from our presents yesterday. No signs of people
were to be seen ; and in the house where the children were
yesterday, was left everything which we had thrown to them.

MAY 1770 EXCURSION INLAND 267

1st May. The captain, Dr. Solander, and myself, and
some of the people, making in all ten muskets, resolved
to make an excursion into the country. We accordingly
did so, and walked till we completely tired ourselves, which
was in the evening ; seeing by the way only one Indian, who
ran from us as soon as he saw us. The soil, wherever we
saw it, consisted of either swamps or light sandy soil, on
which grew very few species of trees, one,1 which was large,
yielding a gum much like Sanguis draconis ; but every place
was covered with vast quantities of grass. We saw many
Indian houses, and places where they had slept upon the
grass without the least shelter. In these we left beads,
ribbons, etc. We saw one quadruped about the size of a
rabbit. My greyhound just got sight of him, and instantly
lamed himself against a stump which lay concealed in the
long grass. We saw also the dung of a large animal that
had fed on grass, much resembling that of a stag ; also the
footprints of an animal clawed like a dog or wolf, and as
large as the latter, and of a small animal whose feet were
like those of a polecat or weasel. The trees overhead
abounded very much with loryquets and cockatoos, of which
we shot several.

2nd. The morning was rainy, and we had already so
many plants that we were well contented to find an
excuse for staying on board to examine them a little. In
the afternoon, however, it cleared up, and we returned
to our old occupation of collecting, in which we had our
usual good success. Tupia, who strayed from us in pursuit
of parrots, of which he shot several, told us on his return
that he had seen nine Indians, who ran from him as soon
as they perceived him.

3rd. Our collection of plants was now grown so im-
mensely large that it was necessary that some extraordinary
care should be taken of them, lest they should spoil in the
books. I therefore devoted this day to that business, and
carried ashore all the drying paper, nearly 200 quires, of
which the larger part was full, and spreading them upon a
1 A species of Eucalyptus, or gum tree.

268 AUSTRALIA CHAP, xi

sail in the sun, kept them in this manner exposed the
whole day, often turning them, and sometimes turning the
quires in which were plants inside out. By this means
they came on board at night in very good condition. During
this time eleven canoes, in each of which was one Indian,
came towards us : we soon saw that the people in them
were employed in striking fish. They came within about
half a mile of us, intent upon their own employments, and
not at all regarding us. Opposite the place where they
were several of our people were shooting : one Indian,
prompted maybe by curiosity, landed, hauled up his canoe,
and went towards them. He stayed about a quarter of an
hour, and then launched his boat and went off. Probably
that time had been spent behind the trees in watching to
see what our people did. I could not find, however, that
he was seen by anybody.

When the damp of the evening made it necessary to
send my plants and books on board, I made a short excur-
sion to shoot anything I could meet with, and found a
large quantity of quails, much resembling our English ones,
of which I might have killed as many almost as I pleased,
had I given my time up to it ; but my business was to kill
variety, and not too many individuals of any one species.
The captain and Dr. Solander employed the day in going
in the pinnace into various parts of the harbour. They
saw fires at several places, and people who all ran away
at their approach with the greatest precipitation, leaving
behind the shell-fish which they were cooking. Of this our
gentlemen took advantage, eating what they found and
leaving beads, ribands, etc., in return. They found also
several trees which bore a fruit of the Jambosa kind, in
colour and shape much resembling cherries. Of these they
ate plentifully, and brought home also abundance, which we
ate with pleasure, though they had little to recommend
them but a slight acid.

4=th. Myself in the woods, botanising as usual : now
quite devoid of fear, as our neighbours have turned out
such rank cowards. One of our midshipmen, straying by

MAY 1770 COWARDICE OF THE NATIVES 269

himself a long way from any one else, met by accident with
a very old man and woman and some children. They were
sitting under a tree, and neither party saw the other till
they were close together. They showed signs of fear, but
did not attempt to run away. The midshipman had nothing
about him to give them but some parrots which he had
shot. These they refused, drawing away when he offered
them, in token either of extreme fear or disgust. The
people were very old and gray-headed, the children young.
The hair of the man was bushy about his head, and his
beard long and rough : the woman's hair was cropped short
round her head. They were very dark-coloured, but not
black, nor was their hair woolly.

On our return to the ship we found also that our second
lieutenant, who had gone out striking, had met with great
success. He had observed that the large sting-rays, of
which there are abundance in the bay, followed the flowing
tide into very shallow water ; he therefore took the oppor-
tunity, and struck several in not more than two or three
feet of water. One that was larger than the rest weighed,
when his guts were taken out, 239 Ibs.

Our surgeon, who strayed a long way from the others,
with one man in his company, in coming out of a thicket
observed six Indians standing about sixty yards from him.
One of these gave a signal by a word, whereupon a lance
was thrown out of the wood at him, which, however, did
not come very near him. The six Indians, on seeing that
it had not taken effect, ran away in an instant, but on
turning about towards the place from whence the lance
came, he saw a young lad, who had undoubtedly thrown
it, come down from a tree where he had been stationed,
probably for that purpose. He descended, however, and
ran away so quickly that it was impossible even to attempt
to pursue him.

6th. Went to sea this morning with a fair breeze of wind.
The land we sailed past during the whole forenoon appeared
broken and likely for harbours. We dined to-day upon a
sting-ray weighing 336 Ibs., which was caught yesterday,

270 AUSTRALIA CHAP, xi

and his tripe. The fish itself was not quite so good as a
skate, nor was it much inferior. The tripe everybody
thought excellent. We had it with a dish of the boiled
leaves of Tetragonia cornuta, which eat as well, or very nearly
as well, as spinach.

1*7^. About ten we were abreast of a large bay,1
the bottom of which was out of sight. The sea here
suddenly changed from its usual transparency to a dirty
clay colour, appearing much as if charged with freshes, from
whence I was led to conclude that the bottom of the bay
might open into a large river. About it were many smokes,
especially on the northern side near some remarkable conical
hills.2 At sunset the land made in one bank, over which
nothing could be seen. It was very sandy, and carried with
it no signs of fertility.

~L8th. Land this morning very sandy. We could see
through our glasses that the sands, which lay in great patches
of many acres each, were movable. Some of them had been
lately moved, for trees which stood up in the middle of them
were quite green. Others of a longer standing had many
stumps sticking out of them, which had been trees killed
by the sand heaping about their roots. Few fires were seen.
Two water snakes swam by the ship. They were beauti-
fully spotted, and in all respects like land snakes, except
that they had broad flat tails, which probably serve them
instead of fins in swimming.

22nd. In the course of the night the tide rose very con-
siderably. We plainly saw with our glasses that the land
was covered with palm-nut trees, Pandanus tectorius, which
we had not seen since we left the islands within the tropics.
Along shore we saw two men walking, who took no kind
of notice of us.

23rd. Wind blew fresh off the land, so cold that our
cloaks were very necessary in going ashore. When we landed,
however, the sun soon recovered its influence, and made it
sufficiently hot ; in the afternoon intolerably so. We landed
near the mouth of a large lagoon,3 which ran a good way

1 Moreton Bay. 2 The Glass Houses. 3 Bustard Bay.

MAY 1770 PLANTS AND INSECTS 271

into the country, and sent out a strong tide. Here we found
a great variety of plants, several, however, the same as those
we ourselves had before seen in the islands between the
tropics, and others known to be natives of the East Indies,
a sure mark that we were upon the point of leaving the
southern temperate zone, and that for the future we must
expect to meet with plants some of which, at least, had
been before seen by Europeans. The soil in general was
very sandy and dry ; though it produced a large variety of
plants, yet it was never covered with a thick verdure. Fresh
water we saw none, but several swamps and bogs of salt
water. In these, and upon the sides of the lagoons, grew
many mangrove trees, in the branches of which were many
nests of ants, of which one sort were quite green. These,
when the branches were disturbed, came out in large numbers,
and revenged themselves very sufficiently upon their dis-
turbers, biting more sharply than any I have felt in Europe.
The mangroves had also another trap which most of us fell
into. This was a small kind of caterpillar, green and beset
with many hairs, numbers of which sat together upon the
leaves, ranged by the side of each other, like soldiers drawn up;
twenty or thirty, perhaps, on one leaf. If these wrathful
militia were touched ever so gently, they did not fail to
make the person offending sensible of their anger, every
hair in them stinging much as nettles do, but with a more
acute, though less lasting, smart.

Upon the sides of the hills were many of the trees yield-
ing a gum like Sanguis draconis.1 They differed, however,
from those seen on the 1st of May, in having their leaves
longer, and hanging down like those of the weeping willow.
Notwithstanding that, I believe that they were of the same
species. There was, however, much less gum upon them.
Only one tree that I saw had any, contrary to all theory
which teaches that the hotter a climate is the more gums
exude. The same observation, however, held good in the
plant yielding the yellow gum,2 of which, though we saw
vast numbers, we did not see any that showed signs of gum

1 Eucalypti. z Xanthorrhcea : it has not been mentioned before.

272 AUSTRALIA CHAP, xi

On the shoals and sandbanks near the shore of the bay
were many large birds, far larger than swans, which we
judged to be pelicans ; but they were so shy that we could
not get within gun-shot of them. On the shore were many
birds ; one species of bustard, of which we shot a single bird,
was as large as a good turkey. The sea seemed to abound in
fish, but unfortunately, at the first haul, we tore our seine to
pieces. On the mud-banks, under the mangrove trees, were
innumerable oysters, hammer-oysters, and many more sorts,
among which were a large proportion of small pearl-oysters.
Whether the sea in deeper water might abound with as
great a proportion of full-grown ones, we had not an
opportunity to examine ; but if it did, ^a pearl fishery here
must turn out to immense advantage.

24:th. At daybreak we went to sea. At dinner we ate
the bustard we shot yesterday. It turned out an excellent
bird, far the best, we all agreed, that we had eaten since we
left England ; and as it weighed fifteen pounds, our dinner
was not only good but plentiful.

26th. We tried in the cabin to fish with hook and line,
but the water was too shoal (three fathoms) for any fish.
This want was, however, in some degree supplied by crabs, of
which vast numbers were on the ground, who readily took
our baits, and sometimes held them so fast with their claws,
that they suffered themselves to be hauled into the ship.
They were of two sorts, Cancer pelagicus, Linn., and another
much like the former, but not so beautiful. The first was
ornamented with the finest ultramarine blue conceivable,
with which all his claws, and every joint, were deeply tinged.
The under part was of a lovely white, shining as if glazed, and
perfectly resembling the white of old china. The other
had a little of the ultramarine on his joints and toes,
and on his back three very remarkable brown spots.

In examining a fig which we had found at our last
going ashore, we found in the fruit a Cynips, very like,
if not exactly the same species as Cynips sycomori, Linn.,
described by Hasselquist in his Iter Palestinum, a strong
proof of the fact that figs must be impregnated by means

MAY 1770 PLANTS AND INSECTS 273

of insects, though indeed that fact wanted not any additional
proofs.

29th. We went ashore and found several plants which
we had not before seen ; among them, however, were still
more East Indian plants than in the last harbour ; one kind
of grass which we had also seen there was very troublesome
to us. Its sharp seeds were bearded backwards, and when-
ever they stuck into our clothes were by these beards pushed
forward till they got into the flesh. This grass was so
plentiful that it was hardly possible to avoid it, and, with
the mosquitos that were likewise innumerable, made walking
almost intolerable. We were not, however, to be repulsed,
but proceeded into the country. The gum-trees were like
those in the last bay, both in leaf and in producing a very
small proportion of gum; on the branches of them and
other trees were large ants' nests, made of clay, as big as a
bushel, something like those described in Sir Hans Sloane's
History of Jamaica, vol. ii. pp. 221 to 258, but not so smooth.
The ants also were small, and had white abdomens. In
another species of tree, Xanthoxyloides mite, a small sort of
black ant had bored all the twigs, and lived in quantities
in the hollow part where the pith should be ; the tree
nevertheless flourishing and bearing leaves and flowers upon
those very branches as freely and well as upon others that
were sound. Insects in general were plentiful, butterflies
especially. With one sort of these, much like P. Semele, Linn.,
the air was for the space of three or four acres crowded to
a wonderful degree ; the eye could not be turned in any
direction without seeing millions, and yet every branch and
twig was almost covered with those that sat still. Of these
we took as many as we chose, knocking them down with
our caps, or anything that came to hand. On the leaves
of the gum-tree we found a pupa or chrysalis, which shone
as brightly as if it had been silvered over with the most
burnished silver, which it perfectly resembled. It was
brought on board, and the next day came out into a
butterfly of a velvet black changeable to blue ; the wings,
both upper and under, were marked near the edges with

T

274 AUSTRALIA CHAP, xi

many brimstone -coloured spots, those of his under wings
being indented deeply at each end.

We saw no fresh water, but several swamps of salt
overgrown with mangroves ; in these we found some species
of shells, among them Trochus perspective, Linn. Here also
was a very singular phenomenon in a small fish of which
there were great abundance. It was about the size of an
English minnow, and had two very strong breast fins ; we
often found it in quite dry places, where maybe it had been
left by the tide. Upon seeing us it immediately fled from
us, leaping as nimbly as a frog by means of the breast fins;
nor did it seem to prefer water to land, for if seen in the
water he often leaped out and proceeded on dry land, and
when the water was filled with small stones standing above
its surface, would leap from stone to stone rather than go
into the water. In this manner I observed several pass
over puddles of water and proceed on the other side leaping
as before.

In the afternoon we went to the other side of the bay ; if
anything, the soil was rather better. In neither morning
nor evening were there any traces of inhabitants ever having
been where we were, except that here and there trees had
been burnt down.

8th June. We passed within a quarter of a mile of a
small islet or rock, on which we saw with our glasses about
thirty men, women, and children standing all together, and
looking attentively at us ; the first people we have seen show
any signs of curiosity at the sight of the ship.

10th. Just without us as we lay at anchor was a small
sandy island lying upon a large coral shoal much resembling
the low islands to the eastward of us, but the first of the
kind we had met with in this part of the South Sea. Early
in the morning we weighed and sailed as usual with a fine
breeze along shore. While we were at supper she went over
a bank of seven or eight fathoms of water, which she came
upon very suddenly ; this we concluded to be the tail of the
shoals we had seen at sunset, and therefore went to bed in
perfect security; but scarcely were we warm in our beds

JUNE 1770 SHIP STRIKES ON A ROCK 275

when we were called up with the alarming news of the
ship being fast upon a rock, of which she in a few moments
convinced us by beating very violently against it. Our
situation became now greatly alarming; we had stood off
shore three hours and a half with a pleasant breeze, so knew
we could not be very near it. We were little less than
certain that we were upon sunken coral rocks, the most
dreadful of all, on account of their sharp points and
grinding quality, which cut through a ship's bottom almost
immediately. The officers, however, behaved with inimitable
coolness, free from all hurry and confusion. A boat was got
out in which the master went, and after sounding round the
ship found that she had run over a rock, and consequently
had shoal water all round her. All this time she continued
to beat very much, so that we could hardly keep our legs
upon the quarter-deck. By the light of the moon we could
see her sheathing-boards, etc., floating thickly around her,
and about twelve her false keel came away.

llth. In the meanwhile all kind of preparations were
making for carrying out anchors, but by reason of the time it
took to hoist out boats, etc., the tide ebbed so much that we
found it impossible to attempt to get her off till next high water,
if she would hold together so long. We now found to add
to our misfortune that we had got ashore nearly at the top
of high water ; and as night tides generally rise higher than
the day ones we had little hopes of getting off even then.
For our comfort, however, the ship as the tide ebbed settled
to the rocks, and did not beat nearly so much as she had
done. A rock, however, under her starboard bow kept
grating her bottom, making a noise very plainly to be heard
in the fore store-rooms ; this we doubted not would make
a hole ; we only hoped that it might not let in more water
than we could clear with our pumps.

In this situation day broke upon us and showed us the
land about eight leagues off, as we judged ; nearer than that
was no island or place where we could set foot. Day, how-
ever, brought with it a decrease of wind, and soon after that
a flat calm, the most fortunate circumstance that could

276 AUSTRALIA CHAP, xi

possibly attend people in our circumstances. The tide we
found had fallen two feet and still continued to fall ; anchors
were, however, got out and laid ready for heaving as soon
as the tide should rise, but to our great surprise we could
not observe it to rise in the least.

Orders were now given for lightening the ship, which
was begun by starting our water and pumping it up ; the
ballast was then got up and thrown overboard as well as
six of our guns (all that we had upon deck). The seamen
worked with surprising cheerfulness and alacrity : no
grumbling or growling was to be heard throughout the
ship, not even an oath (though the ship was in general as
well furnished with them as most in His Majesty's service).
By about one o'clock the water had fallen so low that the
pinnace touched ground as it lay under the ship's bows ready
to take in an anchor. After this the tide began to rise, and
as it rose the ship worked violently upon the rocks, so that
by two she began to make water, which increased very fast.
At night the tide almost floated her, but she made water so
fast that three pumps hard worked could only just keep her
clear, and the fourth absolutely refused to deliver a drop of
water. Now, in my opinion, I entirely gave up the ship,
and packing up what I thought I might save prepared
myself for the worst.

The most critical part of our distress now approached ;
the ship was almost afloat and everything ready to get her
into deep water, but she leaked so fast that with all our
pumps we could only just keep her free. If (as was probable)
she should make more water when hauled off she must sink,
and we well knew that our boats were not capable of carry-
ing us all ashore, so that some, probably most of us, must be
drowned. A better fate, maybe, than those would have who
should get ashore without arms to defend themselves from
the Indians or provide themselves with food, in a country
where we had not the least reason to hope for subsistence,
so barren had we always found it, and, had they even met
with good usage from the natives and food to support them,
debarred from the hope of ever again seeing their native

JUNE 1770 FOTHERING THE SHIP 277

country or conversing with any but savages, perhaps the most
uncivilised in the world.

The dreadful time now approached, and the anxiety in
everybody's countenance was visible enough. The capstan
and windlass were manned, and they began to heave ; the
fear of death now stared us in the face ; hopes we had none
but of being able to keep the ship afloat till we could run
her ashore on some part of the main where out of her
materials we might build a vessel large enough to carry us
to the East Indies. At ten o'clock she floated, and was in a
few minutes hauled into deep water, where to our great satis-
faction she made no more water than she had done, which
was indeed full as much as we could manage, though there
was no one in the ship but who willingly exerted his utmost
strength.

The people who had been twenty -four hours at exceedingly
hard work now began to flag ; I myself, unused to labour,
was much fatigued, and had lain down to take a little rest
when I was awakened about twelve with the alarming news
of the water having gained so much upon the pumps that
the ship had four feet of water in her hold. Add to this
that a regular land breeze blew off the coast, so that all
hopes of running her ashore were totally cut off. This,
however, acted upon every one like a charm : rest was no
more thought of, but the pumps went with unwearied vigour
till the water was all out, which was done in a much shorter
time than was expected ; and upon examination it was
found that she never had half so much water in her as was
thought, the carpenter having made a mistake in sounding
the pumps.

We now began to have some hopes, and talked of getting
the ship into some harbour when we could spare hands from
the pumps to get up our anchors ; one bower, however, we
cut away, but got up the other and three small anchors, far
more valuable to us than the bowers, as we were obliged im-
mediately to warp her to windward that we might take
advantage of the sea breeze to run in-shore.

One of our midshipmen now proposed an expedient which

278 AUSTRALIA CHAP, xi

no one else in the ship had seen practised, though all had
heard of it by the name of fothering a ship, by means of
which he said he had come home from America in a ship
which made more water than we did. Nay, so sure was the
master of that ship of his expedient that he took her out of
harbour knowing how much water she had made, and trusting
entirely to it. The midshipman immediately set to work
with four or five assistants to prepare his fother, which he
did thus. He took a lower studding sail, and having mixed
together a large quantity of finely chopped oakum and wool,
he stitched it down upon the sail as loosely as possible in
small bundles about as big as his fist ; these were ranged in
rows four or five inches from each other. This was to be sunk
under the ship. The theory of it was that wherever the
leak was there must be a great suction which would probably
catch hold of one or other of these lumps of oakum and wool
and, drawing it in, either partly or entirely stop up the hole.
While this work was going on the water rather gained on
those who were pumping, which made all hands impatient
for the trial. In the afternoon the ship was got under way
with a gentle breeze of wind, and stood in for the land.
Soon after the fother was finished, and applied by fastening
ropes to each corner, then sinking the sail under the ship,
and with these ropes drawing it as far backwards as we could.
In about a quarter of an hour, to our great surprise, the ship
was pumped dry, and upon letting the pumps stand she was
found to make very little water, so much beyond our most
sanguine expectations had this singular expedient succeeded.
At night we came to an anchor, the fother still keeping her
almost clear, so that we were in an instant raised from almost
despondency to the greatest hopes. We were now almost
too sanguine, talking of nothing but of getting her into some
harbour where we might lay her ashore and repair her, or
if we could not find such a place we little doubted of being
able by repeated fotherings to carry her quite to the East
Indies.

During the whole time of this distress, I must say for
the credit of our people that I believe every man exerted his

JUNE 1770 SHIP AFLOAT— ENDEAVOUR RIVER 279

utmost for the preservation of the ship, contrary to what I
have universally heard to be the behaviour of seamen, who
commonly, as soon as a ship is in a desperate situation,
begin to plunder and refuse all command. This was no
doubt owing to the cool and steady conduct of the officers,
who, during the whole time, never gave an order which did
not show them to be perfectly composed and unmoved by the
circumstances, however dreadful they might appear.

14:th. The captain and I went ashore to view a harbour,
and found it indeed beyond our most sanguine wishes. It
was the mouth of a river,1 the entrance of which was, to be
sure, narrow enough and shallow, but when once in, the
ship might be moved afloat so near the shore, that by a
stage from her to it all her cargo might be got out and in
again in a very short time. In this same place she might
be hove down with all ease, but the beach showed signs of
the tides rising in the springs six or seven feet, which was
more than enough to do our business without that trouble.

1 6th. Tupia had for the last few days bad gums, which
were very soon followed by livid spots on his legs and every
symptom of inveterate scurvy. Notwithstanding acid, bark,
and every medicine our surgeon could give him, he became
now extremely ill. Mr. Green, the astronomer, was also in
a very poor way, which made everybody in the cabin very
desirous of getting ashore, and impatient at our tedious
delays.

1*7 th. Weather a little less rough than it had been the
last few days ; weighed and brought the ship in, but in
doing so ran her ashore twice by the narrowness of the
channel ; the second time she remained till the tide lifted
her off. In the meantime Dr. Solander and I began our
plant -gathering. In the evening the ship was moored
within twenty feet of the shore, afloat, and before night
much lumber was got out of her.

18^. A stage built from the ship much facilitated our
undertakings. In walking about the country I saw the old
frames of Indian houses, and places where they had dressed

1 Endeavour River.

28o AUSTRALIA CHAP, xi

shell-fish in the same manner as the islanders, but no signs
that they had been at the place for six months at least.
The country in general was sandy between the hills, and
barren, which made walking very easy. Mosquitos there
were but few, a piece of good fortune in a place where we
were likely to remain some time. Tupia, who had employed
himself since we were here in angling, and had lived entirely
on what he caught, was surprisingly recovered ; poor Mr.
Green still very ill. Weather blowing hard with showers ;
had we not got in yesterday we certainly could not have
done so to-day.

CHAPTEE XII

AUSTRALIA (ENDEAVOUR RIVER) TO TORRES STRAITS
JUNE 20 — AUGUST 26, 1770

Pumice-stone — Ship laid ashore — Kangooroos seen — White ants — Preserving
plants — Chama gigas — Fruits thrown up on the beach — Excursion
up the country — Making friends with the Indians — A kangooroo killed —
Turtle — Indians attempt to steal turtle and fire the grass — Didelphis —
Among the shoals and islands — Lizard Island — Signs of natives cross-
ing from the mainland — Ship passes through Cook's passage — Outside
the grand reef — Ship almost driven on to the reef by the tides — Passes
inside the reef again — Corals — Straits between Australia and New Guinea.

June 20th. Observed that in many parts of the inlet, a good
way above the high-water mark, were large quantities of
pumice-stones probably carried there by freshes or extra-
ordinarily high tides, as they certainly came from the
sea. Before night the ship was lightened, and we observed
with great pleasure that the springs, which were now
beginning to lift, rose as high as we could wish.

21st. Fine clear weather; began to-day to lay plants in
sand.1 By night the ship was quite clear, and in the night's
tide (which we had constantly observed to be much higher
than the day's) we hauled her ashore.

22ra2. In the morning I saw her leak, which was very
large : in the middle was a hole large enough to have sunk
a ship with twice our pumps, but here Providence had most
visibly worked in our favour, for it was in a great measure
plugged up by a stone as big as a man's fist. Bound the
edges of this stone had all the water come in, which had so

1 A mode of preserving for herbarium purposes.

282 AUSTRALIA CHAP, xn

nearly overcome us, and here we found the wool and oakum,
or fothering, which had relieved us in so unexpected a
manner.

The effect of this coral rock upon her bottom is difficult
to describe, but more to believe ; it had cut through her
plank and deep into one of her timbers, smoothing the
gashes still before it, so that the whole might easily be
imagined to have been cut with an axe.1

Myself employed all .day in laying in plants; the
people who were sent to the other side of the water to
shoot pigeons, saw an animal as large as a greyhound, of a
mouse colour, and very swift ;2 they also saw many Indian
houses, and a brook of fresh water.

24=th. Gathering plants, and hearing descriptions of the
animal, which is now seen by everybody. A seaman who
had been out in the woods brought home the description of
an animal he had seen, composed in so seamanlike a style
that I cannot help mentioning it ; " it was (says he) about
as large and much like a one-gallon cagg, as black as the
devil, and had two horns on its head ; it went but slowly,
but I dared not touch it."

25th. In gathering plants to-day I had the good fortune
to see the beast so much talked of, though but imperfectly ;
he was not only like a greyhound in size and running, but
had a tail as long as any greyhound's; what to liken
him to I could not tell, nothing that I have seen at all
resembles him.

26th. Since the ship has been hauled ashore, the water
has, of course, all gone backwards; and my plants, which
for safety had been stowed in the bread room, were this day
found under water. Nobody had warned me of this danger,
which never once entered my head. The mischief, however,
was now done, so I set to work to remedy it to the best of
my power. The day was scarcely long enough to get them

1 ' ' The manner these planks were damaged — or cut out, as I may say — is
hardly credible ; scarce a Splinter was to be seen, but the whole was cut away
as if it had been done by the Hands of Man with a blunt -edge Tool."-
Wharton's Cook, p. 280. 2 A kangaroo.

JULY 1770 ANT-HILLS— DRYING PLANTS 283

all shifted, etc. ; many were saved, but some were entirely
spoiled.

28tk. We have ever since we have been here observed
the nests of a kind of ant, much like the white ant in the
East Indies, but to us perfectly harmless : they were always
pyramidal, from a few inches to six feet in height, and very
much resembled the Druidical monuments which I have seen
in England. To-day we met with a large number of them of
all sizes ranged in a small open place, which had a very
pretty effect. Dr. Solander compared them to the runic
stones on the plains of Upsala in Sweden ; myself to all the
smaller Druidical monuments I had seen.

1st July. Our second lieutenant found the husk of a
cocoanut full of barnacles cast up on the beach;1 it had
probably come from some island to windward.

2nd. The wild plantain trees, though their fruit does not
serve for food, are to us of a most material benefit. We
made baskets of their stalks (a thing we had learned from
the islanders), in which our plants, which would not other-
wise keep, have remained fresh for two or three days ;
indeed, in a hot climate it is hardly practicable to manage
without such baskets, which we call by the island name of
papa mija. Our plants dry better in paper books than in
sand, with the precaution that one person is entirely em-
ployed in attending them. He shifts them all once a day,
exposes the quires in which they are to the greatest heat of
the sun, and at night covers them most carefully up from
any damp, always being careful, also, not to bring them out
too soon in the morning, or leave them out too late in the
evening.

3rd. The pinnace, which had been sent out yesterday in
search of a passage, returned to-day, having found a way by
which she passed most of the shoals that we could see, but
not all. This passage was also to windward of us, so that
we could only hope to get there by the assistance of a land
breeze, of which we have had but one since we lay in the

1 The absence of the cocoanut palm on the Australian coasts is one of the
most singular facts in botanical geography.

284 AUSTRALIA CHAP, xn

place; so this discovery added but little comfort to our
situation. The crew of the pinnace had, on their return,
landed on a dry reef, where they found great plenty of shell-
fish, so that the boat was completely loaded, chiefly with a
large kind of cockle (Chama gigas), one of which was more
than two men could eat ; many, indeed, were larger. The
coxswain of the boat, a little man, declared that he saw on
the reef a dead shell of one so large that he got into it, and
it fairly held him. At night the ship floated and was hauled
off. An alligator was seen swimming alongside of her for
some tune. As I was crossing the harbour in my small
boat, we saw many shoals of garfish leaping high out of the
water, some of which leaped into the boat and were taken.

5th. Went to the other side of the harbour, and walked
along a sandy beach open to the trade-wind. Here I found
innumerable fruits, many of plants I had not seen in this
country. Among them were some cocoanuts that had been
opened (as Tupia told us) by a kind of crab called by the
Dutch Boers krabba (Cancer latro) that feeds upon them.
All these fruits were incrusted with sea productions, and
many of them covered with barnacles, a sure sign that they
have come far by sea, and as the trade-wind blows almost
right on shore must have come from some other country,
probably that discovered by Quiros, and called Terra del
Espiritu Santo [New Hebrides], as the latitudes according to
his account agree pretty well with ours here.

6th. Set out to-day with the second lieutenant, resolved
to go a good way up the river, and see if the country inland
differed from that near the shore. We went for about three
leagues among mangroves : then we got into the country,
which differed very little from what we had already seen.
The river higher up contracted much, and lost most of its
mangroves : the banks were steep and covered with trees of
a beautiful verdure, particularly what is called in the West
Indies mohoe or bark-tree (Hibiscus tiliaceus). The land was
generally low, thickly covered with long grass, and seemed
to promise great fertility, were the people to plant and
improve it. In the course of the day Tupia saw a wolf, so

JULY 1770 KANGOOROOS— MOSQUITOS 285

at least I guess by his description, and we saw three of the
animals of the country, but could not get one ; also a kind
of bat as large as a partridge, but these also we were not
lucky enough to get. At night we took up our lodgings
close to the banks of the river, and made a fire ; but the
mosquitos, whose peaceful dominions it seems we had invaded,
spared no pains to molest us as much as was in their power :
they followed us into the very smoke, nay, almost into the
fire, which, hot as the climate was, we could better bear the
heat of than their intolerable stings. Between the hardness
of our bed, the heat of the fire, and the stings of these inde-
fatigable insects, the night was not spent so agreeably but
day was earnestly wished for by all of us.

*lik. At last it came, and with its first dawn we set out
in search of game. We walked many miles over the flats
and saw four of the animals, two of which my greyhound
fairly chased ; but they beat him owing to the length and
thickness of the grass, which prevented him from running,
while they at every bound leaped over the tops of it. We
observed, much to our surprise, that instead of going upon
all fours, this animal went only upon two legs, making vast
bounds just as the jerboa (Mus jaculus :) does.

We observed a smoke, but when we came to the place the
people were gone. The fire was in an old tree of touchwood.
Their houses were there, and branches of trees broken down,
with which the children had been playing, were not yet
withered ; their footsteps, also, on the sands below high-water
mark proved that they had very lately been there. Near their
oven, in which victuals had been dressed since noon, were the
shells of a kind of clam, and the roots of a wild yam which
had been cooked in it. Thus were we disappointed of the
only good chance we have had of seeing the people since we
came here, by their unaccountable timidity. Mght soon
coming on, we repaired to our quarters, which were upon a
broad sand-bank under the shade of a bush, where we hoped
the mosquitos would not trouble us. Our beds of plantain
leaves spread on the sand, as soft as a mattress, our cloaks

1 Dipus jaculus.

286 AUSTRALIA CHAP, xn

for bed-clothes, and grass pillows, but above all the entire
absence of mosquitos, made me and, I believe, all of us sleep
almost without intermission. Had the Indians come they
would certainly have caught us all napping ; but that was
the last thing we thought of.

8th. The tide serving at daylight, we set out for the ship.
On our passage down we met several flocks of whistling
ducks, of which we shot some. We saw also an alligator
about seven feet long come out of the mangroves and crawl
into the water. By four o'clock we arrived at the ship.

~LQtk. Four Indians appeared on the opposite shore;
they had with them a canoe made of wood with an out-
rigger, in which two of them embarked, and came towards
the ship, but stopped at the distance of a long musket shot,
talking much and very loud to us. We called to them,
and waving, made them all the signs we could to come
nearer. By degrees they ventured almost insensibly nearer
and nearer till they were quite alongside, often holding up
their lances as if to show us that if we used them ill they
had weapons and would return our attack. Cloth, nails,
paper, etc. etc., were given to them, all which they took
and put into the canoe without showing the least signs of
satisfaction. At last a small fish was by accident thrown
to them, on which they expressed the utmost joy imaginable,
and instantly putting off from the ship, made signs that
they would bring over their comrades, which they very soon
did, and all four landed near us, each carrying in his hand
two lances, and his stick to throw them with. Tupia went
towards them ; they stood all in a row in the attitude of
throwing their lances ; he made signs that they should lay
them down and come forward without them; this they
immediately did, and sat down upon the ground. We then
came up to them and made them presents of beads, cloth, etc.,
which they took, and soon became very easy, only jealous
if any one attempted to go between them and their arms.
At dinner-time we made signs to them to come with us
and eat, but they refused ; we left them, and they going
into their canoe, paddled back to where they came from.

JULY 1770 FRIENDLY NATIVES— KANGOOROO KILLED 287

11th. The Indians came over again to-day; two that
were with us yesterday, and two new ones, whom our old
acquaintance introduced to us by their names, one of which
was Yaparico. Though we did not yesterday observe it,
they all had the septum or inner part of the nose bored
through with a very large hole, in which one of them had
stuck the bone of a bird as thick as a man's finger, and four
or six inches long, an ornament no doubt, though to us it
appeared rather an uncouth one. They brought with them
a fish which they gave to us, in return I suppose for the
fish we had given them yesterday. Their stay was but
short, for some of our gentlemen being rather too curious in
examining their canoe, they went directly to it, and pushing
it off, went away without saying a word.

12th. The Indians came again to-day and ventured down
to Tupia's tent, where they were so pleased with their
reception that three stayed, while the fourth went with the
canoe to fetch two others. They introduced their strangers
(which they always made a point of doing) by name, and
had some fish given them ; they received it with indifference,
signed to our people to cook it for them, which was done,
ate part and gave the rest to my dog. They stayed
the best part of the morning, but never ventured to
go above twenty yards from their canoe. The ribbons
by which we had tied medals round their necks on the first
day we saw them, were covered with smoke ; I suppose
they lay much in the smoke to keep off the mosquitos.

14tth. Our second lieutenant had the good fortune to kill
the animal that had so long been the subject of our specula-
tions. To compare it to any European animal would be
impossible, as it has not the least resemblance to any one I
have seen. Its fore-legs are extremely short, and of no use
to it in walking ; its hind again as disproportionally long ;
with these it hops seven or eight feet at a time, in the same
manner as the jerboa, to which animal indeed it bears much
resemblance, except in size, this being in weight 38 Ibs., and
the jerboa no larger than a common rat.

15th. The beast which was killed yesterday was to-day

288 AUSTRALIA CHAP, xn

dressed for our dinner, and proved excellent meat. In the
evening the boat returned from the reef, bringing four
turtles ; so we may now be said to swim in plenty. Our
turtles are certainly far preferable to any I have eaten in
England, which must be due to their being eaten fresh from
the sea before they have either wasted away their fat, or, by
the unnatural food which they receive in the tubs where
they are kept, acquired a fat of not so delicious a flavour
as it is in their wild state. Most of those we have caught
have been green turtle from two to three hundred pounds
in weight ; these, when killed, were always found to be full
of turtle-grass (a kind of Conferva I believe). Two only
were loggerheads, which made but indifferent meat ; in their
stomachs were nothing but shells.

16th. As the ship was now ready for her departure, Dr.
Solander and I employed ourselves in winding up our
botanical bottoms,1 examining what we wanted and making
up our complement of specimens of as many species as
possible. The boat brought three turtles again to-day, one
of which was a male, who was easily to be distinguished
from the female by the vast size of his tail, which was four
times longer and thicker than hers ; in every other respect
they were exactly alike. One of our people on board the
ship, who had been a turtler in the West Indies, told me
that they never sent male turtles home to England from
thence, because they wasted in keeping much more than the
females, which we found to be true.

1*7 th. Tupia, who was over the water by himself, saw
three Indians, who gave him a kind of longish root about
as thick as a man's finger and of a very good taste.

18th. The Indians were over with us to-day and seemed
to have lost all fear of us, becoming quite familiar. One of
them, at our desire, threw his lance, which was about eight
feet in length ; it flew with a degree of swiftness and
steadiness that really surprised me, never being above four
feet from the ground, and stuck deep in at a distance of
fifty paces. After this they ventured on board the ship and

1 i.e. affairs.

JULY 1770 NATIVES FIRE THE GRASS 289

soon became our very good friends, so the captain and I left
them to the care of those who stayed on board, and went to
a high hill about six miles from the ship ; here we over-
looked a great deal of sea to leeward, which afforded a
melancholy prospect of the difficulties we were to encounter
when we came out of our present harbour. In whatever
direction we turned our eyes shoals innumerable were to be
seen, and no such thing as a passage to the sea, except through
the winding channels between them, dangerous to the last
degree.

19th. The Indians visited us to-day, and brought with
them a larger quantity of lances than they had ever done
before. These they laid up in a tree, leaving a man and a
boy to take care of them, and came on board the ship.
They soon let us know their errand, which was by some
means or other to get one of our turtles, of which we had
eight or nine lying upon the decks. They first by signs
asked for one, and on being refused showed great marks of
resentment. One who asked me, on my refusal, stamping
with his foot, pushed me from him with a countenance full
of disdain and applied to some one else. As, however, they
met with no encouragement in this, they laid hold of a
turtle and hauled it to the side of the ship where their
canoe lay. It was, however, soon taken from them and
replaced ; they nevertheless repeated the experiment two or
three times, and after meeting with so many repulses, all in
an instant leaped into their canoe and went ashore, where I
had got before them, just ready to set out plant-gathering.
They seized their arms in an instant, and taking fire from
under a pitch kettle which was boiling, they began to set
fire to the grass to windward of the few things we had left
ashore, with surprising dexterity and quickness. The grass,
which was four or five feet high and as dry as stubble,
burnt with vast fury. A tent of mine, which had been put
up for Tupia when he was sick, was the only thing of any
consequence in the way of it, so I leaped into a boat to
fetch some people from the ship in order to save it, and
quickly returning, hauled it down to the beach just in time.

u

\

290 AUSTRALIA CHAP, xn

The captain in the meanwhile followed the Indians to
prevent their burning our linen and the seine which lay
upon the grass just where they had gone. He had no
musket with him, so soon returned to fetch one, for no
threats or signs would make them desist. Mine was ashore,
and another loaded with shot, so we ran as fast as possible
towards them and came up just in time to save the seine by
firing at an Indian who had already fired the grass in two
distinct places just to windward of it. On the shot striking
him, though he was full forty yards away, he dropped his
fire and ran nimbly to his comrades, who all ran off pretty
fast.

I had little idea of the fury with which the grass burnt
in this hot climate, nor of the difficulty of extinguishing it
when once lighted. This accident will, however, be a
sufficient warning for us, if ever we should again pitch tents
in such a climate, to burn everything around us before we
begin.

22nd. One of our people who had been sent out to
gather Indian kale, straying from his party, met with three
Indians, two men and a boy. He came upon them suddenly
as they were sitting among some long grass. At first he
was much afraid, and offered them his knife, the only thing
he had which he thought might be acceptable to them ;
they took it, and after handing it from one to another
returned it to him. They kept him about half an hour,
behaving most civilly to him, only satisfying their curiosity
in examining his body, which done, they made him signs
that he might go away, which he did, very well pleased.
They had hanging on a tree by them, he said, a quarter of
the wild animal, and a cockatoo ; but how they had been
clever enough to take these animals is almost beyond my
conception, as both of them are most shy, especially the
cockatoos.

23rd. In botanising to-day on the other side of the
river we accidentally found the greater part of the clothes
which had been given to the Indians left all in a heap
together, doubtless as lumber not worth carriage. Maybe

JULY 1770 LEAVE ENDEAVOUR RIVER 291

had we looked further we should have found our other
trinkets, for they seemed to set no value on anything we
had except our turtle, which of all things we were the least
able to spare them.

24tth. While travelling in a deep valley, the sides of
which were steep almost as a wall, but covered with trees and
plenty of brushwood, we found marking-nuts (Anacardium
orientale) lying on the ground. Desirous as we were to
find the tree on which they had grown, a thing that I
believe no European botanist has seen, we were not with all
our pains able to find it, so after cutting down four or five
trees, and spending much time, we were obliged to give
over our hopes.

26th. While botanising to-day I had the good fortune to
take an animal of the opossum (Didelphis) tribe ; it was a
female, and with it I took two young ones. It was not
unlike that remarkable one which De Buffon has described
by the name of Phalanger as an American animal. It was,
however, not the same. M. de Buffon is certainly wrong in
asserting that this tribe is peculiar to America, and in all
probability, as Pallas has said in his Zoologia, the Phalanger
itself is a native of the East Indies, as my animals and that
agree in the extraordinary conformation of their feet, in
which particular they differ from all the others.

2*1 th. This day was dedicated to hunting the wild animal.
We saw several, and had the good fortune to kill a very
large one weighing 84 Ibs.

28th. Botanising with no kind of success, the plants
were now entirely completed, and nothing new to be found,
so that sailing is all we wish for, if the wind would but
allow us.

IQth August. Fine weather, so the anchor was got up,
and we sailed down to leeward, hoping there might be a
passage that way. In this we were much encouraged by
the sight of some high islands where we hoped the shoals
would end. By twelve we were among these, and fancied
that the grand or outer reef ended on one of them, so were
all in high spirits ; but about dinner-time the people who

292 AUSTRALIA TO TORRES STRAITS CHAP, xn

were at the mast-head saw, as they thought, land all round
us, on which we immediately came to an anchor, resolved to
go ashore, and from the hills see whether it was so or not.

The point we went on1 was sandy and very barren, so
it afforded very few plants or anything else worth our
observation. The sand itself, indeed, with which the whole
country in a manner was covered, was infinitely fine and
white, but until a glass-house is built here that could be
turned to no account. We had the satisfaction, however,
to see that what was taken for land round us proved only a
number of islands.

11th. The captain went to-day to one of the islands,2
which proved to be five leagues from "the ship. I went
with him. We passed over two very large shoals, on which
we saw great plenty of turtle, but we had too much wind
to strike any. The island itself was high ; we ascended
the hill, and from the top saw plainly the grand reef still
extending itself parallel with the shore at about the distance
of three leagues from us, or eight from the main. Through
it were several channels exactly similar to those we had
seen in the islands ; through one of these, which seemed
most easy, we determined to go. To ascertain, however,
the practicability of it, we resolved to stay upon the island
all night, and at daybreak send a boat to sound one of
them, which was accordingly done. We slept under the
shade of a bush that grew upon the beach very comfortably.

12th. Great part of yesterday and all this morning till
the boat returned I employed in searching the island. On
it I found some few plants which I had not before seen.
The island itself was small and barren ; there was, however,
one small tract of woodland which abounded very much
with large lizards, some of which I took. Distant as this
isle was from the main, the Indians had been here in their
poor embarkations, a sure sign that some part of the year
must have very settled fine weather. We saw seven or
eight frames of their huts, and vast piles of shells, the fish
of which had, I suppose, been their food. All the houses

1 Cape Flattery. 2 Lizard Island.

AUG. 1770 EAGLE ISLAND— COOK'S PASSAGE 293

were built upon the tops of eminences, exposed entirely to
the S.E., contrary to those of the main, which are commonly
placed under some bushes or hillside to break the wind.
The officer who went in the boat returned with an account
that the sea broke vastly high upon the reef, and that the
swell was so great in the opening that he could not go into
it to sound ; this was sufficient to assure us of a safe passage
out ; so we got into the boat to return to the ship in high
spirits, thinking our dangers now at an end, as we had a
passage open for us to the main sea. On our return we
went ashore on a low island,1 where we shot many birds :
on it was the nest of an eagle, the young ones of which we
killed ; and another I knew not of what bird, built on the
ground, of a most enormous magnitude : it was in circum-
ference 2 6 feet, and in height 2 feet 8 inches,' built of sticks.2
The only bird I have seen in this country capable of build-
ing such a nest seems to be the pelican. The Indians had
been here likewise and lived upon turtle, as we could plainly
see by the heaps of callipashes [carapaces] piled up in many
parts of the island. Our master, who had been sent to leeward
to examine that passage, went ashore upon a low island, where
he slept ; such great plenty of turtle had the Indians had
when there, that they had hung up the fins with the meat
left on them on trees, where the sun had dried them so well
that our seamen eat them heartily. He saw also two spots
clear of grass, which had lately been dug up; they were
about seven feet long and shaped like a grave, for which
indeed he took them.

13th. Ship stood out for the opening3 we had seen in
the reef, and about two o'clock passed through it ; it was
about half a mile wide. As soon as the ship was well within
it, we had no ground with 100 fathoms of line, so became in
an instant quite easy, being once more in the main ocean,
and subsequently freed from all fears of shoals, etc.

I4:th. For the first time these three months we were this

1 Eagle Island.

2 No doubt the nest of the Jungle bird, a species of Megapodium.
3 Cook's passage.

294 AUSTRALIA TO TORRES STRAITS CHAP, xn

day out of sight of land, to our no small satisfaction. A
reef such as we have just passed is a thing scarcely known
in Europe, or indeed anywhere but in these seas. It is a
wall of coral rock, rising almost perpendicularly out of the
unfathomable ocean, always covered at high- water, commonly
by seven or eight feet, and generally bare at low-water.
The large waves of the vast ocean meeting with so sudden
a resistance make here a most terrible surf, breaking moun-
tains high, especially when, as in our case, the general trade-
wind blows directly upon it.

16th. At three o'clock this morning it dropped calm,
which did not better our situation, for we were not more
than four or five leagues from the reef; towards which the
swell drove us. By six o'clock we were within a cable
length of the reef, so fast had we been driven on it, without
our being able to find ground with 100 fathoms. The boats
were got out, to try if they could tow the ship off, but we
were within forty yards when a light air sprang up, and
moved the ship off a little. The boats being now manned
tried to tow her away, but, whenever the air dropped, they
only succeeded in keeping the ship stationary. We now
found what had been the real cause of our escape, namely,
the turn of the tide. It was the flood that had hurried us
so unaccountably fast to the reef, which we had almost
reached just at high- water. The ebb, however, aided by the
boats' crews, only carried us about two miles from the reef,
when the tide turned again, so that we were in no better
situation. No wind would have been of any use, for we
were so embayed by the reef that with the general trade-
wind it would have been impossible to get out. Fortunately
a narrow opening in the reef was observed, and a boat sent
to examine it reporting that it was practicable — the other
boats meanwhile struggling against the flood — the ship's
head was turned towards it, and we were carried through
by a stream like a mill-race. By four o'clock we came to
an anchor, happy once more to encounter those shoals which
but two days before we had thought ourselves supremely
happy to have escaped from.

AUG. 1770 TORRES STRAITS 29

As we were now safe at an anchor, the boats were sent upon
the nearest shoal to search for shell-fish, turtle, or whatever
else they could get; Dr. Solander and I accompanied them
in my small boat. On our way we met with two water-
snakes, one five and the other six feet long : we took them
both. They much resembled land snakes, only their tails
were flattened sideways, I suppose, for the convenience of
swimming, and they were not venomous. The shoal we
went upon was the very reef we had so nearly been lost
upon yesterday, now no longer terrible to us. It afforded
little provision for the ship, no turtle, only 300 Ibs. of great
cockles ; some of an immense size. We had in the way of
curiosity much better success, meeting with many curious
fish and mollusca, besides corals of many species, all alive,
among which was the Tulipora musica. I have often
lamented that we had not time to make proper observations
upon this curious tribe of animals ; but we were so entirely
taken up with the more conspicuous links of the chain of
creation, as fish, plants, birds, etc. etc., that it was impossible.

21st. We observed both last night and this morning that
the main looked very narrow,1 so we began to look out for
the passage we expected to find between New Holland and
New Guinea. At noon one was seen, very narrow but
appearing to widen ; we resolved to try it, so stood in. The
anchor was dropped, and we went ashore2 to examine whether
the place we stood into was a bay or a passage ; for as we
sailed right before the trade-wind, we might find difficulty
in getting out, should it prove to be the former. The hill
gave us the satisfaction of seeing a strait, at least as far
as we could see, without any obstructions : in the evening
a strong tide made us almost certain.3

26th. Fine weather and clear fresh trade: stood to the
W. and deepened our water from 13 to 2*7 fathoms.

1 York Peninsula. 2 On Possession Island.

3 Banks does not allude to Cook having here hoisted English colours
and taken possession of the whole east coast of Australia from 38° S. to
Cape York in the name of the king, as he had of several other places along
the coast (Wharton's Cook, p. 312). Neither Cook nor Banks was aware that
Torres had sailed through these straits in 1606 (see p. li.)

CHAPTEE XIII

SOME ACCOUNT OF THAT PART OF NEW HOLLAND NOW
CALLED NEW SOUTH WALES1

General appearance of the coast — Dampier's narrative — Barrenness of the
country— Scarcity of water — Vegetables and fruits — Timber — Palms —
Gum trees — Quadrupeds — Birds — Insects — Ants and their habitations —
Fish — Turtle — Shell-fish — Scarcity of people — Absence of cultivation —
Description of natives— Ornaments — Absence of vermin — Implements for
catching fish — Food — Cooking — Habitations — Furniture — Vessels for
carrying water — Bags — Tools — Absence of sharp instruments — Native
method of procuring fire — Weapons — Throwiug-sticks — Shield — Cowardice
of the people— Canoes — Climate — Language.

HAVING now, I believe, fairly passed through between New
Holland and New Guinea, and having an open sea to the
westward, so that to-morrow we intend to steer more to the
northwards in order to make the south coast of New Guinea,
it seems high time to take leave of New Holland, which I
shall do by summing up the few observations I have been
able to make on the country and people. I much wished,
indeed, to have had better opportunities of seeing and
observing the people, as they differ so much from the account
that Dampier (the only man I know of who has seen them
besides us) has given of them : he indeed saw them on
a part of the coast very distant from where we were,
and consequently the people might be different; but I
should rather conclude them to be the same, chiefly from
having observed an universal conformity in such of their

1 This chapter is thus entitled by Banks. The name "New Wales" was
bestowed by Cook on the whole eastern coast from lat. 38 S. to Cape York :
the Admiralty copy of Cook's Journal, and that belonging to Her Majesty,
call it "New South Wales" (Wharton's Cook, p. 312).

1770 DAMPIER'S VOYAGE TO NEW HOLLAND 297

customs as came under my observation in the several
places we landed upon during the run along the coast.
Dampier in general seems to be a faithful relater ; but in
the voyage in which he touched on the coast of New
Holland he was in a ship of pirates ; possibly himself not a
little tainted by their idle examples, he might have kept no
written journal of anything more than the navigation of the
ship, and when upon coming home he was solicited to publish
an account of his voyage, may have referred to his memory
for many particulars relating to the people, etc. These
Indians, when covered with their filth, which I believe they
never wash off, are, if not coal black, very near it. As negroes,
then, he might well esteem them, and add the woolly hair
and want of two front teeth in consequence of the similitude
in complexion between these and the natives of Africa ; but
from whatever cause it might arise, certain it is that
Dampier either was very much mistaken in his account,
or else saw a very different race of people from those we
have seen.

In the whole length of coast which we sailed along, there
was a very unusual sameness to be observed in the face of
the country. Barren it may justly be called, and in a very
high degree, so far at least as we saw. The soil in general
is sandy and very light ; on it grow grass, tall enough but
thin set, and trees of a tolerable size ; never, however, near
together, being in general 40, 50, and 60 feet apart.
This, and spots of loose sand, sometimes very large, con-
stitute the general face of the country as you sail along it,
and indeed the greater part even after penetrating inland
as far as our situation would allow us to do. The banks of
the bays were generally clothed with thick mangroves, some-
times for a mile or more in breadth. The soil under these
is rank mud, always overflowed every spring tide. Inland
you sometimes meet with a bog upon which the grass grows
rank and thick, so that no doubt the soil is sufficiently
fertile. The valleys also between the hills, where runs of
water come down, are thickly clothed with underwood ; but
they are generally very steep and narrow, so that upon the

298 SOME ACCOUNT OF NEW HOLLAND CH. xm

whole the fertile soil bears no kind of proportion to that
which seems by nature doomed to everlasting barrenness.

Water is a scarce article, or at least was so while
we were there, which I believe to have been in the very
height of the dry season. At some places we were in
we saw not a drop, and at the two places where we filled
for the ship's use it was done from pools, not brooks. This
drought is probably owing to the dryness of a soil almost
entirely composed of sand, in which high hills are scarce.
That there is plenty, however, in the rainy season is
sufficiently evinced by the channels we saw cut even in
rocks down the sides of inconsiderable hills : these were in
general dry, or if any of them contained water, it was such
as ran in the woody valleys, and they seldom carried water
above half-way down the hill. Some, indeed, we saw that
formed brooks, and ran quite down to the sea ; but these
were scarce and in general brackish a good way up from the
beach.

A soil so barren, and at the same time entirely void of
the help derived from cultivation, could not be supposed to
yield much to the support of man. We had been so long
at sea with but a scanty supply of fresh provisions, that we
had long been used to eat everything we could lay our
hands upon, fish, flesh, and vegetables, if only they were not
poisonous. Yet we could only now and then procure a dish
of bad greens for our own table, and never, except in the
place where the ship was careened, did we meet with a
sufficient quantity to supply the ship. There, indeed, palm
cabbage, and what is called in the West Indies Indian kale,
were in tolerable plenty ; as also was a sort of purslane.
The other plants which we ate were a kind of bean (very
bad), a kind of parsley, and a plant something resembling
spinach, which two last grew only to the southward. I
shall give their botanical names, as I believe some of them
were never eaten by Europeans before : Indian kale (Arum
esculentum), red-flowered purslane (Sesuvium portulacastrum),
beans (Grlycine speciosa), parsley (Apivm), spinach (Tetragonia
cornuta).

1770 PLANTS 299

We had still fewer fruits; to the southwards was one
somewhat resembling a heart cherry (Eugenia), only the
stone was soft : it had nothing but a slight acid to re-
commend it. To the northward, we had a kind of very
indifferent fig (Ficus caudiciflora) growing from the stalk of
a tree, a fruit we called plums — like them in colour, but
flat like a little cheese — and another much like a damson
both in appearance and taste. Both these last, however,
were so full of a large stone, that eating them was but an
unprofitable business. "Wild plantains we had also, but so
full of seeds that they had little or no pulp.

For the article of timber there is certainly no want of
trees of more than the middling size, and some in the
valleys are very large, but all of a very hard nature. Our
carpenters, who cut them down for firewood, complained
much that their tools were damaged by them. Some trees
there are also to the northward, whose soft bark, which
easily peels off, is in the East Indies used for caulking ships
in lieu of oakum.

Palms here are of three different sorts : the first,1 which
grew plentifully to the southward, has leaves plaited like a
fan ; the cabbage of these is small, but exquisitely sweet,
and the nuts which it bears in great abundance make a very
good food for hogs. The second is very like the real
cabbage tree of the "West Indies, bearing pinnated leaves
like those of a cocoanut : this also yields cabbage, which, if
not so sweet as the other sort, yet makes ample amends in
quantity. The third,2 which like the second is found only
in the northern parts, is low, seldom 10 feet in height,
with small pinnated leaves resembling those of some kinds
of fern. Cabbage it has none, but generally bears a plenti-
ful crop of nuts, about the size of a large chestnut, and
rounder. By the hulls of these, which we found plentifully
near the Indian fires, we were assured that these people ate
them, and some of our gentlemen tried to do the same, but
were deterred from a second experiment by a hearty fit of
vomiting. The hogs, however, which were still shorter of

1 Livistona australis, Mart. 2 Gycas media, Br.

300 SOME ACCOUNT OF NEW HOLLAND CH. xm

provision than we were, ate them heartily, and we con-
sidered their constitutions stronger than ours, until after
about a week they were all taken extremely ill of indigestion ;
two died, and the rest were saved with difficulty.

Other useful plants we saw none, except perhaps two,
which might be found so, yielding resin in abundance. The
one,1 a tree tolerably large, with narrow leaves not unlike a
willow, was plentiful in every place into which we went,
and yielded a blood-red resin or rather gum-resin, very
nearly resembling Sanguis draconis; indeed, as Sanguis
draconis is the produce of several different plants, this may
be perhaps one of the sorts. This I should suppose to be
the gum mentioned by Dampier in his voyage round the
world, and by him compared with Sanguis draconis, as
possibly also that which Tasman saw upon Van Diemen's
Land, where he says he saw gum on the trees, and gum lac
on the ground. (See his voyage in a collection published at
London in 1694, p. 133.) The other2 was a small plant
with long narrow grassy leaves and a spike of flowers
resembling much that kind of bulrush which is called in
England cat's tail : this yielded a resin of a bright yellow
colour perfectly resembling gamboge, only that it did not
stain ; it had a sweet smell, but what its properties are the
chemists may be able to determine.

Of plants in general the country affords a far larger
variety than its barren appearance seemed to promise :
many of these no doubt possess properties which might be
useful for physical and economical purposes, which we were
not able to investigate. Could we have understood the
Indians, or made them by any means our friends, we might
perchance have learnt some of these ; for though their man-
ner of life, but one degree removed from brutes, does not
seem to promise much, yet they had some knowledge of plants,
as we could plainly perceive by their having names for them.

Thus much for plants. I have been rather particular
in mentioning those which we ate, hoping that such a
record might be of use to some or other into whose hands

1 Eucalyptus. 2 Xanthorrlwsa.

1770 ANIMALS 301

these papers fall. For quadrupeds, birds, fish, etc., I
shall say no more than that we had some time ago learned
to eat every single species which came in our way ; a
hawk or a crow was to us as delicate, and perhaps a better-
relished meal, than a partridge or pheasant to those who
have plenty of dainties. We wanted nothing to recommend
any food but its not being salt ; that alone was sufficient to
make it a delicacy. Shags, sea-gulls, and all that tribe of
sea-fowl which are reckoned bad from their trainy or fishy
taste, were to us an agreeable food : we did not at all taste
the rankness, which no doubt has been and possibly will
again be highly nauseous to us, whenever we have plenty of
beef and mutton, etc.

Quadrupeds we saw but few, and were able to catch but
few of those we did see. The largest was called by the
natives kangooroo ; it is different from any European, and,
indeed, any animal I have heard or read of, except the jerboa
of Egypt, which is not larger than a rat, while this is as
large as a middling lamb. The largest we shot weighed
84 Ibs. It may, however, be easily known from all other
animals by the singular property of running, or rather
hopping, upon only its hinder legs, carrying its fore-feet close
to its breast. In this manner it hops so fast that in the
rocky bad ground where it is commonly found, it easily
beat my greyhound, who, though he was fairly started at
several, killed only one, and that quite a young one. Another
animal was called by the natives je-quoll ; it is about the
size of, and something like, a pole-cat, of a light brown,
spotted with white on the back, and white under the belly.
The third was of the opossum kind, and much resembled
that called by De Buffon PJialanger. Of these two last I
took only one individual of each. Bats here were many :
one small one was much if not identically the same as
that described by De Buffon under the name of Fer de
cheval. Another sort was as large as, or larger than,
a* partridge ; but of this species we were not fortunate
enough to take one. We supposed it, however, to be the
Eousette or Rougette of the same author. Besides these,

302 SOME ACCOUNT OF NEW HOLLAND CH. xm

wolves were, I believe, seen by several of our people, and
some other animals described ; but from the unintelligible
style of the describers, I could not even determine whether
they were such as I myself had seen, or of different kinds.
Of these descriptions I shall insert one, as it is not unenter-
taining.

A seaman who had been out on duty declared that he
had seen an animal about the size of, and much like a one-
gallon cagg. " It was," says he, " as black as the devil, and
had wings, indeed I took it for the devil, or I might easily
have catched it, for it crawled very slowly through the
grass." After taking some pains, I found out that the
animal he had seen was no other than the large bat.

Of sea-fowl there were several species : gulls, shags,
solan geese or gannets of two sorts, boobies, etc., and pelicans
of an enormous size ; but these last, though we saw many
thousands of them, were so shy that we never got one, as
were the cranes also, of which we saw several very large
and some beautiful species. In the rivers were ducks
which flew in very large flocks, but were very hard to come
at ; and on the beach were curlews of several sorts, some
very like our English ones, and many small beach birds.
The land birds were crows, very like if not quite the same
as our English ones, most beautiful parrots and parroquets,
white and black cockatoos, pigeons, beautiful doves, bustards
and many others which did not at all resemble those of
Europe. Most of these were extremely shy, so that it was
with difficulty that we shot any of them. A crow in Eng-
land, though in general sufficiently wary, is, I must say, a
fool to a New Holland crow, and the same may be said of
almost all if not all the birds in the country. The only
ones we ever got in any plenty were pigeons, of which we
met large flocks, and of which the men who were sent out
on purpose would sometimes kill ten or twelve a day. They
were beautiful birds, crested differently from any other
pigeon I have seen. What can be the reason of this extra-
ordinary shyness in the birds is difficult to say, unless
perhaps the Indians are very clever in deceiving them,

1770 ANTS 303

which we have very little reason to suppose, as we never
saw any instrument with them with which a bird could be
killed or taken, except their lances, and these must be very
improper tools for the purpose. Yet one of our people saw
a white cockatoo in their possession, which very bird we
looked upon to be one of the wariest of them all.

Of insects there were but few sorts, and among them
only the ants were troublesome to us. Mosquitos, indeed,
were in some places tolerably plentiful, but it was our good
fortune never to stay any time in such places. The ants,
however, made ample amends for the want of the mosquitos ;
two sorts in particular, one green as a leaf, and living upon
trees, where it built a nest, in size between that of a man's
head and his fist, by bending the leaves together, and gluing
them with a whitish papery substance which held them
firmly together. In doing this their management was most
curious : they bend down four leaves broader than a man's
hand, and place them in such a direction as they choose.
This requires a much larger force than these animals seem
capable of; many thousands indeed are employed in the
joint work. I have seen as many as could stand by one
another, holding down such a leaf, each drawing down with
all his might, while others within were employed to fasten
the glue. How they had bent it down, I had not an oppor-
tunity of seeing, but that it was held down by main strength,
I easily proved by disturbing a part of them, on which the
leaf, bursting from the rest, returned to its natural situation,
and I had an opportunity of trying with my finger the
strength that these little animals must have used to get it
down. But industrious as they are, their courage, if possible,
excels their industry ; if we accidentally shook the branches
on which such a nest was hung, thousands would immedi-
ately throw themselves down, many of which falling upon
us made us sensible of their stings and revengeful disposi-
tions, especially if, as was often the case, they got possession
of our necks and hair. Their stings were by some esteemed
not much less painful than those of a bee ; the pain, how-
ever, lasted only a few seconds.

304 SOME ACCOUNT OF NEW HOLLAND CH. xm

Another sort there were, quite black, whose manner of
living was most extraordinary. They inhabited the inside
of the branches of one sort of tree, the pith of which they
hollowed out almost to the very end of the branches,
nevertheless the tree flourished as well to all appearance
as if no such accident had happened to it. When first we
found the tree, we of course gathered the branches, and were
surprised to find our hands instantly covered with legions of
these small animals, who stung most intolerably ; experience,
however, taught us to be more careful for the future.
Eumphius mentions a similar instance to this in his
Herbarium Amboinense, vol. ii. p. 257; his tree, however,
does not at all resemble ours.

A third sort nested inside the root of a plant which
grew upon the bark of trees in the same manner as mistletoe.1
The root was the size of a large turnip, and often much
larger ; when cut, the inside showed innumerable winding
passages in which these animals lived. The plant itself
throve to all appearance not a bit the worse for its numer-
ous inhabitants. Several hundreds have I seen, and never
one but what was inhabited ; though some were so young as
not to be much larger than a hazel nut. The ants them-
selves were very small, not above half as large as our red
ants in England ; they sting indeed, but so little that it was
scarcely felt. The chief inconvenience in handling the roots
came from the infinite number ; myriads would come in an
instant out of many holes, and running over the hand tickle
so as to be scarcely endurable. Rumphius has an account
of this very bulb and its ants in vol. vi. p. 120, where he
describes also another sort, the ants of which are black.

The fourth kind were perfectly harmless, at least
they proved so to us, though they resembled almost
exactly the white ants of the East Indies, the most
mischievous insect I believe known in the world. Their
architecture was, however, far superior to that of any other
species. They had two kinds of houses, one suspended on
the branches of trees, the other standing upright on the

1 Species of Myrmecodia or Hydnophytum.

1770 ANTS' NESTS 305

ground. The first sort were generally three or four times
as large as a man's head ; they were built of a brittle
substance, seemingly made of small parts of vegetables
kneaded together with some glutinous matter, probably
afforded by themselves. On breaking this outer crust in-
numerable cells appeared, full of inhabitants, winding in all
directions, communicating with each other, as well as with
divers doors which led from the nest. From each of these
an arched passage led to different parts of the tree, and
generally one large one to the ground. This I am inclined
to believe communicated with the other kind of house, for
as the animals inhabiting both were precisely the same, I
see no reason why they should be supposed, contrary to
every instance that I know in nature, to build two different
kinds of houses, unless, according to the season, prey, etc.,
they inhabited both equally.

This second kind of house was very often built near the
foot of a tree, on the bark of which their covered ways,
though but seldom the first kind of house, were always to
be found. It was formed like an irregularly sided cone, and
was sometimes more than six feet high, and nearly as much
in diameter. The smaller ones were generally flat-sided,
and resembled very much the old stones which are seen in
many parts of England, and supposed to be remains of
Druidical worship. The outer coat of these was 2 inches
thick at least, of hard, well-tempered clay, under which were
their cells ; to these no doors were to be seen. All their
passages were underground, where probably they were
carried on till they met the root of some tree, up which they
ascended, and so up the trunks and branches by the covered
way before mentioned. These I should suppose to be the
houses to which they retire in the winter season, as they are
undoubtedly able to defend them from any rain that can
fall, while the others, though generally built under the
shelter of some overhanging branch, must, from the thinness
of the covering, be but a slight defence against a heavy rain.

Thus much for the ants, an industrious race which in all
countries have for that reason been admired by man, though

x

306 SOME ACCOUNT OF NEW HOLLAND CH. xm

probably in no country more admirable than in this. The
few observations I have written down concerning them are
chiefly from conjecture, and therefore are not at all to be
depended upon. Were any man, however, to settle here
who had time and inclination to observe their economy, I
am convinced that it would far exceed that of any insects
we know, not excepting our much-admired bees.

The sea, however, made some amends for the barren-
ness of the land. Fish, though not so plentiful as they
generally are in the higher latitudes, were far from scarce ;
when we had an opportunity of hauling the seine we
generally caught from 50 to 200 Ibs. of fish in a tide. The
kinds were various, none I think but mullets being known in
Europe. In general, however, they were sufficiently palat-
able, and some very delicate food. The sting-rays, indeed,
which were caught on the southern part of the coast were
very coarse ; so that, as little else was caught there, we
were obliged to be satisfied with the comforts of plenty,
and enjoy more pleasure in satiety than in eating. To the
northward again, when we were entangled within the great
reef, was a quantity of turtle hardly to be credited, every
shoal swarmed with them. The weather indeed was gener-
ally so boisterous, that our boats could not row after them
as fast as they could swim, so that we got but few ; but
they were excellent, and so large that a single turtle always
served for the whole ship. Had we been there either at
the time of laying or in a more moderate season, we might
doubtless have taken any quantity. All the shoals that
were dry at half ebb afforded plenty of fish, left dry in
small hollows of the rocks, and a profusion of large shell-fish
(Chama gig as) such as Dampier describes, vol. iii. p. 191.
The largest of these had ten or fifteen pounds of meat
in them; it was indeed rather strong, but I believe a
very wholesome food, and well relished by the people in
general. On different parts of the coast were also found
oysters, which were said to be very well tasted ; the shells
also of good-sized lobsters and crabs were seen, but these it
was never our fortune to catch.

1770 SCARCITY OF INHABITANTS 307

Upon the whole, New Holland, though in every respect
the most barren country I have seen, is not so bad but that
between the productions of sea and land, a company who
had the misfortune to be shipwrecked upon it might support
themselves, even by the resources that we have seen : un-
doubtedly a longer stay and a visit to different parts would
discover many more.

This immense tract of land, the largest known which
does not bear the name of a continent, as it is considerably
larger than all Europe, is thinly inhabited, even to admira-
tion, at least that part of it that we saw. We never but
once saw so many as thirty Indians together, and that was
a family, men, women, and children, assembled upon a rock
to see the ship pass by. At Sting-ray's Bay,1 where they
evidently came down several times to fight us, they never
could muster above fourteen or fifteen fighting men, indeed
in other places they generally ran away from us, whence it
might be concluded that there were greater numbers than
we saw, but their houses and sheds in the woods, which we
never failed to find, convinced us of the smallness of their
parties. We saw, indeed, only the sea coast; what the
immense tract of inland country may produce is to us
totally unknown. We may have liberty to conjecture, how-
ever, that it is totally uninhabited. The sea has, I
believe, been universally found to be the chief source of
supplies to Indians ignorant of the arts of cultivation. The
wild produce of the land alone seems scarcely able to
support them at all seasons, at least I do not remember to
have read of any inland nation who did not cultivate the
ground more or less : even the North Americans, who are
so well versed in hunting, sow their maize. But should
a people live inland, who supported themselves by cultiva-
tion, these inhabitants of the sea coast must certainly have
learned to imitate them in some degree at least, otherwise
their reason must be supposed to hold a rank little superior
to that of monkeys.

What may be the reason of this absence of people is

1 Afterwards called Botany Bay.

308 SOME ACCOUNT OF NEW HOLLAND CH. xm

difficult to guess, unless it be the barrenness of the soil and
the scarcity of fresh water. But why should not mankind
increase here as fast as in other places, unless their small
tribes have frequent wars in which many are destroyed ?
They were indeed generally furnished with plenty of
weapons, whose points of the stings of sting-rays seemed
intended for use against none but their own species.

That their customs are nearly the same throughout the
whole length of the coast along which we sailed, I should
think very probable, though we had connections with them
at only one place. Yet we saw them with our eyes or
glasses many times, and at Sting -ray's Bay had some
experience of their manners. Their colour, arms, and
method of using them were the same as those we after-
wards had a nearer view of. They likewise in the same
manner went naked, and painted themselves, their houses
were the same, they notched large trees in the same manner,
and even the bags they carried their furniture in were of
exactly the same manufacture, something between netting
and knitting, which I have nowhere else seen. In the
intermediate places our glasses might deceive us in many
things, but their colour and want of clothes we certainly
did see, and whenever we came ashore the houses and sheds,
places where they had dressed victuals with heated stones,
and trees notched for the convenience of climbing them,
sufficiently evinced them to be the same people.

The tribe with which we had connections consisted of
twenty-one people, twelve men, seven women, a boy and a
girl ; so many at least we saw, and there might have been
more, especially women, whom we did not see. The men
were remarkably short and slenderly built in proportion ;
the tallest we measured was 5 feet 9 inches, the
shortest 5 feet 2 inches ; the average height seemed to
be about 5 feet 6 inches. What their absolute colour
is, is difficult to say, they were so completely covered with
dirt, which seemed to have stuck to their hides from the
day of their birth, without their once having attempted to
remove it. I tried indeed by spitting upon my finger and

1770 DESCRIPTION OF NATIVES 309

rubbing, but altered the colour very little, which as nearly
as might be resembled chocolate. The beards of several
were bushy and thick ; their hair, which as well as their
beards was black, they wore close cropped round their ears.
In some it was as lank as an European's, in others a little
crisped, as is common in the South Sea Islands, but in none
of them at all resembling the wool of the negroes. They
had also all their fore teeth, in which two points they differ
chiefly from those seen by Dampier, supposing him not to
be mistaken. As for colour they would undoubtedly be
called black by any one not used to consider attentively
the colours of different nations. I myself should never
have thought of such distinctions, had I not seen the
effect of sun and wind upon the natives of the South Sea
Islands, where many of the better sort of people, who keep
themselves close at home, are nearly as white as Europeans ;
while the poorer sort, obliged in their business of fishing,
etc., to expose their naked bodies to all the inclemencies of
the climate, are in some cases but little lighter than the
New Hollanders. They were all to a man lean and clean-
limbed, and seemed very light and active. Their counte-
nances were not without some expression, though I cannot
charge them with much, their voices in general shrill and
effeminate.

Of clothes they had not the least part, but were naked
as ever our general father was before his fall, whether from
idleness or want of invention is difficult to say. In the
article of ornaments, however, useless as they are, neither
has the one hindered them from contriving, nor the other
from making them. Of these the chief, and that on which
they seem to set the greatest value, is a bone 5 or 6 inches
in length, and as thick as a man's finger, which they thrust
into a hole bored through that part which divides the nostrils,
so that it sticks across the face, making in the eyes of
Europeans a most ludicrous appearance, though no doubt
they esteem even this as an addition to their beauty, which
they purchase by hourly inconvenience ; for when this bone
was in its place, or, as our seamen termed it, when their

310 SOME ACCOUNT OF NEW HOLLAND CH. xm

spritsail-yard was rigged across, it completely stopped up both
nostrils, so that they spoke in the nose in a manner one
would think scarcely intelligible. Besides these extraordinary
bones, they had necklaces of shells neatly cut and strung
together ; bracelets also, if one may call by that name four or
five rings of small cord worn round the upper part of the
arm ; and a belt or string tied round the waist about as thick
as worsted yarn, which last was frequently made of either
human hair or that of the beast called by them kangooroo.

They paint themselves with red and white. The
former they commonly lay on in broad patches on their
shoulders or breasts ; the white in strips, some of which are
narrow and confined to small parts of their bodies, others
broad and carried with some degree of taste across
their bodies, round their legs and arms, etc. They also lay
it on in circles round their eyes, and in patches in different
parts of their faces. The red seems to be red ochre, but
what the white was we could not find out, it was heavy
and close-grained, almost as white lead, and had a sapon-
aceous feel ; possibly it might be a kind of steatite. We
lamented not being able to procure a bit to examine.

These people seemed to have no idea of traffic, nor could
we teach them ; indeed, it seemed that we had no one thing
upon which they set a value sufficient to induce them to part
with the smallest trifle, except one fish which weighed about
half a pound. That they brought as a kind of peace token.
No one in the ship procured, I believe, from them the
smallest article ; they readily received the things we gave
them, but never would understand our signs, when we
asked for returns. This, however, must not be forgotten,
that whatever opportunities they had they never once
attempted to take anything in a clandestine manner ; what-
ever they wanted they openly asked for, and in almost all
cases bore the refusal, if they met with one, with much
indifference, except in the case of turtles.

Dirty as these people are, they seem to be entirely free
from lice, a circumstance rarely observed among the most
cleanly Indians, and which is here the more remarkable, as

1770 NATIVE HABITS 311

their hair was generally matted, and filthy enough. In all
of them, indeed, it was very thin, and seemed as if seldom
disturbed by the combing even of their fingers, much less to
have any oil or grease put into it. Nor did the custom of
oiling their bodies, so common among most uncivilised
nations, seem to have the least footing here.

On their bodies we observed very few marks of cutaneous
disorders, such as scurf, scars of sores, etc. Their spare thin
bodies indicate a temperance in eating, the consequence
either of necessity or inclination, equally productive of
health, particularly in this respect. On the fleshy parts of
their arms and thighs, and some of their sides, were large
scars in regular lines, which by their breadth and the con-
vexity with which they had healed, showed plainly that
they had been made by deep cuts of some blunt instrument,
possibly a shell or the edge of a broken stone. These, as
far as we could understand the signs they made use of,
were the marks of their lamentations for the deceased,
in honour of whose memory, or to show the excess of their
grief, they had in this manner wept in blood.

For food they seemed to depend very much, though not
entirely, upon the sea. Fish of all kinds, turtle, and even
crabs, they strike with their lances very dexterously. These
are generally bearded with broad beards, and their points
smeared over with a kind of hard resin, which makes them
pierce a hard body far more easily than they would without it.
In the southern parts these fish-spears had four prongs,
and besides the resin were pointed with the sharp bone of a
fish. To the northward their spears had only one point,
yet both, I believe, struck fish with equal dexterity. For the
northern ones I can witness, who several times saw them
through a glass throw a spear from ten to twenty yards, and
generally succeed. To the southward again the quantity of
fish bones we saw near their fires proved them to be no
indifferent artists.

In striking turtle they use a peg of wood well bearded,
and about a foot long ; this fastens into the socket of a staff
of light wood as thick as a man's wrist, and eight or nine

3i2 SOME ACCOUNT OF NEW HOLLAND CH. xm

feet long, besides which it is tied to a loose line of three or
four fathoms. The use of this is undoubtedly to enable the
staff to serve as a float to show where the turtle is when
struck, as well as to assist in tiring it till they can with
their canoes overtake and haul it in. That they throw this
dart with great force we had occasion to observe while we
lay in Endeavour's river, where a turtle which we killed had
one of these pegs entirely buried in his body just across its
breast ; it seemed to have entered at the soft place where
the fore-fin works, but not the least outward mark of the
wound remained.

We saw near their fire-places plentiful remains of lobsters,
shell-fish of all kinds, and to the southward the skins of
those sea animals which, from their property of spouting out
water when touched, are commonly called sea - squirts.
These last, however disgustful they may seem to an European
palate, we found to contain, under a coat as tough as leather,
a substance like the guts of a shell-fish, of a taste, though
not equal to an oyster, yet by no means to be despised by
a hungry man.

Of land animals they probably eat every kind that they
can kill, which probably does not amount to any large
number, every species being here shy and cautious in a high
degree. The only vegetables which we saw them use were
yams of two sorts, the one long and like a finger, the other
round and covered with stringy roots ; both sorts very
small but sweet. They were so scarce where we were that
we never could find the plants that produced them, though
we often saw the places where they had been dug up by
the Indians very recently. It is very probable that the dry
season, which was at its height when we were there, had
destroyed the leaves of the plants, so that we had no guide,
while the Indians, knowing well the stalks, might find them
easily. Whether they knew or ever made use of the cocos,
I cannot tell ; the immense sharpness of every part of this
vegetable before it is dressed makes it probable that any
people who have not learned the uses of it from others may
remain for ever ignorant of them. Near their fires were

1770 FOOD-PLANTS 313

great abundance of the shells of a kind of fruit resembling a
pine-apple, though its taste was disagreeable enough. It is
common to all the East Indies, and called by the Dutch
Pyn appel Boomen (Pandanus). We found also the fruits
of a low palm * called by the Dutch Moeskruidige Callapus
(Cycas circinalis), which they certainly eat, though this fruit is
so unwholesome that some of our people, who, though fore-
warned, followed their example and ate one or two of them,
were violently affected by them ; and our hogs, whose con-
stitutions we thought might be as strong as those of the
Indians, literally died after having eaten them. It is
probable, however, that these people have some method of
preparing them by which their poisonous quality is destroyed,
as the inhabitants of the East Indian Isles are said to do by
boiling them, steeping them twenty-four hours in water,
then drying them, and using them to thicken broth, from
whence it would seem that the poisonous quality lies entirely
in the juices, as it does in the roots of the mandihoca or
cassada of the West Indies, and that when thoroughly
cleared of them, the pulp remaining may be a wholesome
and nutritious food.

Their victuals they generally dress by broiling or toasting
them upon the coals, so we judged by the remains we saw ;
they understood, however, the method of baking or stewing
with hot stones, and sometimes practised it, as we now and
then saw the pits and burned stones which had been used
for that purpose.

We observed that some, though but few, held constantly
in their mouths the leaves of a herb which they chewed as
a European does tobacco, or an East Indian betel ; what sort
of a plant it was we had no opportunity of learning, as we
never saw anything but the chaws, which they took from
their mouth to show us. It might be of the betel kind,
and so far as we could judge from the fragments was so ;
but whatever it was, it was used without any addition, and
seemed to have no kind of effect upon either the teeth or
lips of those who used it.

1 Cycas media, Br., closely allied to 0. circinalis. See pp. 299 and 421.

3M SOME ACCOUNT OF NEW HOLLAND CH. xm

Naked as these people are when abroad, they are scarcely
at all better defended from the injuries of the weather when
at home ; if that name can with propriety be given to
their houses, as I believe they never make any stay in them,
but wandering like the Arabs from place to place, set them
up whenever they meet with a spot where sufficient supplies
of food are to be met with. As soon as these are exhausted
they remove to another, leaving the houses behind, which
are framed probably with less art, or rather less industry,
than any habitations of human beings that the world can show.
At Sting-ray's Bay, where they were the best, each was
capable of containing within it four or five people, but not
one of all these could extend himself Jiis whole length in
any direction ; he might just sit upright, but if inclined to
sleep, must coil himself up in some crooked position, as the
dimensions were in no direction enough to receive him
otherwise. They were built in the form of an oven, of
pliable rods about as thick as a man's finger, the ends of
> which were stuck into the ground, and the whole covered
with palm leaves and broad pieces of bark. The door was a
fairly large hole at one end, opposite to which there seemed
from the ashes to be a fire kept pretty constantly. To the
northward, where the warmth of the climate made houses less
necessary, they were in proportion still more slight : a house
there was nothing but a hollow shelter about three or four
feet deep, built like the former, and like them covered with
bark. One side of this was entirely open ; it was always the
side sheltered from the course of the prevailing wind, and
opposite to this door was always a heap of ashes, the remains
of a fire, probably more necessary to defend them from
mosquitos than cold. In these it is probable that they only
sought to protect their heads and the upper part of their
bodies from the draught of air, trusting their feet to the
care of the fire. So small they were that even in this
manner not above three or four people could possibly crowd
into them, but small as the trouble of erecting such houses
must be, they did not always do it : we saw many places in
the woods where they had slept with no other shelter than

1770 HUTS AND FURNITURE 315

a few bushes and grass a foot or two high to shelter them
from the wind This probably is their custom while they
travel from place to place, and sleep upon the road, in
situations where they do not intend to make any stay.

The only furniture belonging to these houses, that we
saw at least, was oblong vessels of bark made by the simple
contrivance of tying up the ends of a longish piece with a
withe, which not being cut off serves for a handle : these
we imagined served as buckets to fetch water from the
springs, which may sometimes be distant. We have reason to
suppose that when they travel these are carried by the women
from place to place ; indeed, during the few opportunities we
had of seeing the women they were generally employed in
some laborious occupation, as fetching wood, gathering shell-
fish, etc. The men, again, maybe constantly carry their
arms in their hands, three or four lances in the one, and
the machine with which they throw them in the other.
These serve the double object of defending them from their
enemies and striking any animal or fish they may meet
with. Each has also a small bag about the size of a
moderate cabbage -net hanging loose upon his back and
fastened to a small string which passes over the crown of
his head. This seems to contain all their earthly treasures :
a lump or two of paint, some fish-hooks and lines, shells
to make the fish-hooks of, points of darts, resin, and their
usual ornaments, were the general contents.

Thus live these, I had almost said happy, people, content
with little, nay, almost nothing ; far enough removed from
the anxieties attending upon riches, or even the possession
of what we Europeans call common necessaries : anxieties
intended, maybe, by Providence to counterbalance the
pleasure arising from the possession of wished-for attain-
ments consequently increasing with increasing wealth, and in
some measure keeping up the balance of happiness between
the rich and the poor. From them appear how small are
the real wants of human nature, which we Europeans have
increased to an excess which would certainly appear incredible
to these people could they be told it ; nor shall we cease to

316 SOME ACCOUNT OF NEW HOLLAND CH. xm

increase them as long as luxuries can be invented and riches
found for the purchase of them. How soon these luxuries
degenerate into necessaries may be sufficiently evinced by
the universal use of strong liquors, tobacco, spices, tea, etc.
In this instance, again, Providence seems to act the part of
a leveller, doing much towards putting all ranks into an
equal state of wants, and consequently of real poverty : the
great and magnificent want as much, and maybe more, than
the middle classes : they again in proportion more than the
inferior, each rank looking higher than its station, but confin-
ing itself to a certain point above which it knows not how
to wish, not knowing at least perfectly what is there
enjoyed.

Tools among these people we saw almost none, indeed,
having no arts which require any, it is not to be expected
that they should have many. A stone sharpened at the edge
and a wooden mallet were the only ones that we saw formed
by art : the use of these we supposed to be to make the
notches in the bark of high trees by which they climb them
for purposes unknown to us ; and for cutting and perhaps
driving in wedges to take off the bark which they must
have in large pieces for making canoes, shields, and water-
buckets, and also for covering their houses. Besides these
they use shells and corals to scrape the points of their
darts, and polish them with the leaves of a kind of wild
fig -tree (Ficus radula), which bites upon wood almost as
keenly as our European shave-grass, used by the joiners.
Their fish-hooks are very neatly made of shell, and some
are exceedingly small : their lines are also well twisted, and
they have them from the size of a half-inch rope to almost
the fineness of a hair, made of some vegetable.

Of netting they seem to be quite ignorant, but make
their bags, the only thing of the kind we saw among them,
by laying the threads loop within loop, something like
knitting, only very coarse and open, in the very same
manner as I have seen ladies make purses in England.
That they had no sharp instruments among them we
ventured to guess from the circumstance of an old man

1770 METHOD OF OBTAINING FIRE 317

coming to us one day with a beard rather longer than his
fellows : the next day he came again, and his beard was
then almost cropped close to his chin, and upon examination
we found the ends of the hairs all burned, so that he had
certainly singed it off. Their manner of hunting and taking
wild animals we had no opportunity of seeing; we only guessed
that the notches which they had everywhere cut in the bark
of the large trees, which certainly seems to make climbing
more easy to them, might be intended to allow them to
ascend these trees in order either to watch for any animal
unwarily passing under them which they might pierce with
their darts, or to take birds which might roost in them at
night. We guessed also that the fires which we saw so
frequently as we passed along shore, extending over a large
tract of country, and by which we could constantly trace
the passage of Indians who went from us in Endeavour's
river up into the country, were intended in some way or
other for taking the animal called by them kangooroo,
which we found to be so much afraid of fire that we could
hardly force it with our dogs to go over places newly
burnt.

They get fire very expeditiously with two pieces of stick :
the one must be round and eight or nine inches long, and
both it and the other should be dry and soft : the round
they sharpen a little at one end, and pressing it upon the
other turn it round with the palms of their hand, just as
Europeans do a chocolate-mill, often shifting their hands up
and running them down quickly to make the pressure as
hard as possible : in this manner they will get fire in less
than two minutes, and when once possessed of the smallest
spark increase it in a manner truly wonderful. We often
admired a man running along shore and apparently carrying
nothing in his hand, yet as he ran along just stooping down
every 50 or 100 yards ; smoke and fire were seen among
the drift-wood and dirt at that place almost the instant he
had left it. This we afterwards found was done by the
infinite readiness every kind of rubbish, sticks, withered
leaves, or dry grass, already almost like tinder by the heat

318 SOME ACCOUNT OF NEW HOLLAND CH. xm

of the sun and dryness of the season, would take fire. He
took, for instance, when he set off a small bit of fire, and
wrapping it up in dry grass ran on : this soon blazed ; he
then laid it down on the most convenient place for his
purpose that he could find, and taking up a small part of
it, wrapped that in part of the dry rubbish in which he had
laid it, proceeding in this manner as long as he thought
proper.

Their weapons, offensive at least, were precisely the same
wherever we saw them, except that at the very last view
we had of the country we saw through our glasses a man
who carried a bow and arrows. In this we might have
been, but I believe were not, mistaken. Their weapons
consisted of only one species, a pike or lance from eight to
fourteen feet long : this they threw short distances with
their hands, and longer (forty or more yards), with an
instrument made for the purpose. The upper part of these
lances was made either of cane or the stalk of a plant
resembling a bulrush,1 which was very straight and light :
the point was made of very heavy and hard wood, the
whole artfully balanced for throwing, though very clumsily
made, in two, three, or four joints, at each of which the
parts were let into each other. Besides being tied round,
the joint was thickly smeared with thin resin, which made
it larger and more clumsy than any other part. The points
were of several sorts : those which we concluded to be in-
tended to be used against men were most cruel weapons ; they
were all single pointed, either with the stings of sting-rays,
a large one of which served for the point and three or four
smaller ones tied the contrary way for barbs, or simply of
wood made very sharp and smeared over with resin, into
which were stuck many broken bits of sharp shells, so that
if such a weapon pierced a man it could scarcely be drawn
out without leaving several of those unwelcome guests in
his flesh, certain to make the wound ten times more difficult
to cure than it otherwise would be. Those lances which we
supposed to be used merely for striking fish, birds, etc.,

1 Xanthorrhcea.

i?7o WEAPONS 319

had generally simple points of wood ; or if they were barbed,
it was with only one splinter of wood. The instrument
with which they threw them was a plain stick or piece of
wood 2^ or 3 feet in length, at one end of which was a
small knob or hook, and near the other a kind of cross-piece

A

to hinder it from slipping out of their hands. With this
contrivance, simple as it is, and ill-fitted for that purpose,
they throw the lances forty yards or more with a swiftness
and steadiness truly surprising. The knob being hooked
into a small dent made in the top of the lance, they hold
it over their shoulder, and shaking it an instant, as if
balancing it, throw it with the greatest ease imaginable.
The neatest of these throwing sticks that we saw was made
of a hard reddish wood, polished and shining : the sides were
flat and about two inches in breadth, and the handle, or part
to keep it from dropping out of the hand, covered with thin
layers of very white polished bone. These I believe to be
the things which many of our people were deceived by,
imagining them to be wooden swords, clubs, etc., according
to the direction in which they happened to see them.
Defensive weapons we saw only in Sting-ray's Bay and there
only a single instance: a man who attempted to oppose our
landing came down to the beach with a shield of an oblong
shape about 3 feet long and 1|- broad, made of the bark of
a tree. This he left behind when he ran away, and we
found upon taking it up that it had plainly been pierced
through with a single-pointed lance near the centre. That
such shields were frequently used in that neighbourhood we
had, however, sufficient proof, often seeing upon trees the
places from whence they had been cut, and sometimes the
shields themselves cut out but not yet taken from the tree,
th'j edges of the bark only being a little raised with wedges.
This shows that these people certainly know how much
thicker and stronger bark becomes by being suffered to
remain upon the tree some time after it is cut round.

320 SOME ACCOUNT OF NEW HOLLAND CH. xm

That they are a very pusillanimous people we had reason
to suppose from their conduct in every place where we
were, except at Sting-ray's Bay, and then only two people
opposed the landing of our two boats full of men for nearly
a quarter of an hour, and were not to be driven away until
several times wounded with small shot, which we were
obliged to do, as at that time we suspected their lances to
be poisoned, from the quantity of gum which was about
their points. But upon every other occasion, both there
and everywhere else, they behaved alike, shunning us, and
giving up any part of the country we landed upon at once.
That they use stratagems in war we learnt by the instance
in Sting-ray's Bay, where our surgeon with another man
was walking in the woods and met six Indians : they stood
still, but directed another who was up a tree how and when
he should throw a lance at them, which he did, and on its
not taking effect they all ran away as fast as possible.

Their canoes were the only things in which we saw a
manifest difference between the southern and northern
people. Those to the southward were little better contrived
or executed than their houses ; a piece of bark tied together
in plaits at the ends, and kept extended in the middle by
small bows of wood, was the whole embarkation which carried
one or two people, nay, we once saw three, who moved it
along in shallow water with long poles, and in deeper with
paddles about eighteen inches long, one of which they held
in each hand. In the middle of these canoes was generally
a small fire upon a heap of seaweed, for what purpose
intended we did not know, except perhaps to give the
fisherman an opportunity of eating fish in perfection, by
broiling it the moment it is taken. To the northward their
canoes, though exceedingly bad, were far superior to these ;
they were small, but regularly hollowed out of the trunk
of a tree, and fitted with an outrigger to prevent them
from upsetting. In these they had paddles large enough
to require both hands to work them. Of this sort we saw
few, and had an opportunity of examining only one of them,
which might be about ten or eleven feet long, but was

1770 CANOES 321

extremely narrow. The sides of the tree were left in their
natural state untouched by tools, but at each end they had
cut away from the under part, and left part of the upper
side overhanging. The inside also was not badly hollowed,
and the sides tolerably thin. We had many times an op-
portunity of seeing what burthen it was capable of carrying.
Three people, or at most four, were as many as dare venture
in it ; and if any others wanted to cross the river, which in
that place was about half a mile broad, one of these would
take the canoe back and fetch them.

This was the only piece of workmanship which I saw
among the New Hollanders that seemed to require tools.
How they had hollowed her out or cut the ends I cannot
guess, but upon the whole the work was not ill done.
Indian patience might do a good deal with shells, etc.,
without the use of stone axes, which, if they had them,
they would probably have used to form her outside. That
such a canoe takes much time and trouble to make may be
concluded from our seeing so few, and still more from the
moral certainty which we have that the tribe which visited
us, consisting to our knowledge of twenty-one people, and
possibly of several more, had only one such belonging to
them. How tedious it must be for these people to be
ferried over a river a mile or two wide by threes and fours
at a time ; how well, therefore, worth the pains for them to
stock themselves better with boats if they could do it.

I am inclined to believe that, besides these canoes, the
northern people make use of the bark canoe of the south.
I judge from having seen one of the small paddles left by
them upon a small island where they had been fishing for
turtle : it lay upon a heap of turtle shells and bones, trophies
of the good living they had had when there. With it lay
the broken staff of a turtle peg and a rotten line, tools
which had been worn out, I suppose, in the service of catch-
ing them. We had great reason to believe that at some
season of the year the weather is much more moderate than
we found it, otherwise the Indians could never have
ventured in any canoes that we saw half so far from the

Y

322 SOME ACCOUNT OF NEW HOLLAND CH. xm

mainland as were islands on which we saw evident marks
of their having been, such as decayed houses, fires, the before-
mentioned turtle bones, etc. Maybe, at this more moderate
time, they make and use such canoes, and when the bluster-
ing season comes on, may convert the bark of which they
were made to the purposes of covering houses, water-
buckets, etc., well knowing that when the next season
returns they will not want for a supply of bark to rebuild
their vessels. Another reason we have to imagine that such
a moderate season exists, and that the winds are [not] then
upon the eastern board as we found them is, that whatever
Indian houses or sleeping places we saw on these islands were
built upon the summit of small hills, if there were any, or if
not, in places where no bushes or wood could intercept the
course of the wind, and their shelter was always turned to the
eastward. On the main, again, their houses were universally
built in valleys or under the shelter of trees which might
defend them from the very winds, which in the islands they
exposed themselves to.

Of their language I can say very little ; our acquaint-
ance with them was of so short a duration that none of
us attempted to use a single word of it to them, conse-
quently words could be learned in no other manner than by
signs, inquiring of them what in their language signified
such a thing, a method obnoxious as leading to many mis-
takes. For instance, a man holds in his hand a stone and
asks the name of it, the Indian may return him for answer
either the real name of a stone, or one of the properties of
it, as hardness, roughness, smoothness, etc., or one of its
uses, or the name peculiar to some particular species of
stone, which name the inquirer immediately sets down as
that of a stone. To avoid, however, as much as possible
this inconvenience, myself and two or three others got
from them as many .words as we could, and having noted
down those which we thought from circumstances we were
not mistaken in, we compared our lists ; those in which all
agreed, or rather were contradicted by none, we thought
ourselves morally certain not to be mistaken in. They very

1770

LANGUAGE

323

often use the article ge, which seems to

answer to our

English a, as ge gurka — a rope.

Wageegee

the head Meanang

fire

Morye

the hair

Walba

a stone

Melcea

the ears

Yowall

sand

Yembe

the lips

Gurka

a rope

Bonjoo

the nose

Bama

a man

Unjar

the tongue

Poinja

a male turtle

Wallar

the beard

Mameingo

a female turtle

Doomboo

the neck

Maragan

a canoe

Cayo

the nipples

Pelango

to paddle

Soolpoor

the navel

Takai

set down

Mangal

the hands

Mierbarrar

smooth

Coman

the thighs

Garmbe

blood

Pongo

the knees

Yo-core

wood

Edamal

the feet

Tapool

bone in nose

Kniorror

the heel

Charngala

a bag

Chumal
Chongain

the sole
the ankle

Cherr }
Cherco

Expressions maybe
of admiration which

Kulke
Gallan

the nails
the sun

Yarcaw
Tut tut tut tut,

they continually used
while in company.

CHAPTEE XIV

AUSTRALIA TO SAVU ISLAND
AUG. 27— SEPT. 21, 1770

"Sea-sawdust"— New Guinea — Landing — Vegetation — Natives throw fire-
darts — Home-sickness of the crew — Coast along Timor — Rotte — Aurora —
Savu Island — Signs of Europeans — A boat sent ashore to trade — Anchor
— Reception by natives — Their Radja — Mynheer Lange — House of
Assembly — Native dinner — Obstacles to trading — Mynheer Lange's
covetousness — Trading — Dutch policy concerning spices.

27 th August. Lay to all night ; in the morning a fresh trade
and fine clear weather made us hope that our difficulties
were drawing to an end. It was now resolved to haul up
to the northward in order to make the coast of New Guinea,
so as to assure ourselves that we had really got clear of
the South Sea, which was accordingly done. At dinner-
time we were alarmed afresh by the usual report of a shoal
just ahead ; it proved, however, to be no more than a band
or regular layer of a brownish colour, extending upon the
sea, having very much the appearance of a shoal while at
a distance. It was formed by innumerable small atoms,
each scarcely half a line in length, yet, when looked at
under a microscope, consisting of thirty or forty tubes, each
hollow and divided throughout the whole length into many
cells by small partitions, like the tubes of Conferva. To
which of the three kingdoms of nature they belong I am
totally ignorant. I only guess that they are of a vege-
table nature, because on burning them I could perceive no
animal smell. We have before this during this voyage
seen them several times on the coast of Brazil and of New

SEPT. 1770 OFF NEW GUINEA 325

Holland, but never that I recollect at any considerable dis-
tance from the land. In the evening a small bird of the
noddy (Sterna) kind hovered about the ship, and at night
settled on the rigging, where it was taken, and proved
exactly the same bird as Dampier has described, and given
a rude figure of, under the name of a noddy from New
Holland (see his Voyages, vol. iii. p. 98, table of birds,
Fig. 5).

28th. Still standing to the northward, the water shoal-
ing regularly ; vast quantities of the little substances men-
tioned yesterday floating upon the water in large lines, a
mile or more long, and fifty or a hundred yards wide, all
swimming either immediately upon the surface of the
water, or not many inches below it. The seamen, who
were now convinced that it was not as they had thought
the spawn of fish, began to call it sea-sawdust, a name
certainly not ill adapted to its appearance. One of them,
a Portuguese, who came on board the ship at Eio de
Janeiro, told me that at St. Salvador on the coast of Brazil,
where the Portuguese have a whale fishery, he had often
seen vast quantities of it taken out of the stomachs of whales
or grampuses.

29th. During the whole night our soundings were very
irregular, but never less than seven fathoms, and never
so shoal for any time. In the morning the land l was seen
from the deck. It was uncommonly low, but very thickly
covered with wood. At eight o'clock it was not more than
two leagues from us, but the water had gradually shoaled
since morn to five fathoms, and was at this time as muddy as
the river Thames, so that it was not thought prudent to go any
nearer at present. We accordingly stood along shore, seeing
fires and large groves of cocoanut trees, in the neighbour-
hood of which we supposed the Indian villages to be situated.

1st September. Distant as the land was, a very fragrant
smell came off from it early in the morning, with the little
breeze that blew right off shore. It resembled much the
smell of gum Benjamin. As the sun gathered power it died

1 Coast of New Guinea, near Cape Valsche.

326 AUSTRALIA TO SAVU ISLAND CHAP, xiv

away, and was no longer perceived. All the latter part of
the day we had calms or light winds all round the compass,
the weather at the same time being most intolerably hot.

3rd. We stood right in-shore, and at half-past eight had
less than three fathoms water five or six miles from the
shore. The captain, Dr. Solander, and I, with the boat's
crew and my servants, consisting in all of twelve men, well
armed, rowed directly towards the shore, but could not get
nearer than about 200 yards on account of the shallowness
of the water. We quickly, however, got out of the boat, and
waded ashore, leaving two men to take care of her. We
had no sooner landed than we saw the print of naked feet
upon the mud below high- water mark, which convinced us
that the Indians were not far off, though we had yet seen
no signs of any. The nature of the country made it necessary
for us to be very much upon our guard. The close, thick
wood came down to within less than 100 yards of the water,
and so near therefore might the Indians come without our
seeing them, and should they by numbers overpower us, a re-
treat to the boat would be impossible, as she was so far from
the shore. We proceeded, therefore, with much caution,
looking carefully about us, the doctor and I looking for
plants at the edge of the wood, and the rest walking along
the beach.

About 200 yards from our landing, we came to a grove
of cocoanut trees of very small growth, but well hung
with fruit, standing upon the banks of a small brook
of brackish water. Near them was a small shed, hardly
half covered with cocoanut leaves, in and about which were
numberless cocoanut shells, some quite fresh. We stayed
under these trees some time, admiring and wishing for the
fruit, but as none of us could climb, it was impossible to
get even one, so we left them, and proceeded in search of
anything else which might occur. We soon found plantains
and a single bread-fruit tree, but neither of these had any
fruit upon them, so we proceeded, and had got about a quarter
of a mile from the boat when three Indians suddenly rushed
out of the woods, with a hideous shout, about a hundred

SEPT. 1770 FIRE THROWN BY NATIVES 327

yards beyond us, and running towards us, the foremost threw
something out of his hand which flew on one side of him
and burned exactly like gunpowder. The other two
immediately threw two darts at us, on which we fired.
Most of our guns were loaded with small shot, which, at the
distance they were from us, I suppose they hardly felt, for
they moved not at all, but immediately threw a third dart,
on which we loaded and fired again. Our balls, I suppose,
this time fell near them, but none of them were materially
hurt, as they ran away with great alacrity. From this
specimen of the people we immediately concluded that
nothing was to be got here but by force, which would, of
course, be attended with the destruction of many of these
poor people, whose territories we certainly had no right to
invade, either as discoverers or people in real want of pro-
visions. We therefore resolved to go into our boat and
leave this coast to some after-comer who might have either
more time or better opportunities of gaining the friendship
of its inhabitants. Before we had got abreast of her, how-
ever, we saw the two people in her make signals to us that
more Indians were coming along shore, and before we had
got into the water we saw them come round a point about
500 yards from us. They had probably met the three who
first attacked us, for on seeing us they halted and seemed
to wait till the main body should come up, nor did they
come nearer us while we waded to the boat. When we
were embarked and afloat, we rowed towards them and
fired some muskets over their heads into the trees, on
which they walked gradually off, continuing to throw
abundance of their fires, whatever they might be designed
for. We guessed their numbers to be about 100. After
we had watched them and their behaviour as long as we
chose, we returned to the ship, where our friends had
suffered much anxiety for our sakes, imagining that the fires
thrown by the Indians were real muskets, so much did they
resemble the fire and smoke made by the firing of one.
These " fire-arms " were also seen by Torres (see p. li.)

The place where we landed we judged to be near Cabo de

328 AUSTRALIA TO SAVU ISLAND CHAP, xiv

la Colta de Santa Bonaventura, as it is called in the French
charts, about nine or ten leagues to the southward of Ke&r
Weer} We were not ashore altogether more than two hours,
so cannot be expected to have made many observations.

The soil had all the appearance of the highest fertility,
being covered with a prodigious quantity of trees, which
seemed to thrive luxuriantly. Notwithstanding this, the
cocoanut trees bore very small fruit, and the plantains did
not seem very thriving. The only bread-fruit tree that we
saw was, however, very large and healthy. There was very
little variety of plants ; we saw only twenty -three species,
every one of which was known to us, unless two may prove
upon comparison to be different from any of the many
species of Cyperus we have still undetermined from New
Holland. Had we had axes to cut down the trees, or
could we have ventured into the woods, we should doubtless
have found more, but we had only an opportunity of examin-
ing the beach and edge of the wood. I am of opinion, how-
ever, that the country does not abound in variety of species,
as I have been in no one before where I could not, on a
good soil, have gathered many more with the same time and
opportunity.

The people, as well as we could judge, were nearly of the
same colour as the New Hollanders ; some thought rather
lighter. They were certainly stark naked. The arms which
they used against us were very light, ill -made darts of
bamboo cane, pointed with hard wood, in which were many
barbs. They perhaps shot them with bows, but I am of
opinion that they threw them with a stick something in the
manner of the New Hollanders. They came about sixty
yards beyond us, but not in a point-blank direction.
Besides these, many among them, maybe a fifth part of the
whole, had in their hands a short piece of stick, perhaps a
hollow cane, which they swing sideways from them, and
immediately fire flew from it perfectly resembling the flash
and smoke of a musket, and of no longer duration. For

1 Cook and Banks landed "on a part of the coast scarcely known to this
day." — Wharton's Cook.

SEPT. 1770 NEW GUINEA 329

what purpose that was done is far beyond my guessing.
They had with them several dogs, who ran after them in
the same manner as ours do in Europe.

The house or shed that we saw was very mean and poor.
It consisted of four stakes driven into the ground, two being
longer than the others. Over these cocoanut leaves were
loosely laid ; not half enough to cover it. By the cutting
of these stakes, as well as of the arrows or darts which
they threw at us, we concluded that they had no iron.

As soon as ever the boat was hoisted in we made sail,
and steered away from this land, to the no small satisfaction
of, I believe, three-fourths of our company. The sick became
well and the melancholy looked gay. The greater part of
them were now pretty far gone with the longing for home,
which the physicians have gone so far as to esteem a disease
under the name of nostalgia. Indeed I can find hardly
anybody in the ship clear of its effects but the captain, Dr.
Solander, and myself, and we three have ample constant
employment for our minds, which I believe to be the best,
if not the only remedy for it.

4:th. The altered countenances of our common people
were still more perceptible than they were yesterday. Two-
thirds allowance had, I believe, made the chief difference
with them, for our provisions were now so much wasted by
keeping, that that allowance was little more than was
necessary to keep life and soul together.

1 2th. As soon as the light was pretty clear, land was
seen five or six leagues off, and we stood in for it. It
was very high, rising in gradual slopes from the hills, which
were in great measure covered with thick woods. Among
them, however, we could distinguish bare spots of large
extent, which looked as if made by art. Many fires were
also seen on all parts of the hills, some very high up.
At nightfall we were within a mile and a half off the beach,
just abreast of a little inlet. The country seemed to answer
very well to the description which Dampier has given of
Timor, the land close to the beach being covered with high
tapering trees, which he likens to pines (Casuarina), behind

33° AUSTRALIA TO SAVU ISLAND CHAP, xiv

which was a great appearance of salt-water creeks and many
mangroves. In parts, however, were many cocoanut trees.
Close down to the beach the flat land seemed to extend in
some places two or three miles before the rise of the first
hill. We saw no appearance of plantations or houses near
the sea, but the land looked most fertile, and from the many
fires we saw in different parts we could not help having a
good opinion of its population.

1 4:th. Infinite albecores and bonitos were about the ship,
attended, as they always are when near land, by some
species of Sterna. These were Dampier's New Holland
noddies, which flew in large flocks, hovering over the shoals
of fish. Many man-of-war birds also attended, and enter-
tained us by very frequently stooping at albecores so large
that twenty times their strength could not have lifted them,
had they been dexterous enough to seize them, which they
never once effected.

1 5th. About a mile up from the beach began the plantations,
and houses almost innumerable standing under the shade of
large groves of palms, appearing like the fan-palm (Borassus).
The plantations, which were in general enclosed with some
kind of fence, reached almost to the top of the hills, but
near the beach were no certain marks of habitations seen.
But what surprised us most was that, notwithstanding all
these indisputable marks of a populous country, we saw
neither people nor any kind of cattle stirring all the day,
though our glasses were almost continually employed.

16th. Soon after breakfast the small island of Eotte was
in sight, and a little later the opening appeared plainly,
which at last convinced our old unbelievers that the island
we had so long been off was really Timor. Soon after dinner
we passed the straits. Eotte was not mountainous or high
like Timor, but consisted of hills and vales. On the east
end of it some of our people saw houses, but I did not. The
north side had many sandy beaches, near which grew some
of the fan-palms, but the greater part was covered with a
kind of bushy tree which had few or no leaves. The straits
between Timor and the island called by Dampier Anabao we

SEPT. 1770 REMARKABLE LIGHTS— ARRIVE AT SAVU 331

plainly saw ; they appeared narrow. Anabao itself looked
much like Timor, but was not quite so high. We saw on it
no signs of cultivation, but as it was misty, and we were
well on the other side of the straits, which we judged to
be five leagues across, we saw it but very indifferently.

About ten o'clock a phenomenon appeared in the heavens,
in many things resembling the aurora borealis, but differing
materially in others. It consisted of a dull reddish light,
reaching in height about twenty degrees above the horizon.
Its extent varied much at different times, but was never
less than eight or ten points of the compass. Through and
out of this passed rays of a brighter-coloured light, tending
directly upwards. These appeared and vanished nearly in
the same time as those of the aurora borealis, but were
entirely without the trembling or vibratory motion observed
in that phenomenon. The body of it bore from the ship
S.S.E. It lasted as bright as ever till nearly midnight,
when I went down to sleep, and how much longer I cannot
tell.

Vlih. In the morning an island1 was in sight, very im-
perfectly, if at all, laid down in the charts. By ten we were
very near the east end of it. It was not high, but composed
of gently sloping hills and vales almost entirely cleared and
covered with innumerable palm trees. Near the beach were
many houses, but no people were seen stirring. Soon after
we passed the N.E. point, we saw on the beach a large flock
of sheep, but still no people. The north side of the isle
appeared scarcely at all cultivated, but, like that of Eotte,
was covered with thick brushwood, almost or quite destitute
of leaves. Among these, as we passed, we saw numerous
flocks of sheep, but no houses or plantations. At last, how-
ever, one was discovered in a grove of cocoanut trees, and it
was resolved to send a boat in charge of a lieutenant to
attempt to establish a commerce with people who seemed so
well able to supply our many necessities. "We saw on the
hills two men on horseback, who seemed to ride for their
amusement, looking often at the ship, a circumstance which

1 Savu Island, belonging to the Dutch.

332 SAVU ISLAND CHAP, xiv

made us at once conclude that there were Europeans among
the islanders, by whom we should be received at least more
politely than we were used to be by uncivilised Indians.

After a very short stay the lieutenant returned, bringing
word that he had seen Indians, in all respects, as colour,
dress, etc., much resembling the Malays; that they very
civilly invited him ashore, and conversed with him by signs,
but neither party could understand the other. They were
totally unarmed, except for the knives which they wore in
their girdles, and had with them a jackass, a sure sign that
Europeans had been among them.

It was resolved to go to the lee side of the island in hopes
there to find anchoring ground ; in the meanwhile, however,
the boat with some truck was sent ashore at the cocoanut
grove, in hopes of purchasing some trifling refreshment for
the sick, in case we should be disappointed later on. Dr.
Solander went in it. Before it reached the shore we saw
two fresh horsemen, one of whom had on a complete European
dress, blue coat, white waistcoat, and laced hat ; these as the
boat lay ashore, seemed to take little notice of her, but only
sauntered about, looking much at the ship. Many more
horsemen, however, and still more footmen gathered round
our people, and we had the satisfaction of seeing several
cocoanuts brought into the boat, a sure sign that peace and
plenty reigned ashore.

After a stay of an hour and a half the boat made a
signal of having had intelligence of a harbour to leeward,
and we in consequence bore away for it ; the boat following
soon came on board and told us that the people had behaved
in an uncommonly civil manner, that they had seen some of
their principal people, who were dressed in fine linen, and
had chains of gold round their necks, that they had not been
able to trade, the owner of the cocoanut trees not being
there, but had got about two dozen cocoanuts given as a
present by these principal people who accepted linen in
return, and made them understand by drawing a map upon
the sand, that on the lee side of the island was a bay in
which we might anchor near a town and buy sheep, hogs,

SEPT. 1770 RECEPTION AT SAVU 333

fruit, fowls, etc. They talked much of the Portuguese and
of Larntuca on the Island of Ende,1 from which circumstance
it was probable that the Portuguese were somewhere on the
island, though none of the natives could speak more than a
word or two of the language. Our conclusion was strength-
ened as one of the Indians, in speaking of the town, made a
sign of something we should see there by crossing his fingers,
which a Portuguese, who was in the boat, immediately in-
terpreted into a cross, a supposition which appeared very
probable. Just before they put off the man in an European
dress came towards them, but the officer in the boat, not
having his commission about him, thought proper to put off
immediately without staying to speak to him, or know what
countryman he was.

We sailed along shore, and after having passed a point
of land found a bay sheltered from the trade wind, in which
we soon discovered a large Indian town or village, on which
we stood in, hoisting a Jack. To our no small surprise
Dutch colours were hoisted in the town, and three guns
fired ; we, however, proceeded, and just at dark got soundings,
and anchored about one and a half miles from the shore.

18th. In the morning the boat with the second lieu-
tenant went ashore and was received by a guard of twenty
or thirty Indians armed with muskets, who conducted them
to the town, about a mile in the country, marching without
any order or regularity, and carrying away with them the
Dutch colours, which had been hoisted upon the beach
opposite to where the ship lay. Here he was introduced to
the Eadja or Indian king, whom he told through a Portu-
guese interpreter that we were an English man-of-war, which
had been long at sea and had many sick on board, for whom
we wanted to purchase such refreshments as the island pro-
vided. He answered that he was willing to supply us with
everything that we should want, but being in alliance with
the Dutch East India Company, he was not allowed to trade
with any other people without their consent, which, however,
he would immediately apply for to a Dutchman belonging to
1 Now better known as Flores.

334 SAVU ISLAND CHAP xiv

that company, who was the only white man residing upon
that island. A letter was accordingly despatched immedi-
ately, and after some hours' waiting, answered by the man
in person, who assured us with many civilities that we
were at liberty to buy of the natives whatever we pleased.
He, as well as the king and several of his attendants, ex-
pressed a desire of coming on board, provided, however, that
some of our people might stay on shore ; on which two were
left.

About two o'clock they arrived ; our dinners were ready,
and they soon agreed to dine with us. On sitting down,
however, the king excused himself, saying that he did
not imagine that we who were white men would suffer him
who was black to sit down in our company. A compliment,
however, removed his scruples, and he and his prime
minister sat down and ate sparingly. During all dinner-
time we received many professions of friendship from both
the king and the European, who was a native of Saxony, by
name Johan Christopher Lange. Mutton was our fare : the
king expressed a desire to have an English sheep, and as we
had one left it was presented to him. Mynheer Lange then
hinted that a spying-glass would be acceptable, and was im-
mediately presented with one. We were told that the
island abounded in buffaloes, sheep, hogs, and fowls, all
which should be next day driven down to the beach, and we
might buy any quantity of them. This agreeable intelli-
gence put us all into high spirits, and the liquor went about
fully as much as Mynheer Lange or the Indians could bear.
They, however, expressed a desire of going away before they
were quite drunk. They were received upon deck, as they
had been when they came on board, by the marines under
arms. The king wished to see them exercise, which they
accordingly did, and fired three rounds much to his Majesty's
satisfaction, who expressed great surprise, particularly at
their so quickly cocking their guns. Dr. Solander and I
went ashore in the boat with them : as soon as we put off
they saluted the ship with three cheers, which the ship
answered with five guns.

SEPT. 1770 DUTCH RESIDENT AT SAVU 335

We landed and walked up to the town, which consisted
of a good many houses, some tolerably large, each being a
roof of thatch supported by pillars three or four feet from
the ground, and covering a boarded floor. Before we had
been long there it began to grow dark, and we returned on
board, having only just tasted their palm wine, which had
a very sweet taste, and suited all our palates very well,
giving us hopes at the same time that it might be service-
able to our sick, as, being the fresh and unfermented juice
of the tree, it promised antiscorbutic virtues.

19^/t. We went ashore, and proceeded immediately to
the house of assembly, a large house which we had yesterday
mistaken for the king's palace ; this, as well as two or three
more in the town, or nigrie, as the Indians call it, have
been built by the Dutch East India Company. They are
distinguished from the rest by two pieces of wood, one at
each end of the ridge of the house, resembling cows' horns ;
undoubtedly the thing designed by the Indian, who on the
17th made a sign of the mark by which we were to know
the town by crossing his fingers, and which our Catholic
Portuguese interpreted into a cross, making us believe that
the settlement was originally Portuguese. In this house of
assembly we met Mynheer Lange, and the Radja, Madoclio
Lomi Djara, attended by many of the principal people. We
told them that we had in the boat an assortment of what
few goods we had to truck with, and desired leave to bring
them ashore, which was immediately granted, and orders
given accordingly. We then attempted to settle the price
of buffaloes, sheep, hogs, etc., which were to be paid in
money, but here Mynheer Lange left us, and told us that
we must settle that with the natives, who would bring
down large quantities to the beach. By this time the
morning was pretty far advanced, and we, resolving not to
go on board, and eat salt meat, when such a profusion of
flesh was continually talked of, petitioned his Majesty that
we might have liberty to purchase a small hog, some rice,
etc., and employ his subjects to cook them for dinner. He
answered that if we could eat victuals dressed by his

336 SAVU ISLAND CHAP, xiv

subjects, which he could hardly suppose, he would do him-
self the honour of entertaining us ; we expressed our
gratitude, and sent immediately on hoard for liquors.

About five o'clock dinner was ready, consisting of thirty-
six dishes, or rather baskets, containing alternately rice and
boiled pork, and three earthenware bowls of soup, which was
the broth in which the pork had been boiled. These were
ranged on the floor, and mats laid round for us to sit upon.
We were now conducted by turns to a hole in the floor,
near which stood a man with a basket of water in his hand :
here we washed our hands, and then ranged ourselves in
order round the victuals, waiting for the king to sit down.
We were told, however, that the custom of the country was
that the entertainer never sits down to meat with his
guests, but that if we suspected the victuals to be poisoned,
he would willingly do it. We suspected nothing, and
therefore desired that all things might go on as usual. We
ate with good appetites, the Prime Minister and Mynheer
Lange partaking with us. Our wine passed briskly about,
the Radja alone refusing to drink with us, saying that it
was wrong for the master of the feast to be in liquor. The
pork was excellent, the rice as good, the broth not bad, but
the spoons, which were made of leaves, were so small that
few of us had patience to eat it. Every one made a hearty
dinner, and as soon as we had done, removed, as it seems
the custom was, to let the servants and seamen take our
places. These could not despatch all, but when the women
came to take away, they forced them to take away with
them all the pork that was left.

Before dinner Mynheer Lange mentioned to us a letter
which he had in the morning received from the Governor
of Timor : the particulars of it were now discussed. It ac-
quainted him that a ship had been seen off that island, and
had steered from thence towards that which we were now
upon. In case such ship was to touch there in any distress,
she was to be supplied with what she wanted, but was not
to be allowed to make any longer stay than was necessary,
and was particularly required not to make any large presents

SEPT. 1770 TRADE AT SAVU 337

to the inferior people, or to leave any with the principal
ones to be distributed among them after she was gone.
This we were told did not at all extend to the beads or
small pieces of cloth which we gave the natives in return
for their small civilities, as bringing us palm wine, etc.
Some of our gentlemen were of opinion that the whole of
this letter was an imposition, but whether it was or not I
shall not take upon myself to determine.

In the evening we had intelligence from our trading
place that no buffaloes or hogs had been brought down ; but
only a few sheep, which were taken away before our people,
who had sent for money, could procure it. Some few fowls,
however, were bought, and a large quantity of a kind of
syrup made from the juice of the palm tree, which, though
infinitely superior to molasses or treacle, sold at a very
small price. We complained to Mynheer Lange : he said
that as we had not ourselves been down upon the beach,
the natives were afraid to take money from any one else,
lest it should be false. On this, the captain went im-
mediately down, but could see no cattle : while he was gone,
Mr. Lange complained that our people had not yet offered
gold for anything : this he said the islanders were displeased
at, as they had expected to have had gold for their stock.

2Qth. In the morning early the captain went ashore
himself to purchase buffaloes : he was shown two, one of
which they valued at five guineas, the other a musket : he
offered three guineas for the one, and sent for a musket to
give for the other. The money was flatly refused, and
before the musket could be brought off, Dr. Solander, who
had been up in the town in order to speak to Mr. Lange, re-
turned, followed by eighty spearmen and twenty musketeers
sent by the king, to tell us that this day and no more
would be allowed us to trade, after which we must be gone.
This was the message that Dr. Solander had from the Eadja
by Mr. Lange's interpretation, but a Portuguese Indian who
came from Timor, probably next in command to Mr. Lange,
carried it much further, telling us that we might stay ashore
till night if we pleased, but none of the Indians would be

z

338 SAVU ISLAND CHAP, xiv

allowed to trade with us, after which he began to drive
away those who had brought hens, syrup, etc. To remedy
this an old sword which lay in the boat was given to the
Prime Minister, as I have called him, Mannudjame, who in
an instant restored order, and severely chid the officer of the
guard, an old Portuguese Indian, for having gone beyond
his orders. Trade now was as brisk as ever; fowls and
syrup were bought cheap, and in vast plenty. The state
of the case now appeared plain : Mr. Lange was to have a
share of what the buffaloes were sold for, and that was to
be paid in money. The captain, therefore, though sore
against his will, resolved to pay five guineas apiece for one
or two buffaloes, and try to buy the Test for muskets. Ac-
cordingly, no sooner had he hinted his mind to the Portu-
guese Indian, than a buffalo, but a very small one, was
brought down, and five guineas given for it : two larger ones
followed immediately, for one of which a musket, and for
the other five guineas was given. There was now no more
occasion for money, we picked them just as we chose for a
musket apiece. We bought nine, as many as we thought
would last us to Batavia, especially as we had little or no
victuals, but so ill were we provided with cords that three
of the nine broke from us ; two of these the Indians re-
covered, but the third got quite off, though our people,
assisted by the Indians, followed it for three hours.

In the evening Mr. Lange came down to the beach,
softened by the money which, no doubt, he had received,
and took frequent occasions of letting us know that if we
pleased we might come ashore the next day. Our business
was, however, quite done, so to fulfil a promise which we
had made, he was presented with a small cag of beer, and
we took our leave as good friends as possible.

I have been very diffuse and particular in mentioning
every trifling circumstance which occurred in this transac-
tion, as this may perhaps be the only opportunity I shall
ever have of visiting an island of great consequence to the
Dutch, and scarcely known to any other Europeans, even
by name. I can find it in only one of the draughts, and

SEPT. 1770 SPICES 339

that an old one printed by Mount and Page, the Lord
knows when, which has it by the name of Sau, but con-
founds it with Sandel Bosch, which is laid down quite
wrong. Eumphius mentions an island by the name of
Saow, and says it is that which is called by the Dutch
Sandel Bosch, but no chart that I have seen lays either that,
Timor, Eotte, or indeed any island that we have seen here-
abouts, in anything near its right place.

While we were here an accident happened by the im-
prudence of Mr. Parkinson, my draughtsman, which might
alone have altered our intended and at first promised recep-
tion very much ; indeed, I am of opinion that it did. He,
desirous of knowing whether or not this island produced
spices, carried ashore with him nutmegs, cloves, etc., and
questioned the inhabitants about them without the least
precaution, so that it immediately came to Mr. Lange's ears.
He complained to the doctor that our people were too in-
quisitive, particularly, says he, " in regard to spices, concern-
ing which they can have no reason to wish for any informa-
tion unless you are come for very different purposes than
those you pretend." The doctor, not well versed in the
German language, in which they conversed, immediately
conceived that Mr. Lange meant only some questions which
he himself had asked concerning the cinnamon ; nor did we
ever know the contrary till the day after we had left the
place, when Mr. Parkinson boasted of the information we
had obtained of these people certainly having a knowledge
of the spices, as they had in their language names for them.

CHAPTEE XV

DESCRIPTION OF SAVU

Mr. Lange's account — Political divisions of the island — Its general appear-
ance— Productions — Buffaloes — Horses —Sheep — Fish — Vegetables —
Fan-palm — Liquor — Sugar-making — Fire-holes for cooking — Sustaining
qualities of sugar — Description of the natives — Dress — Ornaments —
Chewing betel, areca, lime, and tobacco — Construction of their houses —
Looms and spinning-machines — Surgery — Religion — Christian converts
— Radjas — Slaves — Large stones of honour — Feasts — Military — Weapons
— Relations with the Dutch — Mynheer Lange — Language — Neighbouring
islands — Wreck of a French ship— Dutch policy with regard to language.

I SHALL now proceed to give such an account of the island
as I could get together during our stay, which, short as it
was, was so taken up with procuring refreshments, in which
occupation every one was obliged to exert himself, that very
little, I confess, is from my own observation. Almost every-
thing is gathered from the conversation of Mr. Lange, who
at first and at the end was very free and open, and, I am
inclined to believe, did not deceive us in what he told us,
how much soever he might conceal ; except, perhaps, in the
strength and warlike disposition of the islanders, which
account seems to contradict itself, as one can hardly imagine
these people to be of a warlike disposition who have con-
tinued in peace time out of mind. As for the other islands
in this neighbourhood, his information was all we had to go
upon. I would not, however, neglect to set it down, though
in general it was of little more consequence than to confirm
the policy of the Dutch in confining their spices to parti-
cular isles, which, being full of them, cannot supply them-
selves with provisions.

SEPT. 1770 FERTILITY OF THE ISLAND 341

The little island of Savu, which, trifling as it is, appears
to me to be of no small consequence to the Dutch East India
Company, is situate in lat. 10° 35' S. and long. 122° 30' E.1
from the meridian of Greenwich : its length and breadth are
nearly the same, viz. about 6 German or 24 English miles.
The whole is divided into five principalities, nigries as they
are called by the Indians, Zaai, Seba, Regeeua, Timo, and
Massara, each governed by its respective radja or king. It
has three harbours, all good ; the best is Timo, situate some-
where round the S.E. point of the isle ; the next, Seba, where
we anchored, situate round the N.W. point : of the third we
learnt neither the name nor situation, only guess it to be
somewhere 011 the south side. Off the west end of the
island is another called Pulo, with an additional name, which
in the hurry of business was forgotten, and never again
asked for.

The appearance of the island, especially on the windward
side where we first made it, was allowed by us all to equal
in beauty, if not excel, anything we had seen, even parched
up as it was by a drought, which, Mr. Lange informed us,
had continued for seven months without a drop of rain, the
last rainy season having entirely failed them. Verdure,
indeed, there was at this time no sign of, but the gentle
sloping of the hills, which were cleared quite to the top,
and planted in every part with thick groves of the fan-palm,
besides woods almost of cocoanut trees, arecas which grew
near the seaside, filled the eye so completely that it hardly
looked for or missed the verdure of the earth, a circumstance
seldom seen in any perfection so near the line. How
beautiful it must appear when covered with its springing
crops of maize, millet, indigo, etc., which cover almost every
foot of ground in the cultivated parts of the island, imagina-
tion can hardly conceive. The verdure of Europe, set off
by those stately pillars of India, palms — I mean especially
the fan-palm, which for straightness and proportion, both of
the stem itself and of the head to the stem, far excels all the

1 The latitude and longitude were left blank : they ".have been filled in
from Cook's Journal.

342 DESCRIPTION OF SAVU CHAP, xv

palms that I have seen — requires a poetical imagination to
describe, and a mind not unacquainted with such sights to
conceive.

The productions of this island are buffaloes, sheep, hogs,
fowls, horses, asses, maize, guinea corn, rice, calevances, limes,
oranges, mangroves, plantains, water-melons, tamarinds,
sweet sops (Annona); blimbi (Averrhoa lilimbi}, besides
cocoanuts and fan-palms, which last are in sufficient quantity,
should all other crops fail, to support the whole island,
people, stock, and all, who have at times been obliged to
live upon its sugar, syrup, and wines for some months. We
saw also a small quantity of European garden herbs, as
celery, marjoram, fennel, and garlic, and one single sugar-
cane. Besides these necessaries, it has for the supply of
luxury betel and areca, tobacco, cotton, indigo, and a little
cinnamon, only planted for curiosity, said Mr. Lange ; indeed,
I almost doubt whether or not it was genuine cinnamon, as
the Dutch have been always so careful not to trust any
spices out of their proper islands. Besides these were prob-
ably other things which we had not an opportunity of see-
ing, and which Mr. Lange forgot or did not choose to
mention.

All their produce is in amazing abundance, so we judged
at least from the plantations we saw, though this year every
crop had failed for want of rain. Most of them are well
known to Europeans : I shall, however, spend a little ink in
describing such only as are not, or as differ at all in appear-
ance from those commonly known. To begin then with
buffaloes, of which they have got good store ; these beasts
differ from our cattle in Europe in their ears, which are
considerably larger, in their skins, which are almost without
hair, and in their horns, which, instead of bending forwards
as ours do, bend directly backwards, and also in their total
want of dewlaps. We saw some of these as big as well-
sized European oxen, and some there must be much larger ;
so at least I was led to believe by a pair of horns which
I measured : they were from tip to tip 3 feet 9|- inches,
across their widest diameter 4 feet 1|- inch; the whole

SEPT. 1770 QUADRUPEDS . 343

sweep of their semicircle in front 7 feet 6J inches. One
caution is, however, exceedingly necessary in buying these
beasts, which is that one of them of any given size does not
weigh half as much as an ox of the same size in England ;
in this we, who were ignorant of the fact, were very much
deceived. The larger animals which we guessed to be 400
Ibs. did not weigh more than 250, and the smaller which
we guessed to be 250 not more than 160 ; this vast differ-
ence proceeded first from a total want of fat, of which there
was not the least sign, but more especially from the thinness
of the flanks, and thin pieces which were literally nothing
but skin and bone. Their flesh, notwithstanding this, was
not bad ; it was well tasted and full of gravy : not that I
can put it on a footing with the leanest beef in England,
yet I should suppose it better than a lean ox would be in
this burnt-up climate.

Mr. Lange told us that when the Portuguese first came
to this island there were horses upon it, an opinion from
which I confess I rather apostatise ; but, to waive the
dispute, horses are now very plentiful. They are small,
generally eleven or twelve hands high, but very brisk and
nimble, especially in pacing, which is their common step.
The inhabitants appear to be tolerable horsemen, riding
always without a saddle, and generally with only a halter
instead of a bridle. This is not, however, the only benefit
that these islanders receive from them, for they use them as
food, and prefer their flesh to that of buffaloes and every
other sort but swine's flesh, which holds the highest rank
in their opinion.

Their sheep are of the kind that I have seen in England
under the name of Bengal sheep ; they differ from ours in
having hair instead of wool, in their ears being very large
and flapping down, their horns almost straight, and in their
noses, which are much more arched than those of our
European kind. These sheep are, I believe, very frequently
called cabritos, from their resemblance to goats, which, though
I cannot say it appeared to me at all striking, yet had such
an effect on the whole ship's company, officers and seamen,

344 DESCRIPTION OF SAVU CHAP, xv

that not one would believe them to be sheep till they heard
their voices, which are precisely the same as those of European
ones. Their flesh was like that of the buffaloes, lean and
void of flavour, to me the worst mutton I have ever eaten.

Their fowls are chiefly of the game breed and large ; but
the eggs are the smallest I have ever seen.

Besides these animals there are great plenty of dogs,
some cats and rats, and a few pigeons, of which I saw three
or four pair. Nor are any of these animals exempted from
furnishing their part towards the support of polyphagous
man, except the rats, which alone they do not eat.

Fish appeared to us to be scarce, indeed it was but little
valued by these islanders, none but the very inferior people
ever eating it, and these only at the time when their duties
or business required them to be down upon the sea beach.
In this case every man was provided with a light casting-
net, which was girt round him and served as part of his
dress ; with this he took any small fish which might happen
to come in his way. Turtles are scarce ; they are esteemed
a good food, but are very seldom taken.

Of the vegetables most are well known. The sweet sop
is a pleasant fruit well known to the West Indians. Blimbi
alone is not mentioned by any voyage- writer I have met with :
it is a small oval fruit, thickest in the middle and tapering a
little to each end, three or four inches in length, and scarcely
as large as a man's finger ; the outside is covered with very
thin skin of a light green colour, and in the inside are a few
seeds disposed in the form of a star ; its flavour is a light,
but very clean and pleasant acid. It cannot be eaten raw,
but is said to be excellent in pickles ; we stewed it and made
sour sauce to our stews and bouilli, which was very grateful
to the taste, and doubtless possessed no small share of anti-
scorbutic virtues. But what seems to be the genuine natural
production of the island, and which they have in the greatest
abundance and take the most care of, is the fan-palm or toddy-
tree (Borassus flcibellifer). Large groves of these trees are
to be seen in all parts of the island, under which other crops,
as maize, indigo, etc., are planted, so that in reality they take

SEPT. 1770 FAN-PALM AND SYRUP 345

up no room, though they yield the treble advantage of fruit,
liquor, and sugar, all, but especially the two last, in great
profusion. The leaves also serve to thatch their houses, and
to make baskets, umbrellas (or rather small conical bonnets),
caps, tobacco pipes, etc. etc. The fruit, which is least
esteemed, is also in the least plenty ; it is a nut about as
big as a child's head, covered like a cocoanut with a fibrous
coat under which are three kernels which must be eaten
before they are ripe, otherwise they become too hard to chew.
In their proper state they a good deal resemble in taste the
kernel of an unripe cocoanut, and like them probably afford
but a watery nutriment. The excellence of the palm wine
or toddy which is drawn from this tree makes, however,
ample amends for the poorness of its fruit. It is got by
cutting the buds, which should produce flowers, soon after
their appearance, and tying under them a small basket made
of the leaves of the same tree ; into this the liquor drips,
and must be collected by people who climb the trees for that
purpose every morning and evening. This is the common
drink of every one upon the island, and a very pleasant one
it was so to us, even at first, only rather too sweet ; its anti-
scorbutic virtues, as the fresh unfermented juice of a tree,
cannot be doubted.

Notwithstanding that this liquor is the common drink of
both rich and poor, who in the morning and evening drink
nothing else, a much larger quantity is drawn off daily than
is sufficient for that use. Of this they make a syrup and a
coarse sugar, both which are far more agreeable to the taste
than they appear to the sight. The liquor is called in the
language of the island dua or duac, the syrup and sugar by
one and the same name, gula ; it is exactly the same as the
jagara sugar on the continent of India, and prepared by
simply boiling down the liquor in earthenware pots until it
is sufficiently thick. In appearance it exactly resembles
molasses or treacle, only it is considerably thicker ; in taste,
however, it much excels it, having, instead of the abominable
twang which treacle leaves in the mouth, only a little burnt
flavour, which was very agreeable to our palates. The

346 DESCRIPTION OF SAVU CHAP, xv

sugar is reddish brown, but more clear tasted than any un-
refined cane-sugar, resembling mostly brown sugar candy.
The syrup seemed to be very wholesome, for though many
of our people ate enormous quantities of it, it hurt
nobody.

Firewood is very scarce here ; to remedy, therefore, that
inconvenience as much as possible, they make use of a con-
trivance which is not unknown in Europe, though seldom
practised but in camps. It is a burrow or pipe dug in the
ground as long as convenient, generally about two yards, and
open at each end ; the one opening of this, into which they
put the fire, is large ; the other, which serves only to cause a
draught, is much smaller. Immediately over this pipe circular
holes are dug which reach quite down into it : in these the
earthen pots are set (about three to such a fire) ; they are
large in the middle and taper towards the bottom, by which
means the fire acts upon a large part of their surface. It is
really marvellous to see with how small a quantity of fire
they will keep these pots boiling, each of which contains
eight or ten gallons ; a palm leaf or a dry stalk now and
then is sufficient ; indeed, it seemed in that part of the island,
at least, where we were, that the palms alone supplied
sufficient fuel, not only for boiling the sugar, but for dressing
all their victuals, besides those which are cooked by this con-
trivance. How many parts of England are there where this
contrivance would be of material assistance to not only the
poor, but the better sort of people, who daily complain of the
dearness of fuel, a charge which this contrivance alone would
doubtless diminish by at least one-third. But it is well known
how averse the good people of England, especially of that
class that may be supposed to be not above want, are to
adopt any new custom which savours of parsimony. I have
been told that this very method was proposed in the Gentle-
man's Magazine many years ago, but have not the book on
board. Fre'zier, in his voyage to the South Sea, describes a
contrivance of the Peruvian Indians upon the same principles,
plate 31, p. 273, but his drawing and plan are difficult to
understand, if not actually very faulty, and his description is

SEPT. 1770 BOILING SUGAR 347

nothing ; the drawing may serve, however, to give an idea to
a man who has never seen a thing of the kind.

The syrup or gula which they make in this manner is so
nourishing that Mr. Lange told us that it alone fed and
fattened their hogs, dogs, and fowls, and that men themselves
could and had sometimes lived upon it alone for a long time,
when by bad seasons, or their destructive feasts, which I
shall mention by and by, they have been deprived of all other
nourishment. We saw some of the swine, whose uncommon
fatness surprised us much, which very beasts we saw one
evening served with their suppers, consisting of nothing but
the outside husks of rice and this syrup dissolved in water.
This they told us was their constant and only food ; how far
it may be found consonant to truth that sugar alone should
have such nourishing qualities I shall leave to others to
determine ; I have only accounts, not experience, to favour
that opinion.

The people of this island are rather under than over the
middling size, the women especially, most of whom are remark-
ably short and generally squat built. Their colour is well
tinged with brown, and in all ranks and conditions nearly the
same, in which particular they differ much from the inhabit-
ants of the South Sea Isles, where the better sort of people
are almost universally whiter than their inferiors. The men
are rather well made, and seem to be active and nimble ;
among them we observed a greater variety of features than
usual. The women on the other hand are far from handsome,
and have a kind of sameness of features among them which
might well account for the chastity of the men, for which
virtue this island is said to be remarkable. The hair of both
sexes is universally black and lank ; the men wear it long,
and fastened upon the tops of their heads with a comb ; the
women have theirs also long, and tied behind into a kind of
not very becoming club.

Both men and women dress in a kind of blue and white
clouded cotton cloth, which they manufacture themselves :
of this two pieces, each about two yards long, serve for a
dress. One of these is worn round the middle ; this the

348 DESCRIPTION OF SAVU CHAP, xv

men wear pretty tight, but it makes a kind of loose belt, in
which they carry their knives, etc., and often many other
things, so that it serves entirely the purpose of pockets.
The other piece is tucked into this girdle, and reaching over
the shoulders, passes down to the girdle on the other side, so
that by opening or folding it they can cover more or less of
their bodies as they please. The arms, legs, and feet of
both sexes are consequently bare, as are the heads of the
women, which is their chief distinction by which they are
at once known from the men, who always wear something
wrapped round theirs, which, though small, is of the finest
material they can procure ; many we saw had silk handker-
chiefs, which seemed to be much in fashion.

The distinction of the women's dress, except only the
head, consists merely in the manner of wearing their clothes,
which are of the same materials and the same quality as
the men's. Their waist -cloths reach down below the
knees, and their body-cloths are tied under their arms and
over their breasts. Both sexes eradicate the hair from
under their armpits, a custom in these hot climates almost
essential to cleanliness ; the men also pluck out their beards,
for which purpose the better sort carry always a pair of
silver pincers hanging round their necks : some, however,
wear a little hair on their upper lips, but they never suffer
it to grow long.

Ornaments they have many ; some of the better sort wear
gold chains round their necks, but these were chiefly made
of plated wire of little value ; others had rings which, by
their appearance, seemed to have been worn out some
generations ago. One had a silver-headed cane, on the top
of which was engraved ~§fi, so that it had probably been a
present from the East India Company. Besides these, beads
were worn, chiefly by the men of distinction, round their necks
in the form of a solitaire ; others had them round their
wrists, etc., but the women had the largest quantity, which
they wore round their waists in the form of a girdle, serving
to keep up their waist-cloths. Both sexes universally had
their ears bored, but we never saw any ornaments in them,

SEPT. 1770 DRESS AND HABITS 349

indeed, we never saw any one man dressed the whole time
we were there in anything more than his ordinary clothes.
Some boys of twelve or fourteen years of age wore circles of
thick brass wire, passed screw-fashion three or four times
round their arms above the elbow : and some men wore
convex rings of ivory, two inches in breadth, and above an
inch in thickness, in the same manner above the joint of the
elbow. These we were told were the sons of Eadjas, who
alone had the privilege of wearing these cumbersome badges
of high birth.

Almost all the men had their names traced upon their
arms in indelible characters of black ; the women had a
square ornament of nourished lines on the inner part of each
arm, just under the bend of the elbow ; on inquiring into
the antiquity of this custom, so consonant with that of
tattowing in the South Sea Islands, Mr. Lange told us that
it had been among these people long before the Europeans
came here, but was less used in this than in most islands
in the neighbourhood, in some of which the people marked
circles round their necks, breasts, etc.

Both sexes are continually employed in chewing betel
and areca ; the consequence is that their teeth, as long as
they have any, are dyed of that filthy black colour which
constantly attends the rottenness of a tooth, for it appears
to me that from their first use of this custom, which they
begin very young, their teeth are affected and continue by
gradual degrees to waste away till they are quite worn to
the stumps, which seems to happen before old age. I have
seen men, in appearance between twenty and thirty, whose
fore teeth were almost entirely gone, no two being of the
same length or the same thickness, but every one eaten to
unevenness as iron is by rust. This loss of the teeth is
attributed by all whose writings on the subject I have read,
to the tough and stringy coat of the areca nut, but in my
opinion is much more easily accounted for by the well-
known corrosive quality of the lime, which is a necessary
ingredient in every mouthful, and that too in no very
insignificant quantity. This opinion seems to me to be

350 DESCRIPTION OF SAVU CHAP, xv

almost put out of dispute by the manner in which their
teeth are destroyed ; they are not loosened or drawn out as
they would be by the too frequent labour of chewing tough
substances, but melt away and decay as metals in strong
acids ; the stumps always remaining firmly adhering to the
jaws, just level with the gums. Possibly the ill-effects
which sugar is believed by us Europeans to have upon the
teeth may proceed from the same cause, as it is well known
that refined or loaf-sugar contains in it a large quantity of
lime.

To add flavour, I suppose, to the betel and areca, some
use with it a small quantity of tobacco, adding the nauseous
smell of that herb to the not less disagreeable look of the
other, as if they were resolved to make their mouths dis-
gustful to the sense of smell as well as that of sight.
They also smoke, rolling up a small quantity of tobacco in
one end of a palm leaf, about as thick as a quill and six
inches long ; of this not above one inch is filled with tobacco,
so that the quantity is very small. To make amends for
this the women especially often swallow the smoke, which
no doubt increases its effects in no small degree.

Their houses are all built upon one and the same plan,
differing only in size according to the rank and riches of
the proprietors, some being 300 or 400 feet in length, and
others not 20. They consist of a well-boarded floor, raised
upon posts three or four feet from the ground ; over this is
raised a roof shelving like ours in Europe, and supported by
pillars of its own, independent of the floor. The eaves of
this reach within two feet of the floor, but overhang it by
as much ; this arrangement serves to let in air and light,
and makes them very cool and agreeable. The space within
is generally divided into two by a partition, which takes off
one -third: in front of this partition is a loft, shut up
close on all sides, raised about six feet from the ground, and
occupying the centre of the house. There are sometimes
one or two small rooms on the sides of the house. The use
of these different apartments we did not learn, we only were
told that the loft was appropriated to the women.

SEPT. 1770 WEAVING, SPINNING, DYEING 351

The shortness of our stay and the few opportunities we
had of going among these people, gave us no opportunity of
seeing what arts or manufactures they might have among
them. That they spin, weave, and dye their cloth we, how-
ever, made shift to learn, for though we never saw them
practise any of these arts, yet the instruments accidentally
fell in our way ; first, a machine for clearing cotton of
its seeds, which was in miniature much upon the same
principles as ours in Europe. It consisted of two cylinders
about as thick as a man's thumb, one of which was turned
round by a plain winch handle, and that turned the other
round by an endless worm at their extremities ; the whole
was not above seven inches high and about twice as long.
How it answered, I know not, but do know that it had been
much worked, and that there were many pieces of cotton
hanging on different parts of it, which alone induced me to
believe it a real machine, otherwise, from its slightness, I
should have taken it for no more than a Dutch toy of the
best sort. Their spinning gear I also once saw ; it consisted
of a bobbin on ; hich a small quantity of thread was wound,
and a kind of distaff filled with cotton, from whence I con-
jecture that they spin by hand, as our women in Europe
did before wheels were introduced, and I am told still do in
some parts of Europe where that improvement is not
received. Their loom I also saw ; it had this merit over
ours, that the web was not stretched on a frame, but only
extended by a piece of wood at each end, round one of
which the cloth was rolled as the threads were round the
other. I had not an opportunity of seeing it used, so cannot
at all describe it ; I can say only that it appeared very simple,
much more so than ours, and that the shuttle was as long
as the breadth of the web, which was about half a yard.
From this circumstance, and the unsteadiness of a web fixed
to nothing, the work must in all probability go on very
slowly. That they dyed their own cloth we first guessed by
the indigo which we saw in their plantations, which guess
was afterwards confirmed by Mr. Lange. We likewise saw
them dye women's girdles of a dirty, reddish colour ; their

352 DESCRIPTION OF SAVU CHAP, xv

cloth itself was universally dyed in the yarn with blue,
which, being unevenly and irregularly done, gave the cloth
a clouding or waving of colour, not inelegant even in our
eyes.

One chirurgical operation of theirs Mr. Lange mentioned
to us with great praise, and indeed it appears sensible. It
is a method of curing wounds, which they do by first wash-
ing the wound in water in which tamarinds have been
steeped, then plugging it up with a pledget of the fat of
fresh pork. In this manner the wound is thoroughly
cleansed, and the pledget renewed every day. He told us
that by this means they had a very little while ago cured a
man in three weeks of a wound from a lance which had
pierced his arm and half through his body. This is the
only part of their medicinal or chirurgical art which came
to our knowledge ; indeed, they did not seem to outward
appearance to have much occasion for either, but on the
contrary appeared healthy, and did not show, by scars of
old sores or any scurviness upon their bodies, a tendency to
disease. Some, indeed, were pitted with the smallpox,
which Mr. Lange told us had been now and then among
them ; in which case all who were seized by the distemper
were carried to lonely places, far from habitations, where
they were left to the influence of their distemper, meat only
being daily reached to them by the assistance of a long
pole.

Their religion, according to the account of Mr. Lange, is
a most absurd kind of paganism, every man choosing his
own god, and also his mode of worshipping him, in which
hardly any two agree, notwithstanding which their morals
are most excellent, Mr. Lange declaring to us that he did
not believe that during his residence of ten years upon the
island a single theft had been committed. Polygamy is by
no means permitted, each man being allowed no more than
one wife, to whom he is to adhere during life ; even the
E-adja himself has no more.

The Dutch boast that they make many converts to
Christianity; Mr. Lange said that there were 600 in the

SEPT. 1770 RELIGION AND ADMINISTRATION 353

township of Seba, where we were. What sort of Christians
they are I cannot say, as they have neither clergymen nor
church among them ; the Company have, however, certainly
been at the expense of printing versions of the New Testa-
ment, catechisms, etc. etc., in this and several other languages,
and actually keep a half-bred Dutchman, whose name is
Frederick Craig, in their service, who is paid by them for
instructing the youth of the island in reading, writing, and
the principles of the Christian religion. Dr. Solander was
at his house, and saw not only the Testaments and
catechisms before mentioned, but also the copy-books of the
scholars.

The island is divided into five principalities, each of which
has its respective radja or king ; what his power may be we
had no opportunity of learning. In outward appearance
he had but little recognition shown to him, yet every kind
of business seemed to centre in him and his chief councillor,
so that in reality he seemed to be more regarded in essentials
than in showy useless ceremonies. The reigning Eadja, while
we were there, was called Madocho Lomi Djara, he was
about thirty-five, the fattest man we saw upon the whole
island, and the only one upon whose body grew any quantity
of hair, a circumstance very unusual among Indians. He
appeared of a heavy, dull disposition, and I believe was
governed almost entirely by a very sensible old man called
Mannudjame, who was beloved by the whole principality.
Both these were distinguished from the rest of the natives
by their dress, which was always a night-gown, generally of
coarse chintz ; once, indeed, the Eadja received us in form
in one of Black Prince's stuff, which I suppose may be
looked upon as more grave and proper to inspire respect.
If any differences arise between the people, they are settled
by the Eadja and his councillors without the least delay or
appeal, and, says Mr. Lange, always with the strictest
justice. So excellent is the disposition of these people that
if any dispute arise between any two of them, they never,
if it is of consequence, more than barely mention it to
each other, never allowing themselves to reason upon it lest

2 A

354 DESCRIPTION OF SAVU CHAP, xv

heat should beget ill-blood, but refer it immediately to this
court.

After the Eadja we could hear of no ranks of people but
landowners, respectable according to the quantity of their
land ; and slaves, the property of the former, over whom,
however, they have no other power than that of selling
them for what they will fetch, when convenient; no man
being able to punish his slave without the concurrence and
approbation of the Kadja. Of these slaves some men have
500, others only two or three; what was their price
in general we did not learn, only heard by accident that a
very fat hog was of the value of a slave, and often bought
and sold at that price. When any great man stirs out he
is constantly attended by two or more of these slaves, one
of whom carries a sword or hanger, commonly with a silver
hilt, and ornamented with large tassels of horse hair ; the
other carries a bag containing betel, areca, lime, tobacco,
etc. In these attendants all .their idea of show and
grandeur seems to be centred, for we never saw the Radja
himself with any more.

The pride of descent, particularly of being sprung from a
family which has for many generations been respected, is by
no means unknown here; even living in a house which has
been for generations well attended is no small honour. It is
a consequence of this that few articles, either of use or
luxury, bear so high a price as those stones which by having
been very much sat upon by men have contracted a bright
polish on their uneven surfaces ; those who can purchase
such stones, or who have them by inheritance from their
ancestors, place them round their houses, where they serve
as benches for their dependents, I suppose to be still more
and more polished.

Every Eadja during his lifetime sets up in his capital
town, or nigrie, a large stone, which serves futurity as a
testimony of his reign. In the nigrie Seba, where we lay,
were thirteen such stones, besides many fragments, the
seeming remains of those which had been devoured by time.
Many of these were very large, so much so that it would be

SEPT. 1770 NATIVE FEASTS— ARMY AND ARMS 355

difficult to conceive how the strength of man alone,
unassisted by engines, had been able to transport them to
the top of the hill where they now stand, were there not in
Europe so many far grander instances of the perseverance as
well as the strength of our own forefathers. These stones serve
for a very peculiar use ; upon the death of a Eadja a general
feast is proclaimed throughout his dominions, and in conse-
quence all his subjects meet about the stones. Every living
creature that can be caught is now killed, and the feast
lasts a longer or shorter number of weeks or months accord-
ing to the stock of provisions the kingdom happens to be
furnished with at the time. The stones serve for tables, on
which whole buffaloes are served up. After this madness
is over, the whole kingdom is obliged to fast and live upon
syrup and water till the next crop ; nor are they able to eat
any flesh till some years after, when the few animals which
have escaped the general slaughter and been preserved by
policy, or which they have acquired from neighbouring
kingdoms, have sufficiently increased their species.

The five kingdoms, says Mr. Lange, of which this island
consists, have been from time immemorial not only at
peace, but in strict alliance with each other ; notwithstand-
ing which they are of a warlike disposition, — constant
friends but implacable enemies, — and have always courage-
ously defended themselves against foreign invaders. They
are able to raise on a very short notice 7300 men, armed
with muskets, lances, spears, and targets : of these the
different kingdoms bear their different proportions —
Laai 2600, Seba 2000, Eegeeua 1500, Timo 800, and
Massara 400. Besides the arms before mentioned, every
man is furnished with a large chopping -knife, like a
straightened wood-bill, but much heavier, which must be a
terrible weapon, if these people should have spirit enough
to come to close quarters. Mr. Lange upon another occa-
sion took an opportunity of telling us that they heave their
lances with surprising dexterity, being able at the distance
of sixty feet to strike a man's heart and pierce him through.
How far these dreadful accounts of their martial prowess

356 DESCRIPTION OF SAVU CHAP, xv

might be true I dare not take upon myself to determine ;
all I shall say is that during our stay we saw no signs
either of a warlike disposition or such formidable arms. Of
spears and targets, indeed, there were about a hundred in
the Dutch house, the largest of which spears served to arm
the people who came down to intimidate us ; but so little
did these doughty heroes think of fighting, or indeed keep-
ing up appearances, that instead of a target each was
furnished with a cock, some tobacco, or something of that
kind, which he took this opportunity of bringing down to
sell. Their spears seem all to have been brought to them
by Europeans, the refuse of old armouries, no two being any-
thing near the same length, varying in that particular from
six feet to sixteen. As for their lances, not one of us saw
one. Their muskets, though clean on the outside, were
honeycombed with rust on the inside. Few or none of
their cartridge-boxes had either powder or ball in them.
To complete all, the swivels and patereroes at the Dutch
house were all lying out of their carriages ; and the one
great gun which lay before it on a heap of stones was not
only more honeycombed with rust than any piece of artil-
lery I have ever seen, but had the touch-hole turned down-
wards, probably to conceal its size, which might not be in
all probability much less than the bore of the gun itself.
The Dutch, however, use these islanders as auxiliaries in
their wars against the inhabitants of Timor, where they do
good service ; their lives at all events not being nearly so
valuable as those of the Dutchmen.

This island was settled by the Portuguese almost as soon
as they went into these seas. When the Dutch first came
here the Portuguese, however, were very soon wormed out by
the machinations of the artful new-comers, who not only
attempted to settle themselves in the island, but also sent
sloops occasionally to trade with the natives, by whom they
were often cut off ; as often, I suppose, as they cheated them
in too great a degree. This, however, and the probably
increasing value of the island, at last tempted them to try
some other way of securing it, and running less risk. This

SEPT. 1770 RELATIONS WITH THE DUTCH 357

took place about ten years ago, when a treaty of alliance
was signed between the five Eadjas and the Dutch Com-
pany ; in consequence of which the Company is yearly to
furnish each of these kings with a certain quantity of fine
linen and silk, cutlery ware, etc., in short, of any kind of
goods which he wants, all which is delivered in the form of
a present accompanied with a certain cask of arrack, which
the Eadja and his principal people never cease to drink as
long as a drop of it remains. In return for this, each Eadja
agrees that neither he nor his subjects shall trade with any
person except the Company, unless they have the permission
of their resident, that they shall yearly supply so many
sloop -loads of rice, maize, and calevances, the maize and
calevances being sent off to Timor in sloops, which are kept
on the island for that purpose. Each sloop is navigated by
ten Indians. The rice is taken away by a ship, which at the
time of the harvest comes to the island annually, bringing
the Company's presents, and anchoring by turns in each of
the three bays.

In consequence of this treaty, Mr. Lange, a Portuguese
Indian, who seems to be his second, and a Dutch Indian,
who serves for schoolmaster, are permitted to live among
them.

Mr. Lange himself is attended by fifty slaves on
horseback, with whom he every two months makes the
tour of the island, visiting all the Eadjas, exhorting those
to plant who seem idle ; and, observing where the crops are
got in, he immediately sends sloops for them, navigated by
these same slaves, so that the crop proceeds immediately
from the ground to the Dutch storehouses at Timor. In
these excursions he always carries certain bottles of arrack,
which he finds of great use in opening the hearts of the
Eadjas with whom he has to deal. Notwithstanding the
boasted honesty of these people, it requires his utmost
diligence to keep the arrack from his slaves, who, in spite of
all his care, often ease him of a great part of it. During
the ten years that he has resided on this island no European
but himself has ever been here, except at the time of the

358

DESCRIPTION OF SAVU

CHAP. XV

arrival of the Dutch ship which had sailed about two
months before we came. He is indeed distinguishable
from the Indians only by his colour; like them he sits
upon the ground and chews his betel, etc. He has been
for some years married to an Indian woman of the island
of Timor, who keeps his house in the Indian fashion, and he
excused himself to us for not asking us to his house,
telling us he was not able to entertain us in any other
way than the rest of the Indians whom we saw. He
speaks neither German, his native language, nor Dutch,
without frequent hesitations and mistakes ; on the other
hand, the Indian language seems to flow from him with the
utmost facility. As I forgot to mention this language in
its proper place, I shall take this opportunity to write
down the few observations I had an opportunity of making
during our short stay. The genius of it seems much to
resemble that of the South Sea Isles ; in several instances
the words are exactly the same, and the numbers are
undoubtedly derived from the same source. I give here a
list of words : —

Momonne

a man

Wurroo

the moon

Mobunnea

a woman

Aidassec

the sea

Catoo

the head

Ailei

water

Row Catoo

the hair

Aee

fire

Malta

the eyes

Maate

to dye

Rowna Matta

the eyelashes

Tabudje

to sleep

Swanga

the nose

Ta teetoo

to rise

Cavaranga

the cheeks

Tooga

the thighs

"Wodecloo

the ears

Rootoo

the knees

Vaio

the tongue

Baibo

the legs

Lacoco

the neck

Dunceala

the feet

Soosoo

the breasts

Kissovei yilla

the toes

Caboo Soosoo

the nipples

Camacoo

the arms

Dulloo

the belly

Wulaba

the hand

Assoo

the navel

Cabaou

a buffalo

Carow

the tail

Djara

a horse

Pangoutoo

the beak

Vavee

a hog

lea

the fish

Doomba

a sheep

Unjoo

a turtle

Kesavoo

a goat

Nicu

cocoanut

Guaca

a dog

Braceree

fan -palm

Maio

a cat

Calella

areca

Mannu

a fowl

Canana

betel

Usse

1

Aou

lime

Lhua

2

Maanadoo

a fish-hook

Tullu

3

Tata

tattoo

Uppah

4

Lodo

the sun

Lumme

5

SEPT. 1770 LANGUAGE— TIMOR 359

Unna

6

Lhuangooroo, etc.

20

Pedu

7

Sing Assu, etc.

100

Arm

8

Setuppah, etc.

1000

Saou

9

Selacussa, etc.

10,000

Singooroo

10

Serata, etc.

100,000

SingooringUsse, etc.

11

Sereboo, etc.

1,000,000

In the course of conversation Mr. Lange gave us little
accounts of the neighbouring islands ; these I shall set down
just as he gave them, merely upon his authority.

The small island to the westward of Savu, he said,
produces nothing of consequence except areca nuts, of which
the Dutch annually receive two sloop-loads in return for
their presents to the islanders.

Timor is the chief island in these parts belonging to the
Dutch, all the others in the neighbourhood being subject to
it in so far as that the residents on them go there once a
year to pass their accounts. It is now nearly in the same
state that it was in Dampier's time. The Dutch have their
fort of Concordia, where are storehouses, which, according
to Mr. Lange's account, would have supplied our ship with
every article we could have got at Batavia, even salt provi-
sions and arrack. The Dutch, however, are very frequently
at war with the natives, even of Copang,1 their next neigh-
bours, in which case they are themselves obliged to send to
the neighbouring isles for provisions. The Portuguese still
possess their towns of Laphao and Sesial on the north side
of the island.

About two years ago a French ship was wrecked upon
the east coast of Timor. She lay some days upon the shoal,
when a sudden gale of wind coming on broke her up at
once and drowned most of the crew, among whom was the
captain. Those who got ashore, among whom was one of
the lieutenants, made the best of their ways towards
Concordia, where they arrived in four days, having left
several of their party upon the road. Their number was
above eighty ; they were supplied with every necessary, and
had assistance given them in order to go back to the
wreck and fish up what they could. This they did, and

1 Part of Timor, near Concordia.

360 DESCRIPTION OF SAVU CHAP, xv

recovered all their bullion, which was in chests, and several
of their guns, which were large. Their companions which
they had left upon the road were all missing ; the Indians
it was supposed had either by force or persuasion kept them
among them, as they are very desirous of having Europeans
among them to instruct them in the art of war. After a
stay of two months at Concordia, their company was
diminished more than half by sickness, chiefly in consequence
of the great fatigues they had endured in the days when
they got ashore, and travelled to that place. These were
then furnished with a small ship, in which they sailed for
Europe.

We inquired much for the island qf Andbao or Anambao,
mentioned by Dampier ; he assured us that he knew of no
island of that name anywhere in these seas. I since have
observed that it is laid down in several charts by the name
of Selam? which is probably the real name of it. Rotte is
upon much the same footing as Savu : a Dutchman resides
upon it to manage the natives ; its produce is also much
like that of Savu. It has also some sugar, which was
formerly made by simply bruising the canes and boiling the
juice to a syrup, as they do the palm wine ; lately, however,
they have made great improvements in that manufacture.
There are three islands of the name of Solar lying to the
eastward of Ende or Flares: they are flat and low, abound-
ing with vast quantity of provisions and stock : they are
also managed in the same manner as Savu. On the middle-
most of them is a good harbour, the other two are without
shelter. Ende is still in the hands of the Portuguese, who
have a town and good harbour called Larntuca on the north-
east corner of it : the old harbour of Ende, situated on the
south side of it, is not nearly so good, and therefore now
entirely neglected.

The inhabitants of each of these different islands speak
different languages, and the chief policy of the Dutch
is to prevent them from learning each other's language,
as by this means the Dutch keep them to their respective

1 The real name is Semau. (Note by Banks.)

SEPT. 1770 ISLANDS NEAR SAVU 361

islands, preventing them from entering into traffic with each
other, or learning from mutual intercourse to plant such
things as would be of greater value to themselves than their
present produce, though less beneficial to the Dutch East
India Company. The Dutch at the same time secure to
themselves the benefit of supplying all their necessities at
their own rates, no doubt not very moderate. This may
possibly sufficiently account for the expense they must have
been at in printing prayer-books, catechisms, etc., and teach-
ing them to each island in its own language rather than in
Dutch, which in all probability they might have as easily
done, but at the risk of Dutch becoming the common
language of the islands, and consequently of the natives by
its means gaining an intercourse with each other.

CHAPTER XVI

SAVU ISLAND TO BATAVIA
SEPT. 21— DEC. 24, 1770

Leave Savu — Arrive off Java — European and American news — Formalities
required by Dutch authorities — Mille Islands — Batavia road — Land at
Batavia — Prices and food at the hotel — Tupia's impressions of Batavia —
Introduction to the Governor — Malarious climate — Bougainville's
visit to Batavia — Orders given to heave down the ship — Illness of Tupia,
Dr. Banks, Dr. Solander, etc.— Death of Mr. Monkhouse, Tayeto, and
Tupia — Remove to a country-house — Malay women as nurses — Critical
state of Dr. Solander — Ship repaired — Captain Cook taken ill — Heavy
rains — Frogs and mosquitos — Return to the ship.

21st. Notwithstanding that our friend Mr. Lange invited us
very kindly last night to come ashore again in the morning,
and that we saw divers jars of syrup, a sheep, etc., waiting
for us upon the beach, a sure sign that the Eadja's pro-
hibition was not intended to prejudice trade in the least, we,
who had now got plenty of all the refreshments which the isle
afforded, thought it most prudent to weigh and sail directly
for Batavia ; all our fears of westerly winds being dissipated
by Mr. Lange assuring us that the easterly monsoon would
prevail for two months longer. Accordingly we did so,
and soon passed by the small island lying to the west
about a league from Savu ; its name I have unluckily
forgotten (Pulo Samiri, or something like it, maybe). One
of the buffaloes which was killed weighed only 166 Ibs., which
was a great drawback on our expectations, as we had thought
that even that, though much the smallest of our stock, would
not weigh less than 300 Ibs.

1st October. About midnight land was seen, which in the

OCT. 1770 STRAITS OF SUNDA 363

morning proved to be Java Head and Prince's Island. At
night we had passed Cracatoa.

2nd. We espied two large ships lying at anchor behind
Anger Point ; we came to an anchor, and sent a boat on
board the ships for news. They were Dutch East India-
men ; one bound for Cochin and the coast of Coromandel ;
the other for Ceylon. Their captains received our officer
very politely, and told him some European news ; as,
that the government in England were in the utmost dis-
order, the people crying up and down the streets " Down
with King George, King Wilkes for ever," that the Americans
had refused to pay taxes of any kind, the consequence of
which being that a large force had been sent there, both of
sea and land forces ; that the party of Polanders, who had
been forced into the late election by the Eussians inter-
fering, had asked assistance of the Grand Signior, who had
granted it, in consequence of which the Eussians had sent
twenty sail of the line, and a large army by land to besiege
Constantinople, etc. etc. etc. With regard to our present
circumstances, they told us that our passage to Batavia
was likely to be very tedious, as we should have a strong
current constantly against us, and at this time of the year
calms and light breezes were the only weather we had to
expect. They said also that near where they lay was a
Dutch packet boat, whose business it was to go on board all
ships coming through the straits to inquire of them their
news, and carry or send their letters to Batavia with the
utmost despatch, which business they said her skipper was
obliged to do even for foreigners, if they desired it. This
skipper, if we wanted refreshments, would furnish us with
fowls, turtle, etc., at a very cheap rate.

3rd. The Dutch packet of which we had been told yester-
day, and which proved to be a sloop of no inconsiderable size,
had been standing after us all the morning, and still continued
to do so, gaining however but little, till a foul wind sprang
up, on which she bore away. At night an Indian proa
came on board, bringing the master of the sloop. He
brought with him two books, in one of which he desired

364 SAVU ISLAND TO BATAVIA CHAP, xvi

that any of our officers would write down the name of the
ship, commander's name, where we came from, and where
bound, with any particulars we chose relating to ourselves,
for the information of any of our friends who might come
after us, as we saw that some ships, especially Portuguese,
had done. This book, he told us, was kept merely for the
information of those who might come through these straits.
In the other, which was a fair book, he entered the names
of the ships and commanders, which only were sent to the
Governor and Council of the Indies. On our writing
down Europe as the place we had come from, he said :
"Very well, anything you please, but this is merely for
the information of your friends." In the proa were
some small turtle, many fowls and ducks, also parrots,
parroquets, rice-birds and monkeys, some few of which we
bought, paying a dollar for a small turtle, and the same, at
first for ten, afterwards for fifteen large fowls, two monkeys,
or a whole cage of paddy-birds.

4:th. Calm with light breezes, not sufficient to stem the
current, which was very strong. To make our situation as
tantalising as possible, innumerable proas were sailing about
us in all directions. A boat was sent ashore for grass, and
landed at an Indian town, where by hard bargaining
some cocoanuts were bought at about three halfpence
apiece, and rice in the straw at about five farthings a gallon.
Neither here, nor in any other place where we have had
connections with them, would they take any money but
Spanish dollars. Large quantities of that floating substance
which I have mentioned before under the name of sea-
sawdust, had been seen ever since we came into the straits,
and particularly to-day. Among it were many leaves, fruits,
old stalks of plantain trees, plants of Pistia stratiotes, and
such like trash, from whence we almost concluded that it
came out of some river.

5th. Early in the morning a proa came on board, bring-
ing a Dutchman, who said that his post was much like
that of the man who was on board on the 3rd. He
presented a printed paper, of which he had copies in

OCT. 1770 MILLE ISLANDS 365

English, French, and Dutch, regularly signed in the name
of the Governor. These he desired we would give written
answers to, which he told us would be sent express to
Batavia, where they would arrive to-morrow at noon. He
had in the boat turtle and eggs, of which latter he sold a
few for somewhat less than a penny apiece, and then went
away.

The day was spent as usual in getting up and letting
down the anchor. At night, however, we were very near
Bantam Point.

8th. At eight Dr. Solander and I went ashore on a
small islet belonging to the Mille Isles, not laid down in
the draught, lying five miles N". by E. from Pulo Bedroe.
The whole was not above 500 yards long, and 100 broad,
yet on it was a house and a small plantation, in which,
however, at this time was no plant from whence any profit
could be derived, except Eicinus palma Cfiristi, of which
castor -oil is made in the "West Indies, Upon the shoal,
about a quarter of a mile from the island, were two people
in a canoe, who seemed to hide themselves as if afraid of
us ; we supposed them to be the inhabitants of our island.
We found very few species of plants, but shot a bat, whose
wings measured three feet when stretched out (Vesp. vam-
pyrus), and four plovers exactly like our English golden
plover (Charadrius pluvialis). With these and the few
plants we returned, and very soon after a small Indian
boat came alongside, having in her three turtles, some dried
fish, and pumpkins. We bought his turtles, which weighed
altogether 146 Ibs., for a dollar, with which bargain he
seemed well pleased, but could scarce be prevailed upon to
take any other coin for his pumpkins, after desiring that we
would cut a dollar and give him a part. At last, however,
a petack, shining and well -coined, tempted him to part
with his stock, which consisted of twenty-six. He told us
that the island, called in most draughts Pulo Bali, was
really called Pulo Sounda, and that called Pulo Bedroe, Pulo
Payon. At parting he made signs that we should not tell
at Batavia that any boat had been on board us.

366 BATAVIA CHAP, xvi

9th. Before four we were at anchor in Batavia road. A
boat came immediately on board us from a ship which had
a broad pendant flying ; the officer on board inquired who
we were, etc., and immediately returned. Both he and his
people were pale almost as spectres, no good omen of the
healthiness of the country we had arrived at. Our people,
however, who might truly be called rosy and plump (for we
had not a sick man among us), jeered and flaunted much at
their brother seamen's white faces. By this time our boat
was ready and went ashore with the first lieutenant, who
had orders to acquaint the commanding officer ashore of our
arrival. At night he returned, having met with a very civil
reception from the She/bandar, who, -though no military
officer, took cognizance of all these things. I forgot to men-
tion before that we found here the Harcourt Indiaman, Captain
Paul, and two English private traders from the coast of
India.

~LOth. After breakfast this morning we all went ashore
in the pinnace, and immediately went to the house of Mr.
Leith, the only Englishman of any credit in Batavia. We
found him a very young man, under twenty, who had lately
arrived here, and succeeded his uncle, a Mr. Burnet, in
his business, which was pretty considerable, more so, we
were told, than our new-comer had either money or credit to
manage. He soon gave us to understand that he could be
of very little service to us either in introducing us, as the
Dutch people, he said, were not fond of him, or in money
affairs, as he had begun trade too lately to have any more
than what was employed in getting more. He, however,
after having kept us to dine with him, offered us his assist-
ance in showing us the method of living in Batavia, and in
helping us to settle in such a manner as we should think
fit. We had two alternatives. We could go to the hotel, a
kind of inn kept by order of the Government, where it seems
all merchant strangers are obliged to reside, paying J per
cent for warehouse room for their goods, which the master of
the house is obliged to find for them. We, however, having
come in a king's ship, were free from that obligation, and

OCT. 1770 LAND AT BAT AVI A 367

might live wherever we pleased. After having asked leave
of the Council, which was never refused, we might therefore,
if we chose it, take a house in any part of the town, and
bringing our own servants ashore, might keep it, which
would be much cheaper than living at the hotel, provided
we had anybody on whom we could depend to buy our
provisions. As this was not the case, having none with us
who understood the Malay language, we concluded that the
hotel would be the best for us, certainly the least trouble-
some, and maybe not much the most expensive ; accordingly,
we went there, bespoke beds, and slept there at night.

The next day we agreed with the keeper of the house,
whose name was Yan Keys, as to the rates we should pay
for living, as follows (for this he agreed, as we were five of
us, who would probably have many visitors from the ship,
to keep us a separate table). For ourselves we were to pay
two rix-dollars a day each ; and for each stranger we were
to pay one rix- dollar (4s.) for dinner, and another for
supper and bed if he stayed ashore. We were to have also
for ourselves and friends, tea, coffee, punch, pipes and
tobacco, as much as we could consume ; in short, everything
the house afforded, except wine and beer, which we were to
pay for at the following rates : —

s. d.

Claret .... 39 stivers 3 3

Hock .... 1 rixf. 4 0

Lisbon .... 39 stivers 3 3

Sweet wine . . . 39 , , 33

Madeira .... 1 rupee 2 6

Beer .... 1 „ 26

Spa water . . . . 1 rixF. 40

Besides this we were to pay for our servants |- a rupee
(Is. 3d.) a day each.

For these rates, which we soon found1 to be more than
double the common charges of boarding and lodging in the
town, we were furnished with a table which under the
appearance of magnificence was wretchedly covered ; indeed,

1 The Journal at Batavia, until the 21st at least, was evidently not written
up day by day.

368

BATAVIA

CHAP. XVI

our dinners and suppers consisted of one course each, the
one of fifteen, the other of thirteen dishes, of which, when
you came to examine them, seldom less than nine or ten
were of bad poultry, roasted, boiled, fried, stewed, etc. etc.
So little conscience had they in serving up dishes over and
over again, that I have seen the same identical duck appear
upon the table three times as roasted duck, before he found
his way into the fricassee, from whence he was again to pass
into forcemeat.

This treatment, however, was not without remedy ; we
found that it was the constant custom of the house to supply
strangers at their first arrival with every article as bad as
possible ; if through good nature or indolence they put up
with it, it was so much the better for the house, if not
it was easy to mend their treatment by degrees, till they
were satisfied. On this discovery we made frequent remon-
strances, and mended our fare considerably, so much so that
had we had any one among us who understood this kind of
wrangling, I am convinced we might have lived as well as
we could have desired.

Being now a little settled, I hired a small house next
door to the hotel, for which I payed 10 rix.r. (£2) a month.
Here our books, etc., were lodged, but here we were far from
private, almost every Dutchman that came by running in
and asking what we had to sell ; for it seems that hardly
any individual had ever been at Batavia before who had not
something or other to sell. I also hired two carriages, which
are a kind of open chaise made to hold two people and
driven by a man on a coach-box. For each of these I paid
2 rix.r. (8s.) a day, by the month. We sent for Tupia, who
had till now remained on board on account of his illness,
which was of the bilious kind, and for which he had all
along refused to take any medicine. On his arrival, his
spirits, which had long been very low, were instantly raised
by the sights which he saw, and his boy Tayeto, who had
always been perfectly well, was almost ready to run mad ;
houses, carriages, streets, and everything, were to him sights
which he had often heard described but never well under-

OCT. 1770 UNHEALTHINESS OF THE CLIMATE 369

stood, so he looked upon them with more than wonder,
almost mad with the numberless novelties which diverted
his attention from one to the other. He danced about the
streets examining everything to the best of his abilities.
One of Tupia's first observations was the various dresses
which he saw worn by different people ; on his being told
that in this place every different nation wore their own
country dress, he desired to have his, on which South Sea
cloth was sent for on board, and he clothed himself accord-
ing to his taste. We were now able to get food for him
similar to that of his own country, and he grew visibly
better every day, so that I doubted not in the least of his
perfect recovery, as our stay at this place was not likely to
be very short.

Ever since our arrival at this place, Dr. Solander and I
had applied to be introduced to the General, or Governor,
on one of his Public or Council days ; we had been put off
by various foolish excuses, and at last were told plainly that
as we could have no business with him, we could have no
reason to desire that favour. This did not satisfy us, so I
went myself to the Shdbandar, who is also master of the
ceremonies, in order to ask his reasons for refusing so trifling
a request, but was surprised at being very politely received,
and told that the very next day he would attend us, which
he did, and we were introduced, and had the honour of con-
versing for a few minutes with his high mightiness, who was
very police to us.

Ever since our first arrival here we had been universally
told of the extreme unwholesomeness of the place, which
we, they said, should severely feel on account of the fresh-
ness and healthiness of our countenances. This threat,
however, we did not much regard, thinking ourselves too
well seasoned to variety of climates to fear any, and trusting-
more than all to an invariable temperance in everything,
which we had as yet unalterably kept during our whole
residence in the warm latitudes. Before the end of the
month, however, we were made sensible of our mistake.
Poor Tupia's broken constitution felt it first, and he grew

2 B

370 BAT AVI A CHAP, xvi

worse and worse every day. Then Tayeto, his boy, was
attacked by a cold and inflammation in his lungs ; then my
servants, Peter and James, and I myself had intermittent
fevers, and Dr. Solander a constant nervous one. In short,
every one on shore, and many on board, were ill, chiefly of
intermittents, occasioned no doubt by the lowness of the
country, and the numberless dirty canals, which intersect
the town in all directions.

Some days before this, as I was walking the streets with
Tupia, a man totally unknown to me ran out of his house,
and eagerly accosting me, asked if the Indian whom he saw
with me had not been at Batavia before. On my declaring
that he had not, and asking the reason of so odd a question,
he told me that a year and a half before, Mr. De Bougain-
ville had been at Batavia with two French ships, and that
with him was an Indian so like this that he had imagined
him to be the identical same person, until I informed
him of the contrary. On this I inquired, and found that
Mr. De Bougainville was sent out by the French to the
Malouine or Falkland Isles (in order, as they said here, to
sell them to the Spaniards), had gone from thence to the
River Plate, and afterwards having passed into the South Seas,
— maybe to other Spanish parts, where he and all his people
had got an immense deal of money in new Spanish dollars, —
came here across the South Seas, in which passage he dis-
covered divers lands unknown before, and from one of them
he brought the Indian in question.

This at once cleared up the account given us by the
Otahite Indians of the two ships which had been there
ten months before us (p. 9 6 of this journal) ; these were un-
doubtedly the ships of Mr. De Bougainville, and the Indian
was Otourrou, the brother of Eette, chief of Hidea. Even
the story of the woman was known here ; she, it seems, was
a Frenchwoman, who followed a young man sent out in the
character of botanist, in men's clothes.1 As for the article
of the colours, the Indians might easily be mistaken, or Mr.
De Bougainville, if he had traded in the South Seas under

1 See note on Bougainville, p. xliii.

OCT. 1770 BOUGAINVILLE— ILLNESS OF PARTY 371

Spanish colours, might choose to go quite across with them.
The iron, which most misled us, had undoubtedly been bought
in Spanish America. Besides the botanist mentioned above,
these ships were furnished with one or more draughtsmen, so
that they have probably done some of our work for us.

21st. After petitioning and repetitioning the Council of
the Indies, our affairs were at last settled, and orders given
to heave down the ship with all expedition; so she this
day went down to Kuyper, called by the English Cooper's
Island, where a warehouse was allotted for her to lay up her
stores, etc.

We now began sensibly to feel the ill effects of the
unwholesome climate we were in. Our appetites and spirits
were gone, but none were yet really sick except poor Tupia
and Tayeto, both of whom grew worse and worse daily, so
that I began once more to despair of poor Tupia's life. At
last he desired to be moved to the ship, where, he said, he
should breathe a freer air clear of the numerous houses,
which he believed to be the cause of his disease, by stopping
the free draught. Accordingly on the 28th I went down
with him to Kuyper, and on his liking the shore had a tent
pitched for him in a place he chose, where both sea and
land breezes blew right over him, a situation in which he
expressed great satisfaction.

The seamen now fell ill fast, so that the tents ashore
were always full of sick. After a stay of two days I left
Tupia well satisfied in mind, but not at all better in body,
and returned to town, where I was immediately seized with
a tertian, the fits of which were so violent as to deprive me
entirely of my senses, and leave me so weak as scarcely to
be able to crawl downstairs. My servants, Peter and James,
were as bad as myself, and Dr Solander now felt the first
attacks of the fever, but never having been in his lifetime
once ill, resisted it, resolved not to apply to a physician.
But the worst of all was Mr. Monkhouse, the ship's surgeon ;
he was now confined to his bed by a violent fever, which
grew worse and worse notwithstanding all the efforts of the
physician.

372

BATAVIA

CHAP. XVI

4:th November. At last, after many delays caused by
Dutch ships which came alongside the wharfs to load
pepper, the Endeavour was this day got down to Onrust,
where she was to be hove down without delay, most welcome
news to us all, now heartily tired of this unwholesome
country.

Poor Mr. Monkhouse became worse and worse without
the intervention of one favourable symptom, so that we now
had little hopes of his life.

6th. In the afternoon of this day poor Mr. Monkhouse
departed, the first sacrifice to the climate, and the next day
was buried. Dr. Solander attended his funeral, and I should
certainly have done the same, had I not been confined to my
bed by my fever. Our case now became melancholy, neither
of my servants were able to help me, no more than I was
them, and the Malay slaves, whom alone we depended on,
naturally the worst attendants in nature, were rendered less
careful by our incapacity to scold them on account of our
ignorance of the language. When we became so sick that
we could not help ourselves, they would get out of call, so
that we were obliged to remain still until able to get up
and go in search of them.

9th. This day we received the disagreeable news of the
death of Tayeto, and that his death had so much affected
Tupia, that there were little hopes of his surviving him
many days.

1 Oth. Dr. Solander and I still grew worse and worse,
and the physician who attended us declared that the country
air was necessary for our recovery ; so we began to look out
for a country house, though with a heavy heart, as we knew
that we must there commit ourselves entirely to the care of
the Malays, whose behaviour to sick people we had all the
reason in the world to find fault with. For this reason we
resolved to buy each of us a Malay woman to nurse us,
hoping that the tenderness of the sex would prevail even
here, which indeed we found it to do, for they turned out
by no means bad nurses.

llth. We received the news of Tupia's death; I had

NOV. 1770 DEATH OF TUPIA— SOLANDER'S ILLNESS 373

quite given him over ever since the death of his boy, whom
I well knew he sincerely loved, though he used to find much
fault with him during his lifetime.

1 2th. Dr. Solander, who had not yet entirely taken to
his bed, returned from an airing this evening extremely ill.
He went to bed immediately. I sat by him, and soon
observed symptoms which alarmed me very much. I sent
immediately for our physician, Dr. Jaggi, who applied
sinapisms to his feet, and blisters to the calves of his legs,
but at the same time gave me little or no hopes of even the
possibility of his living till morning. Weak as I was I sat
by him till morning, when he changed very visibly for the
better. I then slept a little, and on waking found him still
better than I had any reason to hope.

1 3th. As Dr. Jaggi had all along insisted on the country
air being necessary for our recovery, I at once agreed
with my landlord, Van Keys, for his country house, which
he immediately furnished for us ; agreeing to supply us
with provisions, and give us the use of five slaves who were
there, as well as three we were to take with us, for a dollar
a day (4s.), more than our common agreement. This country
house, though small and very bad, was situated about two
miles out of the town, in a situation that prepossessed me
much in its favour, being upon the banks of a briskly running
river, and well open to the sea breeze, two circumstances
which must much contribute to promote circulation of the
air, a thing of the utmost consequence in a country
perfectly resembling the low part of my native Lincolnshire.
Accordingly, Dr. Solander being much better, and in the
doctor's opinion not too bad to be removed, we carried
him to it this day, and also received from the ship Mr.
Sporing (our writer), a seaman, and the captain's own
servant, whom he had sent on hearing of our melancholy
situation, so that we were now sufficiently well attended,
having ten Malays and two whites, besides Mr. Sporing.
This night, however, Dr. Solander was extremely ill, so much
so that fresh blisters were applied to the inside of his thighs,
which he seemed not at all sensible of; nevertheless in the

374 BATAVIA CHAP, xvi

morning he was something better, and from that time re-
covered, though by extremely slow degrees, till his second
attack. I myself, either by the influence of the bark of
which I had all along taken quantities, or by the anxiety I
suffered on Dr. Solander's account, missed my fever, nor
did it return for several days, until he became better.

I4:th. We had the agreeable news of the repairs of the
ship being completely finished, and that she had returned
to Cooper's Island, where she proved to be no longer leaky.
When examined she had proved much worse than anybody
expected ; her main plank being in many places so cut by
the rocks that not more than one-eighth of an inch in
thickness remained ; and here the worm had got in and
made terrible havoc. Her false keel was entirely gone, and
her main keel much wounded. The damages were now,
however, entirely repaired, and very well too in the opinion
of everybody who saw the Dutch artificers do their work.

Dr. Solander grew better, though by very slow degrees.
I soon had a return of my ague, which now became quotidian ;
the captain also was taken ill on board, and of course we
sent his servant to him. Soon after both Mr. Sporing and
our seaman were seized with intermittents, so that we were
again reduced to the melancholy necessity of depending
entirely upon the Malays for nursing us, all of whom were
often sick together.

24:th. We had for some nights now had the wind on the
western board, generally attended with some rain, thunder
and lightning; this night it blew strong at S.W. and rained
harder than ever I saw it before for three or four hours.
Our house rained in every part, and through the lower part
of it ran a stream almost capable of turning a mill. In the
morning I went to Batavia, where the quantities of bedding
that I everywhere saw hung up to dry, made a very
uncommon sight, for I was told almost every house in
the town and neighbourhood suffered more or less. This
was certainly the shifting of the monsoon ; for the winds,
which had before been constantly to the eastward, remained
constantly on the western board. The people here, however,

DEC. 1770 ILLNESS OF BANKS AND SOLANDER 375

told us that it did not commonly shift so suddenly, and
were loth to believe that the westerly winds were really set
in for several days after.

Dr. Solander had recovered enough to be able to walk
about the house, but gathered strength very slowly. I
myself was given to understand that curing my ague was of
very little consequence while the cause remained in the
badness of the air. The physician, however, bled me, and
gave me frequent gentle purges, which he told me would
make the attacks less violent, as was really the case. They
came generally about two or three in the afternoon, a time
when everybody in these climates is always asleep, and by
four or five I had generally recovered sufficiently to get up
and walk in the garden. The rainy season had now set in,
and we had generally some rain in the night ; the days were
more or less cloudy, and sometimes wet ; this, however, was
not always the case, for we once had a whole week of very
clear weather.

The frogs in the ditches, whose voices were ten times
louder than those of European ones, made a noise almost in-
tolerable on nights when rain was to be expected ; and the
mosquitos or gnats, who had been sufficiently troublesome
even in the dry time, were now breeding in every splash of
water, and became innumerable, especially in the moonlight
nights. Their stings, however, though painful and trouble-
some enough at the time, never continued to itch above half
an hour ; so that no man in the daytime was troubled with
the bites of the night before. Indeed, I never met with any
whose bites caused swellings remaining twenty-four hours,
except the midges or gnats of Lincolnshire (which are
identically the same insect as is called mosquito in most
parts of the world) and the sand flies of North America.1

1st December. About this time Dr. Solander had a return
of his fever, which increased gradually for four or five days,
when he became once more in imminent danger.

*7th. We received the agreeable news of the ship's arrival
in the road, having completed all her rigging, etc., and having
1 Alluding to his experience in Newfoundland in 1766.

376 BATAVIA CHAP, xvi

now nothing to take in but provisions and a little water.
The people on board, however, were extremely sickly, and
several had died, a circumstance necessarily productive of
delays ; indeed, had they been strong and healthy we should
have been before now at sea.

Dr. Solander had changed much for the better within
these two last days, so that our fears of losing him were
entirely dissipated, for which much praise is due to his in-
genious physician, Dr. Jaggi, who at this juncture especially
was indefatigable.

16^. Our departure being now very soon to take place,
I thought it would be very convenient to cure the ague,
which had now been my constant companion for many
weeks. Accordingly I took decoction of bark plentifully,
and in three or four days missed it. I then went to town,
settled all my affairs, and remained impatient to have the
day fixed.

24ith. The 25th, Christmas Day by our account, being
fixed for sailing, we this morning hired a large country proa,
which came up to the door and took in Dr. Solander, now
tolerably recovered, and carried him on board the ship, where
in the evening we all joined him.

CHAPTEE XVII

DESCRIPTION OF BATAVIA

Situation — Number of houses — Streets — Canals — Houses — Public buildings-
Fortifications — Castle — Forts within the city — Soldiers — Harbour —
Islands and uses to which they are put — Dutch fleet — Country round
Batavia — Thunderstorms — Marshes — 'Unheal thin ess of the climate —
Fruitfulness of the soil — Cattle, sheep, etc. — "Wild animals — Fish — Birds
— Rice — Mountain rice — Vegetables — Fruits : detailed description,
supply and consumption — Palm -wine — Odoriferous flowers — Spices —
Population and nationalities — Trade — Cheating — Portuguese — Slaves —
Punishment of slaves — Javans — Habits and customs — Native attention to
the hair and teeth — Running amoc — Native superstitions — Crocodiles as
twin brothers to men — Chinese: their habits, mode of living and
burial — Government — Officials — Justice — Taxation — Money.

BATAVIA, the capital of the Dutch dominions in India, and
generally esteemed to be by much the finest town in the
possession of Europeans in these parts, is situated in a low
fenny plain, where several small rivers, which take their
rise in mountains called Blaen Berg, about forty miles inland,
empty themselves into the sea. The Dutch (always true to
their commercial interests) seemed to have pitched upon this
situation entirely for the convenience of water-carriage, which
indeed few. if any, towns in Europe enjoy in a higher degree.
Few streets in the town are without canals of considerable
breadth, running through or rather stagnating in them.
These canals are continued for several miles round the town,
and with five or six rivers, some of which are navigable
thirty or forty or more miles inland, make the carriage of
every species of produce inconceivably cheap.

It is very difficult to judge of the size of the town : the
size of the houses, in general large, and the breadth of the

378 DESCRIPTION OF BATAVIA CHAP, xvn

streets increased by their canals, make it impossible to com-
pare it with any English town. All I can say is that when
seen from the top of a building, from whence the eye takes it
in at one view, it does not look nearly so large as it seems
to be when you walk about it. Valentijn, who wrote about
and before the year 1726, says that in his time there were
within the walls 1242 Dutch houses, and 1200 Chinese;
without, 1066 Dutch and 1240 Chinese, besides twelve
arrack houses. This number, however, appeared to me to be
very highly exaggerated, those within the walls especially.
But of all this I confess myself a very indifferent judge, hav-
ing enjoyed so little health, especially towards the latter part
of my stay, that I had no proper opportunity of satisfying
myself in such particulars.

The streets are broad and handsome, and the banks of
the canals in general planted with rows of trees. A stranger
on his first arrival is very much struck with these, and often
led to observe how much the heat of the climate must be
tempered by the shade of the trees and coolness of the water.
Indeed, as to the first, it must be convenient to those who
walk on foot; but a very short residence will show him
that the inconveniences of the canals far over-balance any
convenience he can derive from them in any but a mercan-
tile light. Instead of cooling the air, they contribute not a
little to heat it, especially those which are stagnant, as most
of them are, by reflecting back the fierce rays of the sun. In
the dry season these stink most abominably, and in the wet
many of them overflow their banks, filling the lower storeys
of the houses near them with water. When they clean them,
which is very often, as some are not more than three or four
feet deep, the black mud taken out is suffered to lie upon the
banks, that is, in the middle of the street, till it has acquired
a sufficient hardness to be conveniently laden into boats.
This mud stinks intolerably. Add to this that the running
water, which is in some measure free from the former incon-
veniences, has every now and then a dead horse or hog
stranded in the shallow parts, a nuisance which I was in-
formed no particular person was appointed to remove. I

1770 CANALS AND HOUSES 379

am inclined to believe this, as I remember a dead buffalo
lying in one of the principal thoroughfares for more than a
week, until it was at last carried away by a flood.

The houses are in general large and well built, and con-
veniently enough contrived for the climate. The greater part
of the ground-floor is always laid out in one large room with
a door to the street and another to the yard, both which
generally stand open. Below is the ground -plan of one.

In this plan a is the front door, 6, the back door, c, a room
where the master of the house does his business, d, a court
to give light to the rooms as well as increase the draught,
and e, the stairs for going upstairs, where the rooms are
generally large though few in number. Such, in general,
are their town houses, differing in size very much, and some-
times in shape ; the principles, however, on which they are
built are universally the same, two doors opposite each other,
and one or more courts between them to cause a draught,
which they do in an eminent degree, as well as dividing the
room into alcoves, in one of which the family dine, while
the female slaves (who on no occasion sit anywhere else)
work in another. Showy, however, as these large rooms are
to the stranger on his first seeing them, he is soon sensible
of the small amount of furniture which is universal in all
of them. The same quantity of furniture is sufficient for
them as is necessary for our smaller rooms in Europe, as in
those we entertain fully as many guests at a time as is ever
done in these ; consequently the chairs, which are spread at
even distances from each other, are not very easily collected
into a circle if four or five visitors arrive at once.

Public buildings they have several, most of them old and
executed in rather a clumsy taste. Their new church, how-

380 DESCRIPTION OF BATAVIA CHAP, xvn

ever, built with a dome (which is seen very far out at sea),
is certainly far from an ugly building on the outside, though
rather heavy, and in the inside is a very fine room. Its
organ is well proportioned, being large enough to fill it,
and it is so well supplied with chandeliers that few churches
in Europe are as well lighted.

From buildings I should make an easy transition to forti-
fications, were it not a subject of which I must confess
myself truly ignorant. I shall attempt, however, to describe
what I have seen in general terms. The city of Batavia is
enclosed by a stone wall of moderate height, old, and in
many parts not in the best repair; besides this, a river in
different places from fifty to one hundred paces broad, whose
stream is rather brisk but shallow, encircles it without the
walls, and within again is a canal of very variable breadth,
so that in passing their gates you cross two draw-bridges.
This canal, useless as it seems, has, however, this merit, that
it prevents all walking on the ramparts, as is usual in fortified
towns, and consequently all idle examination of the number
or condition of the guns. With these they seem to be very
ill provided, all that are seen being of very light metal ; and
the west side of the town, where alone you have an oppor-
tunity of examining them, being almost totally unprovided.

In the north-east corner of the town stands the castle or
citadel, the walls of which are higher and larger than those
of the town, especially near the boats' landing-place, which
it completely commands, and where are mounted several very
large and well-looking guns. The neighbourhood, however,
of the north-east corner seems sufficiently weak on both
sides, especially on the east.

Within this Castle, as it is called, are apartments for the
Governor-General and all the members of the Council of India,
to which they are enjoined to repair in case of a siege ; here
are also large storehouses, where are kept great quantities of
the Company's goods, especially European goods, and where
all their writers, etc., do their business. Here are also stored
a large quantity of cannon, but whether to mount on the
walls or furnish their shipping in case of the approach of an

1770 FORTIFICATIONS 381

enemy, I could not learn; from their appearance I should
judge them to be intended for the latter. As for powder,
they are said to be well supplied with it, dispersed in various
magazines on account of the frequency of lightning.

Besides the fortifications of the town, there are numerous
forts up and down the country, some between twenty and
thirty miles from the town. Most of these seem very poor
defences, and are probably intended to do little more than
keep the natives in awe. They have also a kind of house
mounting about eight guns apiece, which seem to me to be the
best defences against Indians I have ever seen. They are
generally placed in such situations as will cominand three
or four canals, and as many roads upon their banks. Some
there are in the town itself, and one of these it was which,
in the time of the Chinese rebellion (as the Dutch call it),
quickly levelled all the best Chinese houses to the ground.
Indeed, I was told that the natives are more afraid of these
than of any other kind of defences. There are many of
them in all parts of Java, and on the other islands in the
possession of the Dutch. I lamented much not being able
to get a drawing and plan of one, which, indeed, had I been
well, I might easily have done, as I suppose they never
could be jealous of a defence which one gun would destroy
in half an hour.

Even if the Dutch fortifications are as weak and defence-
less as I suppose, they have, nevertheless, some advantages
in their situation among morasses, where the roads, which
are almost always a bank thrown up between a canal and a
ditch, might easily be destroyed. This would very much
delay the bringing up of heavy artillery, unless this could
be shipped upon some canal, and a sufficient number of
proper boats secured to transport it. There are plenty of
these, but they all muster every night under the guns
of the Castle, from whence it would be impossible to take
them. Delays, however, from whatever cause they might
happen, would be inevitably fatal. In less than a week
we were sensible of the unhealthiness of the climate, and
in a month's time one half of the ship's company were

382 DESCRIPTION OF BATAVIA CHAP, xvn

unable to perform their duty ; but could a very small body
of men get quickly to the walls of Batavia, bringing with them
a few battering cannon, the town must inevitably yield on
account of the weakness of its defence.

We were told that of a hundred soldiers, who arrive here
from Europe, it is a rare thing for fifty to outlive the first
year ; and that of those fifty half will by that time be in the
hospitals, and of the other half not ten in perfect health.
Whether this account may not be exaggerated I cannot say,
but will venture to affirm that it seemed to me probable
from the number of pale faces, and limbs hardly able to
support a musket, which I saw among the few soldiers to
be seen upon duty. The white inhabitants indeed are all
soldiers, and those who have served five years are liable to
be called out on any occasion ; but as they are never
exercised or made to do any kind of duty, it is impossible
to expect much from men more versed in handling pens
than guns. The Portuguese are generally good marksmen,
as they employ themselves much in shooting wild hogs and
deer ; as for the Mardykers, who are certainly numerous —
being Indians of all nations who are, or whose ancestors
have been, freed slaves — few, either of them or of the
Chinese, know the use of firearms. Their numbers, however,
might be troublesome, as some of them are esteemed brave
with their own weapons, lances, swords, daggers, etc.

Thus much for the land. By sea it is impossible to
attack Batavia, on account of the shallowness of the water,
which will scarcely suffer even a long-boat to come within
cannon-shot of the walls, unless she keep a narrow channel
walled in on both sides by strong piers, and running about
half a mile into the harbour, which channel terminates
exactly under the fire of the strongest part of the Castle.
At this point there is a large wooden boom, which is shut
every night at six o'clock, and not opened again till morn-
ing under any pretence. It is said that before the earth-
quake in [1699] ships of large burthen used to come up to
this place, and be stopped by the boom, but at present only
boats attempt it.

1770 HARBOUR AND ISLANDS 383

The harbour of Batavia is generally accounted the finest
in India ; and indeed it answers that character, being large
enough to contain any number of ships, and having such
good holding ground that no ships ever think of mooring,
but ride with one anchor, which always holds as long as the
cable. How it is sheltered is difficult to say, the islands
without it not being by any means sufficient, but so it is
that there is never any sea running at all troublesome to
shipping. Its greatest inconvenience is the shoal water
between the ships and the mouth of Batavia river, which,
when the sea breeze has blown pretty freshly, as it often
does, makes a cockling sea very dangerous to boats. Our
long-boat, in attempting to come off, struck two or three
times and with difficulty regained the river's mouth; the
same evening a Dutch boat loaded with sails and rigging for
one of their Indiamen was entirely lost.

Eound the outside of the harbour are many small islands,
some of which the Dutch make use of; as Edam, to which
they transport all Europeans who have been guilty of
crimes not worthy of death. Some of these are sentenced
to remain there 99, others 40, 20, 5 years, etc., according
to their deserts, during which time they work as slaves,
making ropes, etc. etc. At Purmerent they have a hospital
in which people are said to recover much more quickly
than at Batavia. On Kuyper are warehouses in which are
kept many things belonging to the Company, chiefly such
as are of small value, as rice, etc. ; here also all foreign ships
who are to be hove down at Onrust discharge their cargoes
at wharves very convenient for the purpose. Here the
guns, sails, etc., of the " Falmouth," a gun-ship which was
condemned here on her return from Manilla, were kept, and
she herself remained in the harbour with only two warrant
officers on board, who had remittances most regularly from
home, but no notice ever taken of the many memorials
they sent, desiring to be recalled. The Dutch, however, for
reasons best known to themselves, thought fit about six
months before our arrival to sell her and all her stores by
public auction, and send her officers home in their ships.

384 DESCRIPTION OF BATAVIA CHAP, xvn

The next island, which is indeed of more consequence
to the Dutch than all the rest, is Onrust ; here they heave
down and repair all their shipping, and consequently keep a
large quantity of naval stores. On this island are artificers
of almost all kinds employed in the shipbuilding way, and
very clever ones, so at least all our most experienced seamen
allowed, who said they had seen ships hove down in most
parts of the world, but never saw that business so cleverly
done as here. The Dutch do not seem to think this island
of so much consequence as they perhaps would do if all
their naval stores were here (the greater part are at Batavia) ;
it seems to be so ill defended, that one 60 -gun ship would
blow it up without a possibility of failure, as she might go
alongside the wharfs as near as she pleased.

It is generally said in Europe that the Dutch keep a strong
fleet in the East Indies, ready and able to cope with any Euro-
pean Power which might attack them there. This is true thus
far and no farther : their Indiamen, which are very large ships,
are pierced for 5 0 or 6 0 guns each. Should they be attacked
when all these were in India, or indeed a little before the
sailing of the Europe fleet, they might, if they had sufficient
warning to get in their guns, etc., raise 40 or 50 sail; but
how it would be possible for them to man this fleet, if they
kept anybody at all on shore, is to me a mystery. Again,
should they be attacked after the fleet had sailed, they have
very few ships, and those terribly out of condition ; for they
keep no ships even in tolerable repair in India, except those
employed to go to Ceylon and the coast, which places indeed
are generally taken in the way to or from Europe. As for
the eastern islands, no ships of any force are employed
there ; but all the trade is carried on in small vessels, many
of which are brigs and sloops.

The country round about Batavia for some miles is one
continued range of country houses and gardens, some of
which are very large, and all universally planted with trees
as close as they can stand by each other, so that the country
enjoys little benefit from being cleared, the woods standing
now nearly as thick as when they grew there originally,

1770 COUNTRY ROUND BATAVIA 385

with only this difference, that they are now of useful, whereas
they were formerly of useless trees. But, useful as these trees
are to their respective owners, who enjoy their fruits, to the
community they are certainly highly detrimental in prevent-
ing the sea breeze from penetrating into the country as it
ought ; or at best loading it with unwholesome vapours col-
lected and stagnating under their branches. This, according
to our modern theory, should be the reason why thunder
and lightning are so frequent and mischievous here that
scarcely a month passes in which either ships or houses do
not feel the effects of it. While we stayed three accidents
happened ; the first, a few days after our arrival, dismasted
a large Dutch Indiaman which lay next to us, and wounded
two or three of her people : nor were we exempt from the
consequences of that flash, which, according to the belief of
those on board, came down the lightning chain, and certainly
struck down the sentry who stood near it.

Besides these frugiferous forests, the country has all the
appearance of unhealthiness imaginable. I may venture to
call it for some miles round the town one universal flat, as
I know few exceptions to it. This flat is intersected in
many directions by rivers, in still more by canals navigable
for small vessels ; but worst of all are the ditches, which,
as in the marshes of Lincolnshire, are the universal fences
of fields and gardens, hedges being almost totally absent.
Nor are filthy, fenny bogs and morasses, fresh as well as
salt, wanting even in the near neighbourhood of the town
to add their baneful influence to the rest, and complete the
unhealthiness of the country, which, much as I have said
of it, I believe I have not exaggerated. The people them-
selves speak of it in as strong terms as I do, while the pale
faces and diseased bodies of those who are said to be inured
to it, as well as the preventive medicines, etc., and the
frequent attacks of disease they are subject to, abundantly
testify to the truth of what they assert. The very church-
yards show it by the number of graves constantly open in
them, far disproportionate to the number of people. The
inhabitants themselves talk of death with the same in-

2 c

386 DESCRIPTION OF BATAVIA CHAP, xvn

difference as people in a camp ; it is hardly a piece of news
to tell any one of the death of another, unless the dead
man is of high rank, or somehow concerned in money
matters with the other. If the death of any acquaintance
is mentioned, it commonly produces some such reflexion as,
" Well, it is very well he owed me nothing, or I should
have had to get it from his executors."

So much for the neighbourhood of Batavia and as far
round it as I had an opportunity of going. I saw only two
exceptions to this general description, one where the General's
country house is situated. This is a gradually rising hill of
tolerable extent, but so little raised above the common level
that you would be hardly sensible of being upon it were it
not that you have left the canals, and that the ditches are
replaced by bad hedges. The Governor himself has, how-
ever, strained a point so as to enclose his own garden with
a ditch, to be in the fashion I suppose. The other exception
is the place where a famous market called Passar Tandbank
is held. Here, and here only during my whole stay, I had
the satisfaction of mounting a hill of about ten yards
perpendicular height, and tolerably steep. About forty miles
inland, however, are some pretty high hills, where, as we
were informed, the country is healthy in a high degree, and
even at certain heights tolerably cool. There European
vegetables flourish in great perfection, even strawberries,
which bear heat very ill. The people who live there also
have colour in their cheeks, a thing almost unknown at
Batavia, where the milk-white faces of all the inhabitants
are unstained by any colour ; especially the women, who
never go into the sun, and are consequently free from the
tan, and have certainly the whitest skins imaginable. From
what cause it proceeds is difficult to say, but in general it
is observed that they keep their health much better than
the men, even if they have lately arrived from Europe.

On these hills some of the principal people have country
houses, which they visit once a year ; the General especially
has one, said to be built upon the plan of Blenheim House,
near Oxford, but never finished. Physicians also often send

I77Q CLIMATE— CROPS— CATTLE 387

people here for the recovery of their health lost in the low
country, and say that the effects of such a change of air is
almost miraculous, working an instant change in favour of
the patient, who during his stay there remains well, but no
sooner returns to his necessary occupations at Batavia than
his complaints return in just the same degree as before his
departure.

Few parts of the world, I believe, are better furnished
with the necessaries as well as the luxuries of life, than the
island of Java. The unhealthiness of the country about
Batavia is in that particular rather an advantage to it ; for
the very cause of it, a low flat situation, is likewise the
cause of a fruitfulness of soil hardly to be paralleled, which
is sufficiently testified by the flourishing condition of the
immense quantities of fruit-trees all round the town, as well
as by the quantity and excellence of their crops of sugar-
cane, rice, Indian corn, etc. etc. ID " <ed, the whole island is
allowed to be uncommonly fruitful by those who have seen
it, and in general as healthy as fruitful, excepting only such
low fenny spots as the neighbourhood of Batavia, far fitter
to sow rice upon than to build towns.

The tame quadrupeds are horses, cattle, buffaloes, sheep,
goats, and hogs. The horses are small, never exceeding in
size what we call a stout Galloway, but nimble and spirited :
they are said to have been found here when the Europeans
first came round the Cape of Good Hope. The cattle are
said to be the same as those in Europe, but differ from them
in appearance so much that I am inclined to doubt. They
have, however, the palearia, which naturalists make to be
the distinguishing mark of our species. On the other hand,
they are found wild, not only on Java, but on several of
the eastern islands. The flesh of those that I ate at
Batavia was rather finer -grained than European beef, but
much drier, and always terribly lean. Buffaloes are very
plentiful, but the Dutch are so much prejudiced against
them, that they will not eat their flesh at all, nor even drink
their milk, affirming that it causes fevers. The natives,
however, and the Chinese do both, and have no such opinion

388 DESCRIPTION OF BATAVIA CHAP, xvn

concerning them. Their sheep, of that sort whose ears hang
down and have hair instead of wool, are most intolerably bad,
lean, and tough to the last degree. They have, however, a
few Cape sheep, which are excellent, though intolerably dear.
"We gave £2 : 5s. a piece for four, which we bought for sea
stock, the heaviest of which weighed only 45 Ibs. Their
goats are much of a par with their sheep, but their hogs
are certainly excellent, especially the Chinese, which are so
immensely fat that nobody thinks of buying the fat with
the lean. The butcher, when you buy it, cuts off as much
as you please, and sells it to his countrymen, the Chinese,
who melt it down and eat it instead of butter with their
rice. Notwithstanding the excellence of this pork, the
Dutch are so prejudiced in favour of everything which
comes from the Fatherland, that they will not eat it at all,
but use entirely the Dutch breed, which are sold as much
dearer than the Chinese here, as the Chinese are dearer than
them in Europe.

Besides these domestic animals, their woods afford some
wild horses and cattle, but only in the distant mountains,
and even there they are very scarce. Buffaloes are not
found wild upon Java, though they are upon Macassar,
and are numerous in several of the eastern islands. The
neighbourhood of Batavia, however, is pretty plentifully
supplied with deer of two kinds, and wild hogs, both which
are very good meat, and often shot by the Portuguese, who
sell them tolerably cheap. Monkeys also there are, though
but few in the neighbourhood of Batavia.

On the mountains and in the more desert part of the
island are tigers, it is said, in too great abundance, and some
rhinoceroses ; but neither of these animals are ever heard of
in the neighbourhood of Batavia, or indeed any in well-peopled
part of the island.

Fish are in immense plenty ; many sorts of them very
excellent and inconceivably cheap ; but the Dutch, true to
the dictates of luxury, buy none but those which are scarce.
We, who in the course of our long migration in the warm
latitudes had learned the real excellence of many of the

1770 FISH— FOWLS— VEGETABLES 389

cheapest sorts, wondered much at seeing them the food of
none but slaves. On inquiry, however, of a sensible house-
keeper, he told us that he, as well as we, knew that for one
shilling he could purchase a better dish of fish than he did
for ten. " But," said he, " I dare not do it, for should it be
known that I did so, I should be looked upon in the same
light as one in Europe who covered his table with offal fit
for nothing but beggars or dogs." Turtle is here also
in abundance, but despised by Europeans ; indeed, for what
reason I know not, it is neither so sweet nor so fat as our
West Indian turtle, even in England. They have also a
kind of large lizard or iguana, some of which are said to be
as thick as a man's thigh. I shot one about five feet long,
and it proved very good meat.

Poultry is prodigiously plentiful; very large fowls,
ducks, and geese are cheap; pigeons are rather dear and
turkeys extravagant. In general, those we ate at Batavia
were lean and dry, but this I am convinced proceeds from
their being ill-fed, as I have eaten every kind there as good
or better than commonly met with in Europe.

Wild fowl are in general scarce. I saw during my stay
one wild duck in the fields, but never one to be sold.
Snipe, however, of two kinds, one exactly the same as in
Europe, and a kind of thrush, are plentifully sold every day
by the Portuguese, who, for I know not what reason, seem
to monopolise the wild game.

Nor is the earth less fruitful of vegetables than she is of
animals. Eice, which everybody knows is to the inhabitants
of these countries the common corn, serving instead of
bread, is very plentiful : one kind of it is planted here, and
in many of the eastern islands, which in the western parts
of India is totally unknown. It is called by the natives
paddy gunang, that is, mountain rice; this, unlike the
other sort, which must be under water three parts of the
time of its growth, is planted upon the sides of hills, where
no water but rain can possibly come. They take, however,
the advantage of planting it in the beginning of the rainy
season, by which means they reap it in the beginning of the

390 DESCRIPTION OF BATAVIA CHAP, xvn

dry. How far this kind of rice might be useful in our West
Indian islands, where they grow no bread corn at all, I leave
to the judgment of those who know their respective interests,
as also the question whether the cassava, or manioc, their
substitute for bread, is not as wholesome and cheaper than
anything else which could be introduced among them.

Besides rice they grow also Indian corn or maize, which
they gather when young and toast in the ear. They have
also a vast variety of kidney beans and lentils, called
cadjang, which make a great part of the food of the common
people. They have millet, yams, both wet and dry, sweet
potatoes and some European potatoes, not to be despised,
but dear. Their gardens produce cabbage, lettuce, cucumbers,
radishes, China white radishes, which boil almost as well as
turnips, carrots, parsley, celery, pigeon-pease (Cytissus cajan),
kidney beans of two sorts (DolicJws chinensis and lignosus), egg
plants (Solatium melongena), which eat delicately when boiled
with pepper and salt, a kind of greens much like spinach (Con-
vulvulus reptans), very small but good onions, and asparagus,
scarce and very bad. They had also some strong-smelling
European plants, as sage, hyssop and rue, which they thought
smelt much stronger here than in their native soils, though
I cannot say I was sensible of it. But the produce of the
earth from which they derive the greatest advantage is
sugar ; of it they grow immense quantities, and with little
care have vast crops of the finest, largest canes imaginable,
which I am inclined to believe contain in an equal quantity
a far larger proportion of sugar than our West Indian ones.
White sugar is sold here for about 2|-d. a pound. The
molasses makes their arrack, of which, as of rum, it is the
chief ingredient; a small quantity of rice only, and some
cocoanut wine, being added, which I suppose gives it its
peculiar flavour. Indigo they also grow a little, but I
believe no more than is necessary for their own use.

The fruits of the East Indies are in general so much
cried up by those who have eaten of them, and so much
preferred to our European ones, that I shall give a full list
of all the sorts which were in season during our stay, and

1770 FRUITS 391

my judgment of each, which I confess is not so much in
their favour, as is that of the generality of Europeans after
their return home ; though while here I did not find that
they were more fond of them, or spoke more in their praise,
when compared with European fruits, than I did.

(1) The pine-apples (Bromelia ananas), called here nanas,
are very large, and so plentiful that in cheap times I
have been told that a man who buys them first hand
may get them for a farthing apiece. When we were
there we could without much haggling get two or three
for twopence halfpenny at the common fruit shops. In
quality they are certainly good and well flavoured, as good,
but not a bit better, than those which are called good
in England. So luxuriant are they in their growth that
most of them have two or three crowns, and a large
number of suckers from the bottom of the fruit : I have
counted nine. These are so forward, that they often, while
still adhering to the mother, shoot out their fruit, which by
the time the large one is ripe, are of a tolerable size. Of
these I have seen three upon one apple, and have been told
that nine have been seen ; but this was esteemed so great a
curiosity, that it was preserved in sugar and sent to the
Prince of Orange.

(2) Oranges (Citrus aurant. sinensis) are tolerably good,
but while we were here were very dear, seldom less than
sixpence apiece. (3) Pumplemouses (Citrus decumanus), called
in the West Indies shaddocks, were well flavoured, but had
no juice in them, which we were told depended upon the
season. (4) Lemons (Citrus medico) were very scarce, but
the want of them was amply made up by the plenty of
(5) limes, of which the best were to be bought for about
twelvepence a hundred. Of Seville oranges I saw two or three
only, and they were almost all peel. There are many other
sorts of oranges and lemons ; none of which are at all
esteemed by the Europeans, or indeed by the natives them-
selves. (6) Mango (Mangifera indica) : this fruit during our
stay was so infested with maggots, which bred inside them,
that scarcely four out of ten would be free ; nor were those

392 DESCRIPTION OF BATAVIA CHAP, xvn

which were by any means so good as those of Brazil.
Europeans commonly compare this fruit to a melting peach,
to which in softness and sweetness it certainly approaches,
but in flavour as certainly falls much short of any that can
be called good. The climate, as I have been told, is here too
hot and damp for them ; and on the coast of India they are
much better. Here are almost as many sorts of them as of
apples in England ; some much inferior to others ; some of
the worst sorts are so bad that the natives themselves can
hardly eat them when ripe, but use them as an acid when
just full grown. One sort, called by them mangha cowani, has
so strong a smell that a European can scarce bear one in the
room ; these, however, the natives are fond of. The best
kinds for eating are first mangha, doodool, incomparably
better than any other, then mangha santock and mangha
gure ; and besides these three I know no other which a
European would be at all pleased with.

(7) Of bananas (Musa) here are likewise innumerable
kinds : three only of which are good to eat as fruit, viz. pisang
mas, pisang radja, and pisang ambou ; all of which have a toler-
ably vinous taste ; the rest, however, are useful in their way.
Some are fried with butter, others boiled in place of bread
(which is here a dearer article than meat), etc. One of the
sorts, however, deserves to be taken notice of by botanists,
as it is, contrary to the nature of the rest of its tribe, full
of seeds, from whence it is called pisang latu or pisang lidjis.
It has, however, no excellence to recommend it to the taste
or any other way, unless it be, as the Malays think, good
for the flux.

(8) Gh-apes (Vitis vinifera) are here to be had, but in no
great perfection : they are, however, sufficiently dear, a bunch
about the size of a fist costing about a shilling or eighteen-
pence. (9) Tamarinds (Tamarindus indica) are prodigiously
common and as cheap ; the people, however, either do not
know how to put them up, as the West Indians do, or do
not practise it, but cure them with salt, by which means they
become a black mass so disagreeable to the sight and taste
that few Europeans choose to meddle with them. (10)

1770 FRUITS 393

Water melons (Cucurbita citrullus) are plentiful and good, as
are also (11) pumpkins (Cucurbita pepo), which are certainly
almost or quite the most useful fruit which can be carried
to sea, keeping without any care for several months, and
making, with sugar and lemon-juice, a pie hardly to be dis-
tinguished from apple-pie, or with pepper and salt, a substi-
tute for turnips not to be despised. (12) Papaws (Oarica
papaia) : this fruit when ripe is full of seeds, and almost with-
out flavour ; but while green, if pared, the core taken out, and
boiled, is also as good or better than turnips. (13) Guava
(Psidium pomiferwm) is a fruit praised much by the inhabit-
ants of our West Indies, who, I suppose, have a better sort
than we met with here, where the smell of them alone was
so abominably strong, that Dr. Solander, whose stomach is
very delicate, could not bear them even in the room, nor did
their taste make amends, partaking much of the goatish
rankness of their smell. Baked in pies, however, they lost
much of this rankness, and we, less nice, ate them very well.
(14) Sweet sop (Annona squamosa), also a West Indian fruit,
is nothing but a vast quantity of large kernels, from which
a small proportion of very sweet pulp, almost totally devoid
of flavour, may be sucked. (15) Custard apple (Annona
reticulata) is likewise common to our West Indies, where it
has got its name, which well enough expresses its qualities ;
for certainly it is as like a custard, and a good one too, as
can be imagined. (16) Casshew apple (Anacardium occi-
dentale) is seldom or never eaten on account of its astrin-
gency ; the nut which grows on the top of it is well known
in Europe, where it is brought from the West Indies. (17)
Cocoanut (Cocos nucifera) is well known everywhere between
the tropics ; of it are infinite different sorts : the best we
met with for drinking is called calappa edjou, and easily
known by the redness of the flesh between the skin and the
shell.

(18) Mangostan (Grarcinia mangostana). As this, and some
more, are fruits peculiar to the East Indies, I shall give short
descriptions of them. This is about the size of a crab apple,
and of a deep red wine colour : at the top of it is a mark

394 DESCRIPTION OF BATAVIA CHAP, xvn

made by five or six small triangles joined in a circle, and at
the bottom several hollow green leaves, the remains of the
flower. When they are to be eaten, the skin, or rather flesh,
which is thick, must be taken off, under which are found
six or seven white kernels placed in a circle. The pulp
with which these are enveloped is what is eaten, and few
things I believe are more delicious, so agreeably is acid
mixed with sweet in this fruit, that without any other flavour,
it competes with, if not excels, the finest flavoured fruits.
So wholesome also are these mangostans, that they, as well
as sweet oranges, are allowed without stint to people in
the highest fevers. (19) Jambu (Eugenia malaccensis) is
esteemed also a most wholesome fruit ; it is deep red, of an
oval shape, the largest as big as a small apple ; it has not
much flavour, but is certainly very pleasant on account of
its coolness. There are several sorts of it, but, without much
reference to kinds, the largest and reddest are always the
best. (20) Jambu ayer (Eugenia). Of these are two sorts,
alike in shape resembling a bell, but differing in colour, one
being red and the other white ; in size they a little exceed a
large cherry ; in taste they are totally devoid of flavour, or
even sweetness, being nothing more than a little acidulated
water, and yet their coolness recommends them very much.
(21) Jambu ayer mauwar (Eugenia jambos) is more pleasant
to the smell than the taste ; in the latter resembling some-
thing the conserve of roses, as in the former, the fresh scent
of those flowers. (22) Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is
the same fruit as in England, and everywhere else that I
have met with it, in my opinion but ill repaying any one
who takes the trouble of breaking its tough hide. (23)
Durian in shape resembles much a small melon, but has a
skin covered over with sharp conical spines, whence its name,
dure signifying in the Malay language a spine. This fruit
when ripe divides itself longitudinally into seven or eight
compartments, each of which contains six or seven nuts, not
quite so large as chestnuts, coated over with a substance
both in colour and consistence very much resembling thick
cream. This is the delicate part of the fruit, which the

1770 FRUITS 395

natives are vastly fond of ; but few Europeans, at first, how-
ever, can endure its taste, which resembles sugared cream
mixed with onions. The smell also prejudices them much
against it, being most like that of rotten onions. (24)
Nanca (Sitodium cauliflorum), called in some parts of India
jack,1 has like the durian a smell very disagreeable to
strangers, resembling very mellow apples with a little
garlic. The taste, however, in my opinion makes amends
for the smell, though I must say that amongst us English
I was, I believe, single in that opinion. Authors tell
strange stories about the immense size to which this
fruit grows in some countries which are favourable to it.
Rumphius says that they are sometimes so large that a man
cannot easily lift one of them : the Malays told me that at
Madura they were so large that two men could but carry
one of them; at Batavia, however, they never exceed the
size of a large melon, which in shape they resemble, but are
coated over with angular spines like the shootings of some
crystals : they are, however, soft, and do not at all prick any
one who handles them. (25) Tsjampada (Sitodium) differs
from nanca in little else than size. (26) Ramlutan* is a
fruit seldom mentioned by Europeans ; it is in appearance
much like a chestnut with the husk on, being like it covered
with soft prickles, but smaller and of a deep red colour:
when eaten, this skin must be cut, and under it is a fruit,
the flesh of which indeed bears but a small proportion to the
stone, but makes rich amends for the smallness of its quan-
tity by the elegance of its acid, superior to any other (maybe)
in the whole vegetable kingdom. (27) Jambolan (Myrtus)
is in size and appearance not unlike an English damson, but
has always rather too astringent a flavour to allow it to be
compared even with that fruit. (28) Boa lidarra (Rhamnus
jujuba) is a round yellow fruit, about the size of a musket
bullet; its flavour is compared to an apple, but like the
former has too much astringency to be compared with any
thing but a crab. (29) Nam nam (Cynometra cauliflora) is
shaped something like a kidney, very rough and rugged on

1 Artocarpus integrifolia, Linn. f. 2 Nephelium lappaceum, Linn.

396 DESCRIPTION OF BATAVIA CHAP, xvn

the outside and about three inches long : it is seldom eaten
raw, but when fried with butter makes very good fritters. (30)
Catappa (Terminalia catappa) and (31) canari (Canarium
commune) are both nuts, the kernels of which are compared
to almonds, and indeed are fully as sweet, but the difficulty
of getting at their kernels out of their tough rinds and hard
shells is so great that they are nowhere publicly sold, nor
did I taste any others than those which for curiosity's sake
I gathered from the tree and had opened under it. (32)
Madja (Limonia), under a hardish brittle shell, contains a
slightly acid pulp, which is only eaten mixed with sugar,
nor is it then to be called pleasant. (33) Suribul (Trichilia)
is by far the worst fruit of any I .have to mention : it
is in size and shape much like the madja, as large as a
middling apple, but rounder ; it has a thick hide, containing
within it kernels like the mangostan ; its taste is both acid
and astringent, without one merit to recommend it, indeed I
should not have thought it eatable, had I not seen it often
publicly exposed for sale upon the fruit stalls. (34) Blim-
bing (Averrhoa bilimbi), (35) blimbing-bessi (Averrhoa caram-
lola), and (36) cherrema (Averrhoa acida) are all three
species of one genus, which, though they differ much in
shape, agree in being equally acid, too much so to be used
without dressing, except only blimbing-bessi, which is sweeter
than the other two ; they make, however, excellent sour
sauce, and as good pickles. (37) SalacJc1 (Calamus rotang-
zalacca) is the fruit of a most prickly bush ; it is as big as a
walnut, and covered over with scales like a lizard or snake ;
these scales, however, easily strip off, and leave two or three
soft and yellow kernels, in flavour resembling a little, I
thought, strawberries : in this, however, I was peculiar, for no
one but myself liked them. In short, I believe I may say that
bad as the character is that I have given of these fruits, I
ate as many of them as any one, and at the time thought I
spoke as well of them as the best friends they had. My
opinions were then as they are now ; whether my shipmates
may change theirs between here and home I cannot tell.

1 A species of rattan cane.

1770 FRUIT MARKETS 397

Besides these they have several fruits eaten only by the
natives, as Kellor Guilandina, Moringa, Soccum of two or
three kinds, the same as is called bread-fruit in the South Seas.
All the kinds here, however, are so incomparably inferior to
the South Sea ones, that were it not for the great similitude
of the outward appearance of both tree and plant, they would
scarcely deserve that name. There are also lilinju (G-netum
gnemon), loa lune, etc. etc., all which I shall pass over in
silence as not deserving to be mentioned to any but hungry
people.

They no doubt have many more which were not in season
during our stay : we were told also that several kinds of
European fruits, as apples, strawberries, etc., had been planted
up in the mountains, where they came to great perfection ;
but this I can only advance upon the credit of report.
Several other fruits they have also, which they preserve in
sugar, as kumquit, boa, atap, etc., but these require to be
prepared in that way before they are at all eatable.

Batavia consumes an almost incredible quantity of fruits,
generally over-ripe, or otherwise bad, before they are sold :
nor can a stranger easily get any that are good, unless he goes
to a street called Passar Pisang, which lies north from the great
church, and very near it. Here there live none but Chinese who
sell fruit : they are in general supplied from gentlemen's gardens
in the neighbourhood of the town, and consequently have the
best always fresh. For this excellence of their goods, however,
they are well paid, for they will not take less for any kind
than three or four times as much as the market price ; nor
did we ever grudge to give it, as their fruit was always ten
times better than any in the market. The chief supplies of
Batavia come from a pretty considerable distance, where
great quantities of land are cultivated merely for the sake of
the fruits. The country people, to whom these lands belong,
meet the town's people at two great markets ; one on
Mondays, called Passar Sineen, and the other on Saturdays,
called Passar Tanabank, held at very different places ; each
however, about five miles from Batavia. Here the best of
fruits may be got at the cheapest rates. The sight of these

398 DESCRIPTION OF BATAVIA CHAP, xvn

markets is to a European very entertaining. The immense
quantities of fruit exposed is almost beyond belief : forty or
fifty cart-loads 'of pine-apples, packed as carelessly as we do
turnips in England, is nothing extraordinary ; and everything
else is in the same profusion. The time of holding these
markets, however, is so ill-contrived, that, as all the fruit for
the ensuing week, both for retailers and housekeepers, must
be bought on Saturday and Monday, there is afterwards no
good fruit in the hands of any but the Chinese in Passar
Pisang.

Thus much for meat : in the article of drink, nature has
not been quite so bounteous to the inhabitants of this island
as she has to some of us, sons of the less abundant North.
They are not, however, to-day devoid of strong liquors, though
their religion, Mahometanism, forbids them the use of such ;
by this means driving them from liquid to solid intoxicants,
as opium, tobacco, etc. etc.

Besides their arrack, which is too well known in Europe
to need any description, they have palm wine, made from a
species of palm. This liquor is extracted from the branches
which should have borne flowers, but are cut by people who
make it their business. Joints of bamboo cane are hung
under them, into which liquor intended by nature for the
nourishment of both flowers and fruit, distils in tolerable
abundance ; and so true is nature to her paths, that so long
as the fruit of that branch would have remained unripe, so
long, but no longer, does she supply the liquor or sap. This
liquor is sold in three states, the first almost as it comes
from the tree, only slightly prepared by some method
unknown to me, which causes it to keep thirty -six or
forty-eight hours instead of only twelve : in this state it is
sweet and pleasant, tasting a little of smoke, which, though
at first disagreeable, becomes agreeable by use and not at all
intoxicating. It is called tuackmanise, or sweet palm- wine.
The other two, one of which is called tuack oras, and the
other tuack cuning, are prepared by placing certain roots in
them, and then fermenting ; so that their taste is altered from
a sweet to a rather astringent and disagreeable taste, and

1770 FLOWERS 399

they have acquired the property of intoxicating in a pretty
high degree. Besides this they have tuack from the cocoa-
nut tree, but very little of this is drunk as a liquor ; it being
mostly used to put into the arrack, of which, when intended
to be good, it is a necessary ingredient.

Next to eating and drinking, the inhabitants of this part
of India seem to place their chief delight in a more delicious
as well as less blameable luxury, namely, in sweet smells of
burning rosins, etc., and sweet-scented woods, but more than
all in sweet flowers, of which they have several sorts, very
different from ours in Europe. Of these I shall give a short
account, confining myself to such as were in season during
our stay here.

All these were sold about the streets every night at
sunset, either strung in wreaths of about two feet (a Dutch
ell) long, or made up into different sorts of nosegays, either
of which cost about a halfpenny apiece. (1) Champacka
(Michelia champacJca) grows upon a tree about as large as an
apple tree, and like it spreading. The flower itself consists
of fifteen longish narrow petals, which give it the appearance
of being double, though in reality it is not. Its colour is
yellow, much deeper than that of a jonquil, which flower,
however, it somewhat resembles in scent, only is not so
violently strong. (2) Cananga (Uvaria cananga) is a green
flower, not at all resembling any European flower, either in
its appearance, which is more like a bunch of leaves than a
flower, or smell, which, however, is very agreeable. (3)
Mulatti (Nyctanthes sambac) is well known in English hot-
houses under the name of Indian jasmine ; it is here in
prodigious abundance, and certainly as fragrant as any flower
they have ; but of this as well as all the Indian flowers it
may be said that, though fully as sweet as any European,
even of the same kinds, they have not that overpowering
strength ; in short, their smell, though very much the same,
is much more delicate and elegant than any we can boast
of. (4) Combang caracnassi and (5) Combang tonguin
(Pergularia glabra) are much alike in shape and smell : small
flowers of the dog's-bane kind, hardly to be compared to any

400 DESCRIPTION OF BATAVIA CHAP, xvn

in our English gardens, but like all the rest most elegant in
their fragrance. (6) Sv/ndal malam (Polianthes tuberosa),
our English tuberose ; this flower is considerably smaller,
as well as more mildly fragrant than ours in Europe. The
Malay name signifies "intriguer of the night," from a
rather pretty idea. The heat of the climate here allows few
or no flowers to smell in the day ; and this especially from
its want of smell and modest white array, seems not at all
desirous of admirers ; but when night comes its fragrance is
diffused around and attracts the attention as well as gains
the admiration of every passer-by. (7) Bonga tanjong
(Mimusops elengi) is shaped exactly like a star of seven or
eight rays, about half an inch in diameter ; it is of a yellowish
colour, and like its fellows has a modest agreeable smell ; but
it is chiefly used to make a contrast with the mulatti in
the wreaths which the ladies here wear in their hair, and
this it does very prettily.

Besides these there are in private gardens many other
sweet flowers, which are not in sufficient plenty to be
brought to market, as Cape jasmine, several sorts of Arabian
jasmine, though none so sweet as the common, etc. etc.
They also make a mixture of several of these flowers and
leaves of a plant called pandang (Pandanus\ chopped
small, with which they fill their hair and clothes, etc.
But their great luxury is in strewing their beds full of this
mixture and flowers ; so that you sleep in the midst of
perfumes, a luxury scarcely to be expressed or even con-
ceived in Europe.

Before I leave the productions of this country I cannot
help saying a word or two about spices, though in reality
none but pepper is a native of the island of Java, and but
little even of that. Of pepper, however, I may say that,
large as the quantities of it are that are annually imported
into Europe, little or none is used in this part of the Indies.
Capsicum or cayenne pepper, as it is called in Europe, has
almost totally supplied its place. As for cloves and nutmegs,
the monopoly of the Dutch has made them too dear to be
plentifully used by the Malays, who are otherwise very fond

1770 SPICES— POPULATION 401

of them. Cloves, though said to be originally the produce of
Machian or JBachian,1 a small island far to the eastward, and
fifteen miles north of the line, from whence they were when
the Dutch came here disseminated over most or all of the
eastern isles, are now entirely confined to Amboyna and the
neighbouring small islets ; the Dutch having by different
treaties of peace with the conquered kings of all the other
islands, stipulated that they should have only a certain
number of trees in their dominions ; and in future quarrels,
as a punishment, lessened their quantity, till at last they
left them no right to have any. Nutmegs have been in the
same manner extirpated in all the islands, except their native
Banda, which easily supplies this world, and would as easily
supply another, if the Dutch had but another to supply. Of
nutmegs, however, there certainly are a few upon the eastern
coast of New Guinea, a place on which the Dutch hardly
dare set their feet, on account of the treachery and warlike
disposition of the natives. There may be also both cloves
and nutmegs upon the other islands far to the eastward ; for
those I believe neither the Dutch nor any other nation seem
to think it worth while to examine at all.

The town of Batavia, though the capital of the Dutch
dominions in India, is so far from being peopled with
Dutchmen, that I may safely affirm that of the Europeans
inhabiting it and its neighbourhood, not one -fifth part
are Dutch. Besides them are Portuguese, Indians and
Chinese, the two last many times exceeding the Europeans
in number. Of each of these I shall speak separately,
beginning with Europeans, of which there are some, especially
in the troops, of almost every nation in Europe. The
Germans, however, are so much the most numerous, that
they two or three times exceed in number all other
Europeans together. Fewer English are settled here than
of any other nation, and next to them French ; the politic
Dutch (well knowing that the English and French, being
maritime powers, must often have ships in the East Indies,
and will demand and obtain from them the subjects of their

1 Bachian, off the south-west coast of Gilolo, is really south of the equator.

2 D

402 DESCRIPTION OF BATAVIA CHAP, xvn

respective kings) will not enter either English or Frenchmen
into their service, unless they state that they were born in
some place out of their own country. This trick, foolish as
it is, was played with us in the case of an Irishman, whom we
got on board, and whom they demanded as a Dane, offering to
prove by their books that he was born at Elsinore ; but our
captain, convinced by the man's language, refused to give
him up so resolutely, that they soon ceased their demands.
Notwithstanding the very great number of other Europeans,
the Dutch are politic enough to keep all or nearly all the
great posts, as Eaads of India, Governors, etc., in their own
hands. Other nations may make fortunes here by traffic if
they can, but not by employments. No man can come
over here in any other character than that of a soldier in
the Company's service ; in which, before he can be accepted,
he must agree to remain five years. As soon, however,
as ever he arrives at Batavia, he, by applying to the
Council, may be allowed to absent himself from his corps,
and enter immediately into any vocation in which he
has any money or credit to set up in.

Women may come out without any of these restrictions,
be they of what nation they will. We were told that there
were not in Batavia twenty women born in Europe ; the rest
of the white women, who were not very scarce, were born of
white parents, possibly three or four generations distant
from their European mothers. These imitate the Indians in
every particular ; their dress, except in form, is the same ;
their hair is worn in the same manner, and they chew betel
as plentifully as any Indian ; notwithstanding which I never
saw a white man chew it during my whole stay.

Trade is carried on in an easier and more indolent
way here, I believe, than in any part of the world. The
Chinese carry on every manufacture of the place, and sell
the produce to the resident merchants ; for, indeed, they dare
not sell to any foreigner. Consequently when a ship comes
in, and bespeaks 100 leggers of arrack, or anything else, the
seller has nothing to do but to send orders to his China-
man to deliver them on board such a ship ; which done, the

1770 TRADING AND CHEATING 403

latter brings the master of the ship's receipt for the goods
to his employer, who does nothing but receive money from
the stranger, and, reserving his profit, pay the Chinaman his
demands. With imports, however, they must have a little
more trouble ; for they must examine, receive, and preserve
them in their own warehouses, as other merchants do.

To give a character of them in their dealings, I need only
say that the jewel known to English merchants by the name
of fair dealing is totally unknown here : they have joined all
the art of trade that a Dutchman is famous for to the deceit
of an Indian. Cheating by false weights and measures, false
samples, etc. etc., are looked upon only as arts of trade : if you
do not find them out, 'tis well ; if you do, " well," they say,
" then we must give what is wanting," and refund without
a blush or the least wrangle, as I myself have seen in
matters relating to the ship. But their great forte is asking
one price for their commodities and charging another ;
so that a man who has laid in 100 peculs of sugar, at five
dollars a pecul as he thinks, will, after it has been a week
or ten days on board, have a bill brought him in at seven ; nor
will the merchant go from his charge unless a written agree-
ment or witnesses be brought to prove the bargain. For
my own part I was fortunate enough to have heard this
character of them before I came here ; and wanting nothing
but daily provision, agreed immediately in writing for every
article at a certain price, which my landlord could con-
sequently never depart from. I also, as long as I was well,
constantly once a week, looked over my bill, and took it into my
possession, never, however, without scratching out the charges
of things which I had never had to a considerable amount,
which was always done without a moment's hesitation.

Next to the Dutch are the Portuguese, who are called by
the natives Oran Serane, that is Nazarenes, to distinguish
them from the Europeans, notwithstanding which, they are
included in the general name of Capir or Cqfir, an oppro-
brious term given by the Mahometans to all those who have
not entered into their faith, of whatsoever religion they may
be. These, though formerly they were Portuguese, have no

404 DESCRIPTION OF BATAVIA CHAP, xvn

loDger any pretensions to more than the name ; they have all
changed their religion and become Lutherans, and have no
communication with or even knowledge of the country of
their forefathers. They speak, indeed, a corrupt dialect of the
Portuguese language, but much oftener Malay : none of them
are suffered to employ themselves in any but mean occupa-
tions ; many make their livelihood by hunting, taking in
washing, and some by handicraft trades. Their customs are
precisely the same as those of the Indians, like them they
chew betel, and are only to be distinguished from them by
their noses being sharper, their skins considerably blacker,
and their hair dressed in a manner different from that of
Indians.

The Dutch, Portuguese, and Indians here are entirely
waited upon by slaves, whom they purchase from Sumatra,
Malacca, and almost all their eastern islands. The natives
of Java only have an exemption from slavery, enforced by
strong penal laws, which, I believe, are very seldom broken.
The price of these slaves is from ten to twenty pounds sterling
apiece ; excepting young girls, who are sold on account of
their beauty ; these sometimes go as high as a hundred, but
I believe never higher. They are a most lazy set of people,
but contented with a little ; boiled rice, with a little of the
cheapest fish, is the food which they prefer to all others.
They differ immensely in form of body, disposition, and
consequently in value, according to the countries they come
from. African negroes, called here Papua, are the cheapest
and worst disposed of any, being given to stealing and almost
incorrigible by stripes. Next to them are the Bougis and the
Macassars, both inhabitants of the island of Celebes. They
are lazy and revengeful in the highest degree, easily giving
up their lives to satisfy their revenge. The island of Bali
sends the most honest and faithful, consequently the dearest
slaves, and Mas, a small island on the coast of Sumatra,
the handsomest women, but of tender, delicate constitutions,
ill able to bear the unwholesome climate of Batavia.
Besides these are many more sorts, whose names and
qualifications I have entirely forgotten.

i7?o SLAVES 405

The laws and customs regarding the punishment of slaves
are these. A master may punish his slaves as far as he
thinks proper by stripes, but should death be the consequence,
he is called to a very severe account ; if the fact is proved,
very rarely escaping with life. There is, however, an officer
in every quarter of the town called marineu, who is a kind of
constable. He attends to quell all riots, takes up all people
guilty of crimes, etc., but is more particularly utilised for
apprehending runaway slaves, and punishing them for that
or any other crime for which their master thinks they
deserve a greater punishment than he chooses to inflict.
These punishments are inflicted by slaves bred up to the
business : on men they are inflicted before the door of their
master's house : on women, for decency's sake, within it.
The punishment is stripes, in number according to custom
and the nature of the crime, with rods made of split rattans,
which fetch blood at every stroke. Consequently they may
be, and sometimes are, very severe. A common punishment
costs the master of the slave a rix-dollar (4s.), and a severe
one about a ducatoon (6s. 8d.) For their encouragement,
however, and to prevent them from stealing, the master of
every slave is obliged to give him three dubblecheys (*7|-d.)
a week.

Extraordinary as it may seem, there are very few Javans,
that is descendants of the original inhabitants of Java, who
live in the neighbourhood of Batavia, but there are as many
sorts of Indians as there are countries the Dutch import
slaves from ; either slaves made free or descendants of such.
They are all called by the name of oran slam, or Isalam,
a name by which they distinguish themselves from all other
religions, the term signifying believers of the true faith.
They are again subdivided into innumerable divisions, the
people from each country keeping themselves in some degree
distinct from the rest. The dispositions generally observed
in the slaves are, however, visible in the freemen, who
completely inherit the different vices or virtues of their
respective countries.

Many of these employ themselves in cultivating gardens,

4o6 DESCRIPTION OF BATAVIA CHAP, xvn

and in selling fruit and flowers; all the betel and areca,
called here siri and pinang, of which an immense quantity is
chewed by Portuguese, Chinese, Slams, slaves, and freemen,
is grown by them. The lime that they use here is, however,
slaked, by which means their teeth are not eaten up in the
same manner as those of the people of Savu who use it
unslaked. They mix it also with a substance called gambir,
which is brought from the continent of India, and the better
sort of women use with their chew many sorts of perfumes,
as cardamoms, etc., to give the breath an agreeable smell.
Many also get a livelihood by fishing and carrying goods
upon the water, etc. Some, however, there are who are very
rich and live splendidly in their own way, which consists
almost entirely in possessing a number of slaves.

In the article of food no people can be more abstemious
than they are. Boiled rice is of rich, as well as of poor, the
principal part of their subsistence : this with a small pro-
portion of fish, buffalo or fowl, and sometimes dried fish and
dry shrimps, brought here from China, is their chief food.
Everything, however, must be highly seasoned with cayenne
pepper. They have also many pastry dishes made of rice
flour and other things I am totally ignorant of, which are
very pleasant : fruit also they eat much of, especially
plantains.

Their feasts are plentiful, and in their way magnificent,
though they consist more of show than meat : artificial
flowers, etc., are in profusion, and meat plentiful, though
there is no great variety of dishes. Their religion of Ma-
hometanism denies them the use of strong liquors : nor do I
believe that they trespass much in that way, having always
tobacco, betel, and opium wherewith to intoxicate themselves.
Their weddings are carried on with vast form and show :
the families concerned borrowing as many gold and silver
ornaments as possible to adorn the bride and bridegroom, so
that their dresses are always costly. The feasts and cere-
monies relating to them last in rich men's families a fort-
night or more ; during all which time the man, though married
on the first day, is by the women kept from his wife.

1770 MALAYS 407

The language spoken among them is entirely Malay, or at
least so called, for I believe it is a most corrupt dialect.
Notwithstanding that Java has two or three languages, and
almost every little island besides its own, distinct from the
rest, yet none use, or I believe remember, their own language,
so that this Lingua Franca Malay is the only one spoken in
this neighbourhood, and, I have been told, over a very large
part of the East Indies.

Their women, and in imitation of them the Dutch also,
wear as much hair as ever they can nurse up on their heads,
which by the use of oils, etc., is incredibly great. It is
universally black, and they wear it in a kind of circular
wreath upon the tops of their heads, fastened with a
bodkin, in a taste inexpressibly elegant. I have often wished
that one of our ladies could see a Malay woman's head
dressed in this manner, with her wreath of flowers, commonly
Arabian jasmine, round that of hair ; for in that method of
dress there is certainly an elegant simplicity and unaffected
show of the beauties of nature incomparably superior to any-
thing I have seen in the laboured head-dresses of my fair
country-women. Both sexes bathe themselves in the river
constantly at least once a day, a most necessary custom
in hot climates. Their teeth also, disgustful as they must
appear to a European from their blackness, occasioned by
their continued chewing of betel, are a great object of
attention : every one must have them filed into the
fashionable form, which is done with whetstones by a most
troublesome and painful operation. First, both the upper
and under teeth are rubbed till they are perfectly even and
quite blunt, so that the two jaws lose not less than half a
line each in the operation. Then a deep groove is made in
the middle of the upper teeth, crossing them all, and itself
cutting through at least one-fourth of the whole thickness of
the teeth, so that the enamel is cut quite through, a fact
which we Europeans, who are taught by our dentifricators
that any damage done to the enamel is mortal to the tooth,
find it difficult to believe. Yet among these people, where
this custom is universal, I have scarce seen even in old people

4o8 DESCRIPTION OF BATAVIA CHAP, xvn

a rotten tooth : much may be attributed to what they chew so
continually, which they themselves, and indeed every one else,
agree is very beneficial to the teeth. The blackness, however,
caused by this, of which they are so proud, is not a fixed
stain, but may be rubbed off at pleasure, and then their
teeth are as white as ivory, but very soon regain their
original blackness.

No one who has ever been in these countries can be
ignorant of the practice here called amoc, which means
that an Indian intoxicated with opium rushes into the
street with a drawn dagger in his hand, and kills every-
body he meets, especially Europeans, till he is himself either
killed or taken. This happened at Batavia three times
while we were there to my knowledge, and much oftener I
believe ; for the marineu, or constable, whose business it is
to apprehend such people, himself told me there was scarcely
a week when either he himself or some of his brethren was
not called upon to seize or kill them. So far, however, from
being an accidental madness which drove them to kill
whomsoever they met without distinction of persons, the
three people that I knew of, and I have been told all others,
had been severely injured, chiefly in love affairs, and first
revenged themselves on the party who had injured them.
It is true that they had made themselves drunk with opium
before they committed this action ; and when it was done
rushed out into the streets, foaming at the mouth like mad
dogs, with their drawn criss or dagger in their hands : but
they never attempted to hurt any one except those who tried
or appeared to them to try to stop or seize them. Whoever
ran away or went on the other side of the street was safe.
To prove that these people distinguish persons, mad as they
are with opium, there is a famous story in Batavia of one
who ran amoc on account of stripes and ill-usage which he
had received from his mistress and her elder daughter, but
who on the contrary had always been well used by the
younger. He stabbed first the eldest daughter ; the youngest
hearing the bustle, ran to the assistance of her mother, and
placed herself between him and her, attempting to persuade

1770 RUNNING AMOC 409

him from his design ; but he repeatedly pushed her on one
side before he could get at her mother, and when he had
killed the latter, ran out as usual. These people are generally
slaves, who indeed are by much the most subject to insults,
which they cannot revenge. Freemen, however, sometimes
do it : one of them who did it while I was there was free
and of some substance. The cause was jealousy of his own
brother, whom he killed, with two more that attempted to
oppose him before he was taken. He, however, never came
out of his house, which he attempted to defend ; but so mad
was he with the effects of the opium, that out of three
muskets which he tried to use against the officers of justice,
not one was either loaded or primed.

The marineu has also these amocs committed to his
charge. If he takes them alive his reward is great : if he
kills them that reward is lost ; notwithstanding which three
out of four are killed, so resolute and active is their resistance
when attacked. They have contrivances like large tongs or
pincers to catch them, and hold them till disarmed : those
who are taken are generally wounded severely; for the
marineu' s assistants, who are all armed with hangers, know
how to lame the man if once they can get within reach.
The punishment of this crime is always breaking upon the
wheel ; nor is that ever relaxed, but so strictly adhered to,
that if an amoc when taken is judged by the physician to
be in danger from his wounds, he is executed the very next
day, as near as possible to the place where he committed
his first murder.

Among their absurd opinions proceeding from their
original idolatry, which they still retain to some extent, is
certainly the custom of consecrating meat, money, etc., to
the devil, whom they call Satan. This is done, either in
cases of dangerous sickness, when they by these means try
to appease the devil, whom they believe to be the cause of
all sickness, and make him spare the diseased man's life, or
in consequence of dreams. If any man is restless and
dreams much for two or three nights, he immediately con-
cludes that Satan has taken that method of laying his

410 DESCRIPTION OF BATAVIA CHAP, xvn

commands upon him, and that if he neglects to fulfil them,
he will certainly suffer sickness or death as a punishment
for his inattention. Consequently he begins to labour over
in his brains all the circumstances of his dream, and try his
utmost to put some explanation or other upon them. In
this, if he fails, he sends for the cawin or priest, who assists
him to interpret them. Sometimes Satan orders him to do
this thing or that, but generally he wants either meat or
money, which is always sent him, and hung upon a little
plate made of cocoanut leaves on the boughs of a tree, near
the river. I have asked them what they thought the devil
did with money, and whether or no they thought that he
ate the victuals. As for the money, they said, so that the
man ordered to do so did but part with it, it signified not
who took it, therefore it was generally a prey to the first
stranger who found it ; and the meat he did not eat, but
bringing his mouth near it, he at once sucked all the savour
out of it, without disturbing its position in the least, but
rendering it as tasteless as water.

But what is more difficult to reconcile to the rules of
human reason, is the belief that these people have, that
women who bring forth children sometimes bring forth at
the same time young crocodiles as twins to the children.
These creatures are received by the midwives most carefully,
and immediately carried down to the river, where they are
turned loose, but have victuals supplied them constantly
from the family, especially the twin, who is obliged to
go down to the river every now and then, and give meat
to this sudara, as it is called. The latter, if he is deprived of
such attendance, constantly afflicts his relation with sickness.
The existence of an opinion so contrary to human reason,
and which seemed totally unconnected with religion, was
with me long a subject of doubt, but the universal testimony
of every Indian I ever heard speak of it was not to be
withstood. It seems to have taken its rise in the islands of
Celebes and Bouton, very many of the inhabitants of which
have crocodiles in their families ; from thence it has spread
all over the eastern islands, even to Timor and Ceram, and

1770 TWIN CROCODILES 411

west again as far as Java and Sumatra ; on which islands,
however, such instances are very scarce among the natives.
To show how firmly this prejudice has laid hold of the
minds of ignorant people, I shall repeat one story out of
the multitude I have heard, confirming it from ocular
demonstration.

A slave girl who was born and bred up among the
English at Bencoulen on the island of Sumatra, by which
means she had learnt a little English, told me that her
father when on his deathbed told her that he had a crocodile
for his sudara, and charged her to give him meat, etc., after
he was gone, telling her in what part of the river he was to
be found. She went, she said, constantly, and calling him
by his name Eadja pouti (White King), he came out of the
water to her, and ate what she brought. He was, she said,
not like other crocodiles, but handsomer, his body being
spotted, and his nose red ; moreover, he had bracelets of gold
on his feet, and earrings of the same metal in his ears. I
heard her out patiently, without finding fault with the
absurdity of her giving ears to a crocodile. While I am
writing this, my servant, whom I hired at Batavia, and is a
mongrel, between a Dutchman and a Java woman, tells me
that he has seen at Batavia a crocodile of this kind : it was
about two feet long, being very young. Many, both Malays
and Dutch, saw it at the same time ; it had gold bracelets on.
" Ah ! " said I, " why such a one at Batavia told me of one
which had earrings likewise, and you know that a crocodile
has no ears." " Ah ! but," said he, " these sudara are different
from other crocodiles, they have five toes on each foot, and
a large tongue which fills the mouth, and they have ears
also, but they are very small." So far will a popular error
deceive people unused to examine into the truth of what
they are told. The Bougis, Macassars, and Boutons, many
of whom have such relations left behind in their own
country, make a kind of ceremonial feast in memory of
them : a large party go in a boat furnished with plenty of
provisions of all kinds and music, and row about in places
where crocodiles or alligators are most common, singing and

412 DESCRIPTION OF BATAVIA CHAP, xvn

crying by turns, each invoking his relation. In this manner
they go on till they are fortunate enough to see, or fancy at
least that they see, one, when their music at once stops, and
they throw overboard provisions, betel, tobacco, etc., imagin-
ing, I suppose, that their civility to the species will induce
their kindred at home to think well of them, though unable
to pay their proper offerings.

Next come (the Chinese, who in this place are very
numerous, but seem to be people of small substance. Many
of them live within the walls, and keep shops, some few of
which are furnished with a pretty rich show of European
as well as Chinese goods ; but by far the greater number
live in a quarter by themselves, without the walls, called
Campon China. Besides these, there are others scattered
everywhere about the country, where they cultivate gardens,
sow rice and sugar, or keep cattle and buffaloes, whose milk
they bring daily to town. JSTor are the inhabitants of the
town and Campon China less industrious : you see among
them carpenters, joiners, smiths, tailors, slipper-makers, dyers
of cottons, embroiderers, etc. ; in short, the general character
of industry given to them by all authors who have written
on them is well exemplified here, although the more genteel
of their customs cannot, on account of the want of rich
and well-born people, be found among them : those can be
shown in China alone ; here nothing can be found but the
native disposition of the lowest class of people. There is
nothing, be it of what nature it will, clean or dirty, honest
or dishonest (provided there is not too much danger of a
halter), which a Chinese will not readily do for money.
They work diligently and laboriously, and, loth to lose sight
of their main point, money getting, no sooner do they leave
off work than they begin to game, either with cards, dice,
or some one of the thousand games they have, which are
unknown to us in Europe. In this manner they spend their
lives, working and gaming, scarcely allowing themselves time
for the necessary refreshments of food and sleep ; in short,
it is as extraordinary a sight to see a Chinaman idle as it
is to see a Dutchman or Indian at work.

1770 CHINESE 413

In manner they are always civil, or rather obsequious ;
in dress always neat and clean in a high degree, from the
highest to the lowest. To attempt to describe either their
dresses or persons would be only to repeat some of the many
accounts of them that have already been published, as every
one has been written by people who had much better oppor-
tunities of seeing them, and more time to examine them
than I have had. Indeed, a man need go no farther to
study them than the China paper, the better sorts of which
represent their persons, and such of their customs, dresses,
etc., as I have seen, most strikingly like, though a little in
the caricatura style. Indeed, some of the plants which are
common to China and Java, as bamboo, are better figured
there than in the best botanical authors that I have seen.
In eating, they are easily satisfied, not but that the richer
have many savoury dishes. Eice, however, is the chief food
of the poor, with a little fish or flesh, as they can afford it.
They have a great advantage over the Malays, not being
taught by their laws or religion to abstain from any food
that is wholesome, so that, besides pork, dogs, cats, frogs,
lizards and some kinds of snakes, as well as many sea
animals looked upon by other people to be by no means
eatable, are their constant food. In the vegetable way, they
also eat many things which Europeans would never think
of, even if starving with hunger ; as the young leaves of
many trees, the lump of Iractece and flowers at the end of a
bunch of plantains, the flowers of a tree called by the Malays
combang ture (Aeschinomine grandiflora), the pods of Jcellor
(G-uilandina moringa), two sorts of blites (Amaranthus), all
which are boiled or stewed; also the seeds of taratti
(NympJiea Nelumbo), which indeed are almost as good as
hazel nuts. All these, however, the Malays also eat, as well
as many more whose names I had not an opportunity of
learning, as my illness rendering me weak and unable to go
about prevented me from mixing with these people as I
should otherwise have done.

In their burials the Chinese have an extraordinary super-
stition, which is that they will never more open the ground

414 DESCRIPTION OF BATAVIA CHAP, xvn

where a man has been buried. Thus their burying-grounds
in the neighbourhood of Batavia cover many hundred acres,
on which account the Dutch, grudging the quantity of
ground laid waste by this method, will only sell them land
for it at enormous prices ; notwithstanding which they will
always raise money to purchase grounds, whenever they can
find the Dutch in a humour to sell them ; and actually had
while we were there a great deal of land intended for that
purpose, but not yet begun upon. Their funerals are
attended with much purchased and some real lamentations ;
the relations of the deceased attending as well as women
hired to weep. The corpse is nailed up in a large thick
wooden coffin, not made of planks, but hollowed out of a
trunk of a tree. This is let down into the grave and then
surrounded with eight or ten inches of their mortar or
chinam as it is called, which in a short time becomes as
hard as a stone, so that the bones of the meanest among
them are more carefully preserved from injury than those of
our greatest and most respected people.

Of the Government here I can say but very little, only
that a great subordination is kept up ; every man who is able
to keep house having a certain rank acquired by the length of
his services to the Company, which ranks are distinguished
by the ornaments of the coaches and dresses of the coach-
man ; for instance, one must ride in a plain coach, another
paints his coach with figures and gives his driver a laced hat,
another gilds his coach, etc.

The Governor-General who resides here is superior over
all the Dutch Governors and other officers in the East
Indies, who, to a man, are obliged to come to him at Batavia
to have their accounts passed. If they are found to have
been at all negligent or faulty, it is a common practice to
delay them here one, two or three years, according to the
pleasure of the Governor ; for no one can leave the place
without his consent. Next to the Governor-General are the
Raaden van Indie, or members of the Council, called here
Edele Heeren, and by the corruption of the English Idoleers,
in respect to whom every one who meets them in a carriage

i7?o ADMINISTRATION— JUSTICE 415

is obliged to drive on one side of the road, and stop there
till they have passed, which distinction is expected by their
wives and even children, and commonly paid to them. Nor
can the hired coachman be restrained from paying this
slavish mark of respect by anything but the threats of
instant death, as some of our captains have experienced, who
thought it beneath the dignity of the rank they held in his
Britannic Majesty's service to submit to any such humiliating
ceremony.

Justice is administered here by a parcel of gentlemen
of the law, who have ranks and dignities among themselves
as in Europe. In civil matters I know nothing of their
proceedings, but in criminal they are rather severe to the
natives, and too lenient to their countrymen, who, whatever
crime they have committed, are always allowed to escape if
they choose ; and, If brought to trial, very rarely' punished
with death. The poor Indians, on the other hand, are flogged,
hanged, broken upon the wheel, and even impaled without
mercy. While we were there three remarkable crimes were
committed by Christians, two duellists each killed his
antagonist, and both fled ; one took refuge on board our ship,
bringing with him so good a character from the Batavians,
that the captain gave him protection, nor was he ever
demanded. The other, I suppose, went on board some other
ship, as he was never taken. The third was a Portuguese,
who by means of a false key had robbed an office to which
he belonged of 1400 or 1500 pounds; he, however, was
taken, but instead of death condemned to a public whipping,
and banishment to Edam for ninety-nine years.

The Malays and Chinese have each proper offices of their
own, a captain and lieutenants as they are called, who
administer justice among them in civil cases, subject to an
appeal to the Dutch court, which, however, rarely occurs.
Before the Chinese rebellion, as the Dutch, or the massacre,
as the Chinese themselves and most Europeans, call it, in
1740 (when the Dutch, upon, maybe, too slight information,
massacred no man knows how many thousand unresisting
Chinese, for a supposed rebellion which the latter to this

416 DESCRIPTION OF BATAVIA CHAP, xvn

day declare they never so much as thought of), the Chinese
had two or three of their body in the Council, and had many
more privileges than now. From that time to this they have
by no means recovered either their former opulence or
numbers. Every one now who has got anything considerable
prefers to retire with it either to China or anywhere, rather
than remain in the power of a people who have behaved so
ill to them.

The taxes paid by these people to the Company are very
considerable ; among which that commonly said to be paid
for the liberty of wearing their hair is not inconsiderable.
It is, however, no other than a kind of head-money or poll-
tax, for no Chinese can wear his hair who has ever been in
China, it being a principle of their religion never to let their
hair grow again when once it has been shaved off. These
taxes are paid monthly, when a flag is hoisted at a house in
the middle of the town appointed for that purpose.

The coins current here are ducats, worth 11s. sterling,
ducatoons (6s. 8d.), Imperial rix-dollars (5s.), rupees (2s. 6d.),
scellings (Is. 6d.), dubblecheys (2|-d.) and doits (^d.) Spanish
dollars were when we were there at 5s. 5d., and we were
told were never lower than 5s. 4d. Even at the Company's
warehouse I could get no more than 19s. for English guineas,
for though the Chinamen would give 20s. for some of the
brightest, they would for those at all worn give no more than
17s. Strangers must, however, be cautious in receiving
money, as there are several kinds, of two sorts, milled and
unmilled ; ducatoons, for example, when milled are worth
6s. 8d., unmilled only 6s. All accounts are kept in rix-
dollars and stivers, both imaginary coins, at least here ; the
first worth 4s., the other Id. It must also be remarked that
this valuation of their coin is rated on the supposition of a
stiver being worth a penny, while it is really more ; a
current rix-dollar of 48 stivers being worth 4s. 6d.

CHAPTER XVIII

BATAVIA TO CAPE OF GOOD HOPE
DECEMBER 25, 1770

Leave Batavia — Cracatoa — Mosquitos on board ship — Prince's Island —
Visit the town — Account of Prince's Island — Produce — Religion — Nuts
of Cycas circinalis — Town — Houses — Bargaining — Language — Affinity of
Malay, Madagascar and South Sea Islands languages — Leave Prince's
Island — Sickness on board — Deaths of Mr. Sporing, Mr. Parkinson, Mr.
Green, and many others — Coast of Natal — Dangerous position of the
ship — Cape of Good Hope — Dr. Solander's illness — French ships —
Bougainville's voyage.

25th December 17*70. There was not, I believe, a man
in the ship but gave his utmost aid to getting up the anchor,
so completely tired was every one of the unhealthy air of this
place. We had buried here eight people. In general,
however, the crew were in rather better health than they had
been a fortnight before.1

While we were at work a man was missed, and as it
was supposed that he did not intend to stay ashore, a boat
was sent after him ; its return delayed us so long that we
entirely lost the sea breeze, and were obliged to come to
again a few cables' lengths only from where we lay before.

1st January 1771. Worked all night, and to-day like-
wise : at night anchored under a high island, called in the
draughts Cracatoa and by the Indians Pulo Eacatta. I had
been unaccountably troubled with mosquitos ever since we

1 At the time of sailing the number of sick on board amounted to forty or
more, and the rest were in a weakly condition, having every one been sick
except the sailmaker, an old man about seventy or eighty years of age ; and
what was more extraordinary about this man was his being more or less
generally drunk every day. — Wharton's Cook, p. 362.

2 E

418 BATAVIA TO CAPE OF GOOD HOPE CH. xvm

left Batavia, and still imagined that they increased instead
of decreasing, although my opinion was universally thought
improbable. To-day, however, the mystery was discovered,
for on getting up water Dr. Solander, who happened to
stand near the scuttle-cask, observed an infinite number
of them in their water-state, which, as soon as the sun had
a little effect upon the water, began to come out in real
effective mosquitos incredibly fast.

2nd. We saw that there were many houses and much
cultivation upon Cracatoa, so that probably a ship which
chose to touch here in preference to Prince's Island might
meet with refreshments.

4th. Soon after dinner-time to-day we anchored under
Prince's Island and went ashore. The people who met us
carried us immediately to a man who they told us was their
king, and with whom, after a few compliments, we proceeded
to business. This was to settle the price of turtle, in which
we did not well agree. This, however, did not at all dis-
courage us, as we doubted not but that in the morning we
should have them at our own price. So we walked a little
way along shore and the Indians dispersed. One canoe,
however, remained, and, just as we went off", sold us three
turtle on a promise that we should not tell the king.

6th. Ashore to-day trading : the Indians dropped their
demands very slowly, but were very civil. Towards noon,
however, they came down to the offered price, so that before
night we had bought up a large supply of turtle. In the
evening I went to pay my respects to his Majesty the king,
whom I found in his house in the middle of a rice-field, cook-
ing his own supper; he received me, however, very politely.

llth. My servant, Sander, whom I had hired at Batavia,
having found out that these people had a town somewhere
along shore to the westward, and not very far off, I resolved
to visit it ; but knowing that the inhabitants were not at all
desirous of our company, kept my intentions secret from
them. In the morning I set out, accompanied by our second
lieutenant, and went along shore, telling all whom I met
that I was in search of plants, which indeed was also the

JAN. 1771 PRINCE'S ISLAND 419

case. In about two hours we arrived at a place where were
four or five houses. Here we met an old man, and ventured
to ask him questions about the town. He said it was very
distant; but we, not much relying on his information,
proceeded on our way, as did he in our company, attempting,
however, several times to lead us out of the pathway which
we were now in. We remained firm to our purpose, and
soon got sight of our desired object; the old man then
turned our friend, and accompanied us to the houses, I
suppose nearly 400 in number, divided into the old and
new town, between which was a brackish river. In the old
town we met with several old acquaintances, one of whom
at the rate of 2d. a head undertook to transport us over the
river, which he did in two very small canoes, which we
prevented from oversetting by laying them alongside each
other, and holding them together. In this manner we
safely went through our navigation, and arrived at the new
town, where were the houses of the king and all the nobilities.
These the inhabitants very freely showed to us, though most
of them were shut up, the people in general at this time of
the year living in their rice-fields, to defend the crop from
monkeys, birds, etc. When our curiosity was satisfied, we
hired a large sailing boat, for which we gave two rupees
(4s.),1 and which carried us home again in time to dine upon
a deer we had bought the day before. It proved very good
and savoury meat.

In the evening, when we went ashore, we were acquainted
that an axe had been stolen from one of our people : this, as
the first theft, we thought it not proper to pass over, so
immediate application was made to the king, who after some
time promised that it should be returned in the morning.

12th. The hatchet was brought down according to
promise ; the thief, they said, afraid of conviction, had in the
night conveyed it into the house of the man who brought it.
Myself was this day seized with a return of my Batavia
fever, which I attributed to having been much exposed to a
burning sun in trading with the natives.

1 At Batavia the rupee was stated to be worth 2s. 6d.

420 BATAVIA TO CAPE OF GOOD HOPE CH. xvm

1 3th. My fever returned, but I resolved not to attempt
to cure it till in the main ocean I should meet with a better
air than this uncleared island could possibly have. In the
evening after my fit I went ashore to the king, to whom
time after time I had made small presents, altogether not of
five shillings value, carrying two quires of paper, which, like
everything else, he most thankfully received. We had much
conversation, the purport of which was his asking why the
English ships did not touch here, as they used to do. I
told him that as they had not on the island turtle enough to
supply one ship, they could not expect many ; but advised
him to breed cattle, sheep, and buffaloes, which advice,
however, he did not seem much to approve of.

Some account of Prince's Island.

Prince's Island, as it is called by the English, in Malay
Pulo Selan, and in the language of the inhabitants Pulo
Paneitan, is a small island situated at the western entrance
to the straits of Sunda. It is woody and has no remarkable
hill upon it, though the English call the small one which is
just over the anchoring place the Pike. This island was
formerly much frequented by India ships of many nations,
but especially English, who have of late forsaken it, on
account, it is said, of the badness of its water, and stop
either at North Island, a small island on the Sumatra coast
outside the east entrance of the straits, or at New Bay, a
few leagues only from Prince's Island, at neither of which
places, however, can any quantity of refreshments be procured.

Its chief produce is water, which is so situated that if
you are not careful in taking it high enough up the brook,
it will inevitably be brackish, from which circumstance alone
I believe it has got a bad name with almost all nations. It
also produces turtle, of which, however, its supplies are not
great ; so that if a ship comes second or third in the season
she must be contented with small ones, and no great plenty of
them, as indeed was in some measure our case. We bought
at very various prices, according to the humour of the people ;

JAN. 1771 DESCRIPTION OF PRINCE'S ISLAND 421

but, altogether, I believe, they came to about a halfpenny or
three farthings a pound. They were of the green kind, but
not fat nor well flavoured in any degree, as they are in most
other parts. This I believe is in great measure owing to the
people keeping them, sometimes for a very long time, in crawls
of brackish water, where they have no kind of food given to
them. Fowls are tolerably cheap, a dozen large ones sold
when we were there for a Spanish dollar, which is 5d.
apiece. They have also plenty of monkeys and small deer
(Moschus pygmceus), the largest of which are not quite so big
as a new fallen lamb, and another kind of deer, called by
them munchack, about the size of a sheep. The monkeys
were about half a dollar (2s. 6d.), the small deer 2d. ; the
larger, of which they brought down only two, a rupee, or 2s.
Fish they have of various kinds, and we always found
them tolerably cheap. Vegetables they have : cocoanuts —
a dollar for 100, if you choose them, or 130 if you take
them as they come, — plantains in plenty, some water melons,
pine-apples, jaccas (jack fruit), pumpkins ; also rice, chiefly of
the mountain sort which grows on dry land, yams, and
several other vegetables : all which are sold reasonably enough.

The inhabitants are Javans, whose Eadja is subject to
the Sultan of Bantam, from whom they receive orders, and
to whom they possibly pay a tribute, but of that I am not
certain. Their customs, I believe, are very much like those
of the Indians about Batavia, only they seem much more
jealous of their women, so much so that I never saw one
during the whole time of our stay, unless she was running away
at full speed to hide herself in the woods. Their religion is
Mahometanism, but I believe they have not a mosque upon
the island : they were, however, very strict in the observance
of their fast (the same as the Ramadan of the Turks), during
which we happened to come. Not one would touch victuals
until sunset, or even chew their betel ; but half an hour
before that time all went home to cook the kettle, nor would
they stay for any time but in the hope of extraordinary profit.

The food was nearly the same as the Batavian Indians,
adding only to it the nuts of the palm Cycas circinalis, with

422 BATAVIA TO CAPE OF GOOD HOPE CH. xvm

which on the coast of JSTew Holland some of our people
were made ill, and some of our hogs poisoned outright.
Their method of preparing them to get rid of their deleterious
qualities they told me were, first to cut the nuts into thin
slices and dry them in the sun, then to steep them in fresh
water for three months, afterwards pressing the water from
them, and drying them in the sun once more. They, how-
ever, were so far from being a delicious food that they
never used them but in times of scarcity, when they mixed
the preparation with their rice.

Their town, which they called Samadang, consisted of
about 400 houses; great part of the old town, however,
was in ruins. Their houses were all^built upon pillars four
or five feet above the ground. The plan of that of Gundang,
a man who seemed to be next in riches and influence to the
king, will give an idea of them all. It was walled with
boards, a luxury which none but the king and he himself
had, but in no other respect differed from those of the
middling people except in being a little larger. The walls
were made of bamboo, platted on small
perpendicular sticks fastened to the
beams. The floors were also of
bamboo, each stick, however, laid at
a small distance from the next ; so
that the air had a free passage from
the vtetuSs areepcooked*e/! below, by which means these houses

where strangers or visitors were always COOl. The thatch, of

palm leaves, was always thick and

strong, so that neither rain nor sunbeams could find entrance
through it. When we were at the town there were very
few inhabitants there : the rest lived in occasional houses
built in the rice-fields, where they watched the crop to
prevent the devastations of monkeys, birds, etc. These
occasional houses are smaller than those of the town; the
posts which support them also, instead of being four or five
feet in height, are eight or ten : otherwise the divisions, etc.,
are exactly the same.

Their dispositions, as far as we saw them, were very

JAN. 1771 PRINCE'S ISLAND : TOWN AND LANGUAGE 423

good ; at least they dealt very fairly with us upon all
occasions, Indian-like, however, always asking double what
they would take for whatever they had to dispose of. But
this produced no inconvenience to us, who were used to
this kind of traffic. In making bargains they were very
handy, and supplied the want of small money reasonably
well by laying together a quantity of anything, and when
the price was settled dividing it among each other according
to the proportion each had brought to the general stock.
They would sometimes change our money, giving 240 doits
for a Spanish dollar, that is 5s. sterling, and 92, that is
2s. sterling, for a Bengal rupee. The money they chose,
however, was doits in all small bargains; dubblecheys they
had, but were very nice in taking them.

Their language is different both from the Malay and
Javan : they all, however, speak Malay.

Prince's Island.

Java.

Malay.

English.

Jalma

Oong Lanang

Oran Lacki Lacki

A man

Becang
Oroculatacke

Oong Wadong
Lari

Parampuan
Anack

A woman
A child

Holo

Undass

Capalla

The head

Erung

Erung

Edung

The nose

Mata

Moto

Mata

The eyes

Chole

Cuping

Cuping

The ears

Cutock

Untu

Ghigi

The teeth

Beatung
Pimping
Hullootoor

Wuttong
Poopoo
Duncul

Prot
Paha
Loutour

The belly
The thigh
The knee

Metis

Sickil

Kauki

The leg

Cucu

Cucu

Cucu

A nail

Langan

Tangan

Tangan

A hand

Ramo Langan

Jari

Jaring

A finger

These specimens of languages, so near each other in
situation, I choose to give together, and select the words
without any previous choice, as I had written them down,
that the similar and dissimilar words might equally be seen.
As for the parts of the body which I have made the subject
of this and all my specimens of language, I chose them in
preference to all others, as the names of them are easily got
from people of whose language the inquirer has not the

424 BATAVIA TO CAPE OF GOOD HOPE CH. xvm

least idea. What I call the Javan is the language spoken
at Samarang, a day's journey from the seat of the Emperor
of Java. I have been told that there are several other
languages upon the island, but I had no opportunity of
collecting words of any of these, as I met with no one who
could speak them.

The Prince's Islanders call their language Gotta Gunung,
that is, the mountain language, and say that it is spoken upon
the mountains of Java, from whence their tribe originally
came, first to New Bay, only a few leagues off, and from
thence to Prince's Island, driven there by the quantity of
tigers.

The Malay, Javan, and Prince's Island languages all have
words in them, either exactly like, or else plainly deriving
their origin from the same source with others in the language
of the South Sea Islands. This is particularly visible in
their numbers, from whence one would at first be inclined
to suppose that their learning, at least, had been derived
originally from one and the same source. But how that
strange problem of the numbers of the black inhabitants of
Madagascar being vastly similar to those of Otahite could
have come to pass, surpasses, I confess, my skill to con-
jecture. The numbers that I give below in the com-
parative table I had from a negro slave, born at Madagascar,
who was at Batavia with an English ship, from whence he
was sent for merely to satisfy my curiosity in the language.

That there are much fewer words in the Prince's Island
language similar to South Sea words, is owing in great
measure to my not having taken a sufficient quantity of
words upon the spot to compare with them.

The Madagascar language has also some words similar
to Malay words, oiiron, the nose, in Malay, erung ; lala, the
tongue, lida ; tang, the hand, tangan ; taan, the ground,
tanna.

From this similitude of language between the inhabitants
of the Eastern Indies and the islands in the South Sea, I
should have ventured to conjecture much did not Madagascar
interfere : and how any communication can ever have been

JAN. 1771

SIMILARITY OF LANGUAGES

425

SPECIMENS OF LANGUAGES

South Sea.

Malay.

Java.

Prince's Island.

English.

Matta

Mata

Moto

Mata

An eye

Maa

Macan

Mangan

To eat

Inoo

Menum

Gnumbe

To drink

Matte

Matte

Matte

>f

To kill

Outou

Coutou

...

A louse

Euwa

Udian

Ud'an

Rain

Owhe

...

...

Awe

Bamboo cane

Ooma

Sousou

Sousou

...

A breast

Mannu

Mannu

Mannuk

A bird

Eyea

lean

Iwa

A fish

Uta

Utan

...

Inland

Tapao

Tapaan

The foot

Tooura

Udang

Urang

A lobster

Eufwhe

Ubi

Uwe

...

Yams

Etannou

Tannam

Tandour

To bury

Enammou

Gnammuck

...

A muscheto

Hearu

Garru

Garu

To scratch

Taro

Talks

Talas

Cocos roots

Outou

Surgoot

The mouth

Eto

...

Tao

Sugar-cane

South Sea.

Malay.

Java.

Prince's Island.

Madagascar.

1.

Table

Satou

Sigi

Hegie

Issa

2.

Rua

Dua

Lorou

Dua

Rove

3.

Torou

Tiga

Tullu

Tollu

Tello

4.

Haa

Ampat

Pappat

Opat

Effat

5.

Ruma

Lima

Limo

Limath

Limi

*6.

Whene

Annam

Nunnam

Gunnap

Enning

7.

Hetu

Tudju

Petu

Tudju

Fruto

8.
9.

Waru
Heva

Delapan
Sembilan

Wolo

Songo

Delapan
Salapan

Wedo
Sidai

10.

Ahourou

Sapoulou

Sapoulou

Sapoulou

Scula

11.

Matahie

Sabilas

Suvalas

12.

Marua

Dubilas

Roalas

...

20.

Tahie taou

Duapoulou

Rompoulon

100.

Rima taou

Saratus

Satus

Satus

200.

Mannu

Duaratus

Rongatus

...

1000.

Lima mannu

Sereboo

Seavo

Seavo

2000.

Mannu tine

...

...

N.B.— In the island of Ulhietea 6 is called ono. [Note by Banks.]

426 BATAVIA TO CAPE OF GOOD HOPE CH. xvm

carried between Madagascar and Java to make the brown,
long-haired people of the latter speak a language similar to
that of the black, woolly-headed natives of the other, is, I
confess, far beyond my comprehension : unless the Egyptian
learning running in two courses, one through Africa, the
other through Asia, might introduce the same words, and,
what is still more probable, numerical terms into the
languages of people who never had communicated with each
other. But this point, requiring a depth of knowledge of
antiquities, I must leave to antiquarians to discuss.

14th January. Weighed; our breeze, though favourable,
was, however, so slack, that by night we had got no further
than abreast of the town, where we anchored.

20th. Myself, who had begun with the bark yesterday,
missed my fever to-day ; the people, however, in general grew
worse, and many had now the dysentery or bloody flux.

22nd. Almost all the ship's company were now ill, either
with fluxes or severe purgings ; myself far from well, Mr.
Sporing very ill, and Mr. Parkinson very little better : his
complaint was a slow fever.

23rd. Myself was too ill to-day to do anything — one of
our people died of the flux in the evening.

24th. My distemper this day turned out to be a flux,
attended (as that disease always is) with excruciating pains
in my bowels, on which I took to my bed : in the evening
Mr. Sporing died.

25th. One more of the people died to-day. Myself
endured the pain of the damned almost. The surgeon of
the ship thought proper to order me the hot bath, into
which I went four times at the intervals of two hours and
felt great relief.

26th. Though better than yesterday my pains were
still almost intolerable. In the evening Mr. Parkinson
died, and one more of the ship's crew.

2Sth. This day Mr. Green, our astronomer, and two of
the people died, all of the very same complaint as I
laboured under, no very encouraging circumstance.

FEB. 1771 DEATHS AT SEA 427

29th. Three more of the people died this day.

30th. For the first time I found myself better and slept
some time, which my continual pains had never suffered me
to do before notwithstanding the opiates which were con-
stantly administered. One person only died to-day, but so
weak were the people in general that, officers and men
included, there were not more than eight or nine could keep
the deck ; so that four in a watch were all they had.

31st. This day I got out of my bed in good spirits and
free from pain, but very weak ; my recovery had been as
rapid as my disease was violent ; but to what cause to attri-
bute either the one or the other we were equally at a loss.
The wind, which went to E. and S.E. yesterday, blew to-day
in the same direction, so we had little reason to doubt its
being the true trade, a circumstance which raised the spirits
of even those who were most afflicted with the tormenting
disease which now raged with its greatest violence.

1st February. Fine brisk trade kept up our spirits and
helped to raise me fast : two of the people died to-day,
nevertheless.

2nd. Breeze continued to-day: the surgeon began to
think that the rapid progress of the disease was checked by
it, but declared at the same time that several people were
still almost without hopes of recovery.

3rd. Some of the people who were least affected began
now to show signs of amendment, but two of the worst
died notwithstanding.

6th. One more died to-day. Those of our people who
were not very bad before the 1st of this month had now
almost universally recovered ; but there were still several in
the ship who at that time were very bad. These remained
unalterably the same, neither becoming better nor worse.
Throughout the whole course of this distemper medicine has
been of little use, the sick generally proceeding gradually to
their end without a favourable symptom, till the change of
weather instantaneously stopped in a manner the malignant
quality of the disease.

llth. One more of our people died.

428 BATAVIA TO CAPE OF GOOD HOPE CH. xvm

Another died.

14th. A third died to-day : neither of these people had
grown either better or worse for many days.

20th. Lost another man.

26th. Lost three more people to-day.

3rd March. In the evening some of the people thought
they saw land, but that opinion was rejected almost without
examination, as by the journals which had been kept by the
log, we were still above a hundred leagues from land, and by
observations of sun and moon, full 40. The night was chiefly
calms and light breezes, with fog and mist.

4th. Day broke and showed us at its earliest dawn how
fortunate we had been in the calms of last night. What
was then supposed to be land proved really so, and not
more than five miles from us, so that another hour would
have infallibly have carried us upon it. But fortunate
as we might think ourselves to be yet unshipwrecked,
we were still in extreme danger. The wind blew right
upon the shore and with it ran a heavy sea, breaking
mountains high upon the rocks, with which it was every-
where lined, so that, though some in the ship thought
it possible, the major part did not hope to be able to get off.
Our anchors and cables were accordingly prepared, but the
sea ran too high to allow us a hope of the cables holding
should we be driven to the necessity of using them, and
should we be driven ashore the breakers gave us little hope
of saving even our lives. At last, however, after four hours
spent in the vicissitudes of hope and fear, we found that we
got gradually off, and before night we were out of danger.
The land from whence we so narrowly escaped is part of
Terra de Natal, lying between the rivers Sangue and
Fourmis, about twenty leagues to the southward of the Bay
of Natal.

*lth. For these some days past the seamen have found
the ship to be driven hither and thither by currents1 in a
manner totally unaccountable to them.

The surface of the water was pretty thickly strewed with

1 The Agulhas currents.

MAR. 1771 ARRIVAL AT CAPE OF GOOD HOPE 429

the substance that I have before often mentioned under the
name of sea-sawdust ; the water likewise emitted a strong
smell like that of sea-weeds rotting on the shore.

1 2th. In the morning saw Cape False,1 and soon after the
Cape of Good Hope, off which we observed a rock not laid
down in the charts. The breeze was fresh and fair; it
carried us as far as Table Bay, off which we anchored. In
coming along shore we saw several smokes upon the next
hill before the Lion's rump, and when at anchor fires upon
the side and near the top of the Table Mountain. In the
bay were several ships, four French, two Danes, one
English, viz. the Admiral Pocock, Indiaman, and several
Dutch.

13th. Wind so fresh at S.E. that we could not attempt to
go ashore ; no boat, indeed, in the whole harbour attempted
to stir; the Dutch Commodore hauled down his broad
pennant, a signal for all boats belonging to him to keep on
board. Jno. Thomas died.

14:th. The ship was got under way and steered into the
harbour to her proper berth. A Dutch boat came on board
to know from whence we came, and brought with her a
surgeon, who examined our sick, and gave leave for them
and us to come ashore, which we accordingly did at dinner-
time.

1*7 th. Dr. Solander, who had been on board the Indiaman
last night, was taken violently ill with a fever and a pain
in his bowels. A country physician was immediately sent
for, who declared on hearing his case that it was the common
consequence of Batavian fevers, that the Doctor would be
much worse, and would for some time suffer very much by his
bowel complaint, but upon the whole he declared that there
was no danger. I could not, however, help being a good deal
alarmed in my own opinion.

31st. Dr. Solander, after having been confined to his bed
or chamber ever since the 17th of this month, this day
came downstairs for the first time, very much emaciated by
his tedious illness.

1 This appears to have been Cape Agulhas.

430 BATAVIA TO CAPE OF GOOD HOPE CH. xvm

3rd April. Theodosio1 ... a seaman, died very suddenly;
he had enjoyed an uninterrupted state of good health during
all our times of sickness.

*Ith. Of the four French vessels which we found in this
harbour, three have now sailed, and the fourth is ready for
sea, two were 64-gun ships, the third a large snow, and the
fourth a frigate. All these came from the Isle de France 2
for provisions, of which they carry away hence a prodigious
quantity, and consequently must have many mouths to feed.
It is probable they meditate some stroke from this island at
our East India settlements in the beginning of a future war,
which, however, our Indian people are not at all alarmed at,
trusting entirely to the vast armies which they constantly
keep up, the support of which in Bengal alone costs
£840,000 a year.

Mr. De Bougainville, pleased with the beauty of the ladies
of Otahite, gave that island the name of Cypre. On his
return home he touched at Isle de France, where the person
who went out with him in the character of natural historian
was left, and still remains. Otourrou, the Indian, whom he
brought from thence, was known on board his ship by the
name of Tootavu, a plain corruption of Bougainville, with
whom it may be supposed he meant to change names
according to his custom. This man is now at Isle de
France, from whence a large ship is very soon to sail and
carry him back to his own country, where she is to make a
settlement. In doing this she must necessarily follow the
track of Abel Jansen Tasrnan, and consequently, if she does
not discover Cook's Straits, which in all probability she will
do, must make several discoveries on the coast of New
Zealand. Thus much the French who were here made no
secret of. How necessary then will it be for us to publish
an account of our voyage as soon as possible after our
arrival, if we mean that our own country shall have the honour

1 This is clearly Jeh. Dozey, A.B., who is stated, in the "Introduction " to
Wharton's Cook (p. liii.), to have died on April 7, 1771, but his death is not
alluded to in Cook's Journal.

2 The more usual name now is Mauritius.

APR. 1771 BOUGAINVILLE'S VOYAGE 431

of our discoveries. Should the French have published an
account of Mr. De Bougainville's voyage before that of the
second Dolphin? how infallibly will they claim the discovery
of Cypre, or Otahite, as their own, and treat the Dolphin's
having seen it as a fiction, which we are enabled to set forth
with some show of truth, as the Endeavour really did see it,
a twelvemonth, however, after Mr. De Bougainville. If
England choose to assert her prior claim to it, as she may
hereafter do if the French settle, it may be productive of
very disagreeable consequences.

1 i.e. the second voyage of the Dolphin, under Wallis (q.v. p. li.) No
important discoveries were made on the Dolphin's first voyage under Byron.

CHAPTEE XIX

CAPE OF GOOD HOPE TO ENGLAND

Account of the Cape of Good Hope — Its settlement by the Dutch — Cape
Town — Dutch customs — Government — Climate — General healthiness —
Animals— Wines — Cost of living — Botanical garden — Menagerie — Settle-
ments in the interior — Barrenness of the country — Hottentots : their
appearance, language, dancing, customs, etc. — Money — Leave Table
Bay — Robben Island — St. Helena — Volcanic rocks — Cultivation —
Provisions — Introduced plants — Natural productions — Ebony — Specula-
tions as to how plants and animals originally reached so remote an
island — Leave St. Helena — Ascension Island — Ascension to England —
Land at Deal.

NOTWITHSTANDING that hydrographers limit the Cape of
Good Hope to a single point of land on the S.W. end of
Africa, which is not the southernmost part of that immense
continent, I shall under this name speak of the southern
parts of Africa in general, as far as latitude 30° at least.
The country was originally inhabited by the Hottentots
alone, but is now settled by the Dutch, and from the
convenience of its situation as a place of refreshment for
ships sailing to and from India, is perhaps visited by
Europeans oftener than any other distant part of the globe.

The Dutch, if their accounts can be credited, have
also people much farther inland. They have upon the
whole of this vast tract, however, only one town, which
is generally known by the name of Cape Town: it is
situated on the Atlantic side about twenty miles to the
north of the real Cape, on the banks of a bay sheltered
from the S.E. wind by a large mountain level at the
top, from whence both itself and the bay have got the

APR. 1771 CAPE TOWN 433

name of Tafel or Table. It has of late years very much
increased in size, and consists of about a thousand houses,
neatly built of brick, and in general whitened over. The
streets in general are broad and commodious, all crossing
each other at right angles. In the chief of them is a canal,
on each side of which is a row of oak trees, which nourish
tolerably well, and yield an agreeable shade to walkers.
Besides this there is another canal running through the town,
but the slope of the ground is so great that both have to be
furnished with sluices, at intervals of little more than fifty
yards.

In houses the same poverty of inventions exists here as
at Batavia. They are almost universally built upon one
and the same plan, whether small or large. In general they
are low, and universally covered with thatch ; precautions said
to be necessary against the violence of the S.E. winds, which
at some seasons of the year came down from the Table
Mountain with incredible violence.

Of the inhabitants, a far larger proportion are real Dutch
than of those of Batavia; but as the whole town is in a
manner supported by entertaining and supplying strangers,
each man in some degree imitates the manners and customs
of the nation with which he is chiefly concerned. The ladies,
however, do not follow their husbands in this particular, but
so true are they to the customs of the fatherland, that
scarcely one of them will stir without a sooterkin or chauffette
ready to place under her feet, whenever she shall sit down.
The younger ones, though, do not in general put any fire in
them, but seem . to use them merely for show. In general
they are handsome, with clear skins and high complexions,
and when married (no reflections upon my country-women)
are the best housekeepers imaginable, and great child-
bearers. Had I been inclined for a wife, I think this is the
place of all others I have seen, where I could have best
suited myself.

Their servants are in general Malay slaves, who are
brought here from Batavia; to these they behave much
better than the Batavians, in consequence of which these

2 F

434 CAPE OF GOOD HOPE CHAP, xix

Malays are much quieter, honester, and more diligent, and
less wicked than in that place : in instance of which I need
only say that there has never been a case of running amoc
here.

The town is governed by a Governor and Council who
are quite independent of Batavia. The present Governor is
Eyck Tulback. He is very old, and has long enjoyed his
present station with a most universal good character, which
is easily explained in this manner : he is unmarried, and
has no connections which may make him wish to make
more money than his salary furnishes him with ; conse-
quently, not entering into trade, he interferes with no man,
and not wishing to be bribed, does strict justice on all
occasions to the best of his abilities.

The climate, though not at all too hot for those who
come from India, would doubtless appear sufficiently warm
could any one be transported immediately from England to
this place. Upon the whole it seems much of the
temperature as the island of Madeira, though scarcely quite
so hot. This I judge from the productions. In general,
during the whole summer, the air is frequently fanned by
S.E. winds, which come off the hills above the town with
vast violence, and during the time of their blowing, especi-
ally at first, are very troublesome to such as are obliged
to be abroad in them, by raising the sand with which the
whole country abounds, and filling their eyes with it. Nor
are the houses quite free from its effects ; however closely
they are shut up, the sand will find an entrance, and in
a short time cover every kind of furniture with a thick
dust.

Inconvenient as this certainly is, it, however, does not
seem to have any effect beyond the present moment, though
the inhabitants must in the course of a summer inhale an
immense quantity of this sand, which has been thought by
some physicians to be productive of ulcers in the lungs, etc.
etc. Yet consumptions are diseases scarcely known here,
and the healthy countenances, fresh complexions, and above
all, the number of children with which all ranks of people

APR. 1771 CLIMATE— PROVISIONS 435

here are blessed, abundantly prove that the climate in
general is very friendly to the human constitution.

Diseases brought here from Europe are said to be almost
immediately cured, but those of the Indies not so easily,
which latter we ourselves experienced: our sick recovering
very little for the first fortnight, and after that very slowly,
so that after a month's stay several of them were far from
recruited.

The industry of the Dutch, so well known, and so
constantly exerted in all foreign settlements, has supplied
this place with a profusion of all kinds of European
provisions. Wheat and barley are as good here as in
Europe; hops, however, will not grow, so that they cannot
make beer, even tolerably. Cattle are in great plenty,
and beef is very fair ; sheep likewise are in great
plenty. Both these the native Hottentots had before the
Dutch settled the place, so that they differ a little in ap-
pearance from those of other places : the oxen are lighter,
more neatly made, and have vast spreading horns ; the sheep,
instead of wool, are covered with a kind of substance
between hair and wool. Their tails also are very large : I have
seen some which could not weigh less than ten or twelve
pounds, and was told that they are often much larger. Of
the milk of their cows they make very good butter, but
cheese they know not how to make in any degree of perfec-
tion. Besides these they have goats in plenty, which, how-
ever, they never eat ; and hogs, but these are less plentiful.
Poultry, as fowls, ducks, geese, etc., are in tolerable plenty.
They have also wild game, as hares exactly like ours in
Europe, partridges of two kinds, quails, antelopes of many
kinds, and bustards, in general very well flavoured, but rather
drier than those of the same kinds in Europe.

As their fields produce European wheat and barley, so
their gardens produce the same kinds of vegetables as we
have in Europe. Cabbages, turnips, potatoes, asparagus,
broccoli, etc., are all plentiful and excellent of their kind.
Their fruits are also the same, apples, pears, oranges, peaches,
apricots, figs, etc. Of Indian fruits, they have plantains,

436 CAPE OF GOOD HOPE CHAP, xix

guavas, and j ambus ; but neither of these in any kind of
perfection. Their vineyards produce a great quantity of
wines, which they class into many sorts, calling one Madeira,
another Frontinac, etc. None of these are comparable to
the wines which we commonly drink in Europe, yet they
are all light, well cured, and far from unpalatable ; in taste
not unlike some of the light French and Portuguese white
wines. The famous Constantia, so well known in Europe,
is made genuine only at one vineyard about ten miles distant
from Cape Town. Near that, however, is another vineyard,
which is likewise called Constantia, where a wine not much
inferior to it is made, which is always to be had at a
lower price.

The common method of living is to lodge and board with
some one of the inhabitants, many of whose houses are
always open for the reception of strangers. The prices are
5, 4, 3, and 2 shillings a day, for which all necessaries are
found you, according as your situation leads you to choose a
more or less expensive method of living, in what may truly
be called profusion in proportion to the price you give.
Besides this there is hardly an expense in the place. Coaches
are seldom or never used, but may be hired at the rate of 6
rix-dollars or £1 : 4s. a day. Horses are 6s. a day, but the
country is not tempting enough to induce any one often to
make use of them. Public entertainments there are none,
nor were there any private ones owing to the measles, which
broke out about the time of our arrival : at other times I
was told there were, and that strangers were always welcome
to them if of any rank.

At the farther end of the High Street is the Company's
garden, which is nearly two-thirds of an English mile in
length. The whole is divided by walks, intersecting each
other at right angles, and planted with oaks, which are clipped
into wall hedges, except in the centre walk, where they are
suffered to grow to their full size. This walk, therefore, at
all times of the day furnishes an agreeable shade, no doubt
highly beneficial to the sick, as the country has not the
least degree of shade, nor has nature made the soil capable

APR. 1771 BOTANIC AND ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN 437

of producing a single tree, at least within several miles
round the town. By far the largest part of this garden
is utilised for producing cabbages, carrots, etc. ; two small
squares, however, are set apart for botanical plants, which
are well taken care of and neatly kept. At the time we
were there the greater part of the plants, as the annuals,
bulbs, etc., were underground. Upon the whole, I am of
opinion that the number now to be found there will not
amount to above half of what they were when Oldenland
wrote his Catalogue ; indeed, at that time it is possible that
more ground was employed for the purpose.

At the farther end of the garden is a vivarium or menagerie,
supported also at the expense of the Company, where rare
beasts and birds are kept. Here were ostriches, cassowaries,
antelopes of several kinds, zebras and several other animals
seldom or never seen in Europe ; particularly that called by
the Hottentots coedoe, whose beautiful spiral horns are often
brought over to Europe. This animal, which was as large
as a horse, died while we were there, but not before I had
time to get a description and drawing of him.

Near this enclosure is another for birds, in which were
the crowned pigeons of Banda, and several more rare birds,
especially of the Dutch kind, of which there was indeed
a very fine collection. Both birds and beasts were very
carefully and well taken care of.

It remains now, after having described the town and its
environs, to say a little of the country about it. Of this,
indeed, I can say but little, and even for that little am
obliged to depend entirely upon hearsay, not having had an
opportunity of making even one excursion, owing in great
measure to Dr. Solander's illness.

The Dutch say that they have settled the country as far
as 2000 miles inland, at least that is the distance to the
furthest habitations of Europeans : how far it may be, how-
ever, in a straight line north and south, is hard to say, nor
do they pretend to guess. Supposing it, however, the shortest
distance possible, it is sufficient to prove the infinite, and
indeed to a European almost inconceivable, barrenness of

438 CAPE OF GOOD HOPE CHAP, xix

the country in general, that the mere supply of food should
make it necessary for men to spread themselves over such
an immense tract of country, in order to find fertile spots
capable of producing it. How far distant such spots are
from each other may be concluded from what one farmer
told us while there. On being asked why he brought his
young children with him to the Cape, from whence he lived
fifteen days' journey, and told that he had better have left
them with his next neighbour : " neighbour," said he, " my
nearest neighbour lives five days' journey from me."

Nor does the country in the immediate neighbourhood of
the Cape give any reason to contradict the idea of immense
barrenness which must be formed from what I have said.
The country in general is either bare rock, shifting sand, or
grounds covered with heath, etc., like the moors of Derby-
shire and Yorkshire, except the very banks of the few
rivulets, where are a few plantations chiefly utilised, if well
sheltered, for raising garden stuff, and if rather less sheltered
as vineyards ; but if exposed nothing can stand the violence
of the wind, which blows here through the whole summer
or dry season. During my whole stay I did not see a tree
in its native soil as tall as myself; indeed housekeepers
complain of the dearness of firewood, as almost equal to that
of provisions, nothing being burnt here but roots, which must
be dug out of the ground. What, indeed, proves the influence
of the wind in prejudice to vegetation is that a stem not
thicker than my thumb (and thicker they never are) will
have a root as thick as my arm or leg.

As their distant settlements are directly inland, and the
whole coast either is, or is thought to be, totally destitute of
harbours, their whole communication is carried on by land
carriage. Waggons drawn by oxen are employed in that
service: they are, however, very light, and the cattle so
much more nimble than ours in Europe, that they assured
us that they sometimes travelled at the rate of eight miles
an hour. Travelling is also very cheap. As there are no
inns upon the roads, every one must carry his own provisions
with him, and the oxen must live upon the heath or ling

APR. 1771 HOTTENTOTS 439

which they meet with upon the road. Great as these
conveniences are, the people who come from afar must do
little more than live, as there is no trade here, but in a few
articles of provisions, which are sent to the East Indies, and
curiosities. They can bring nothing to market but a little
butter, such skins of wild beasts as they have been able to
procure, and perhaps a few kinds of drugs.

There remains nothing but to say a word or two con-
cerning the Hottentots, so frequently spoken of by travellers,
by whom they are generally represented as the outcast of
the human species, a race whose intellectual faculties are so
little superior to those of beasts, that some have been
inclined to suppose them more nearly related to baboons
than to men.

Although I very much desired it, I was unable to see
any of their habitations, there being none, as I was
universally informed, within less than four days' journey
from the Cape, in which they retained their original customs.
Those who come to the Cape, who are in number not a few,
are all servants of the Dutch farmers, whose cattle they
take care of, and generally run before their waggons : these
no doubt are the lowest and meanest of them, and these
alone I can describe.

They were in general slim in make, and rather lean
than at all plump or fat : in size equal to Europeans,
some six feet and more ; their eyes not expressive of any
liveliness, but rather dull and unmeaning; the colour of
their skins nearest to that of soot, owing in great measure to
the dirt, which, by long use, was ingrained into it, for I
believe that they never wash themselves. Their hair curled
in very fine rings like that of negroes, or a Persian lamb's
skin, but hung in falling ringlets seven or eight inches
long. Their clothes consisted of a skin, generally of a sheep,
and round their waists a belt, which in both sexes was
richly ornamented with beads and small pieces of copper.
Both sexes wore necklaces, and sometimes bracelets, likewise
of beads, and the women had round their legs certain rings
made of very hard leather, which they said served to defend

440 CAPE OF GOOD HOPE CHAP, xix

them from the thorns with which the country everywhere
abounds. Under their feet some wore a kind of sandal of
wood or bark, but the greater number went entirely unshod.
For bodily qualifications they were strong, and appeared
nimble and active in a high degree.

Their language, which appears to a European but in-
distinctly articulated, has this remarkable singularity, that in
pronouncing a sentence they click or cluck with their
tongues at very frequent intervals, so much so that these
clicks do not seem to have any particular meaning, except
possibly to divide words, or certain combinations of words.
How this can be effected, unless they can click with their
tongues without inspiring their breath, appears mysterious
to a European : and yet I am told that many of the Dutch
farmers understand and speak their language very fluently.
Almost all the natives, however, speak Dutch, which they do
without clicking their tongues, or any peculiarity whatever.

In general they have more false shame (mauvaise honte)
than any people I have seen, which I have often had occasion
to experience when I have with the greatest difficulty per-
suaded them to dance or even to speak to each other in
their own language in my presence. Their songs and dances
are in extremes ; some tolerably active, consisting of quick
music and brisk motions, generally of distortions of the
body with unnatural leaps, crossing the legs backwards
and forwards, etc. ; others again as dull and spiritless
as can be imagined. One dance consists entirely of beating
the earth first with one foot and then with the other, with-
out moving their place at all, to the cadence of a tune
furnished with little more variety than the dance.

Smoking is a custom most generally used among them,
in doing which they do not, as the Europeans do, admit the
smoke no farther than their mouths, but like the Chinese
suck it into their lungs, where they keep it for nearly a
minute before they emit it. They commonly mix with
their tobacco the leaves of hemp, which they cultivate for
that purpose, or Phlomis leonurus, which they call dacha.
Their food is the same as that of the farmers, chiefly bread

APR. 1771 HOTTENTOT HABITS AND CUSTOMS 441

and coarse cheese ; but they are immensely fond of spirituous
liquors, and will never fail to get drunk with them if they
have an opportunity.

This little, and no more, of the customs of this much-
spoken-of people I had myself an opportunity of seeing : from
the Dutch I heard much, and select the following from their
accounts : —

Within the boundaries of the Dutch settlements are
many different nations of Hottentots, differing from each
other in custom very materially. Some are far superior to
others in arts. In general, however, all live peaceably with
each other, seldom fighting, except those who live to the
eastward, who are much annoyed by people called by the
Dutch Bosclimen. The latter live entirely upon plunder, steal-
ing the cattle of the Hottentots, but not openly attacking
them. They are armed, however, with lances or assagais,
arrows (which they know how to poison, some with the
juice of herbs, others with the poison of the snake called
cobra di capelo *), and stones (which some particular tribes
throw so well that they will repeatedly strike a dollar or
crown -piece at the distance of a hundred paces). They
train up bulls, which they place round their crawls or towns
in the night : these will constantly assemble and oppose
either man or beast that approaches them, nor will they
desist till they hear the voice of their masters, who know
how to encourage them to fight, or to make them in an
instant as tame and tractable as their other cattle.

Some nations know how to melt and prepare copper,
which is found among them, probably native, and make of
it broad plates to ornament their foreheads. Others again,
indeed most, know how to harden bits of iron, which they
procure from the Dutch, and make of them knives superior
to any the Dutch can sell them.

Their chief people, many of whom have a large quantity
of cattle of their own, are generally clad in the skins of
lions, tigers, or zebras, etc., which they adorn and fringe very

1 The term cobra di capella is only applied to the common Indian species
of the cobra.

442 CAPE OF GOOD HOPE TO ENGLAND CHAP, xix

prettily, especially the women, who, as in all other countries,
are fond of dress. Both sexes grease themselves very
frequently, but never use any stinking grease if they can
possibly get either fresh mutton suet or sweet butter, which
last, made by shaking the milk in a bag made of skin, is
generally used by the richer sort.

A TABLE OF THE VALUE OF MONEY, SUPPOSING A DUTCH
STIVER EQUAL TO A PENNY STERLING

A guinea . . . . . £0 18 0

Half do. . . . . . . 090

A crown-piece . . . . . 040

Half do. . . . . . . 020

A shilling . / . . ... 0 0 10

A louis d'or .....

A French crown . . . . . 046

A ducat . . . . . . 090

A ducatoon . . . . . 060

A skilling . . . . . 006

Adubblechey . . . . . 002

A stiver . . . . . . 001

An imperial rix-dollar . . . . 040

Albert's do. . . . . 060

Dane's rix-dollar . . . . 040

Spanish dollar . . . . . 046

A quarter of do. . . . . . 010

I4:th April 1771. Sailed from the road, but having
very little wind were obliged to anchor abreast of Eobben
Island.

15^. In the morning it was quite calm, so a boat was
hoisted out in order to land on the island in hopes of
purchasing some refreshments, especially of garden stuff and
salletting, with which two articles it is said to abound ; but
as soon as the boat came near the shore the Dutch hailed
her, and told the people in her at their peril to attempt
landing, bringing down at the same time six men with
muskets, who paraded on the beach as long as she stayed,
which was but a short time, as we did not think it worth
while to risk landing in opposition to them, when a few
cabbages were the only reward to be expected.

MAY 1771 ARRIVE AT ST. HELENA 443

The island, which is named after the seals (in Dutch
Robberi) that formerly frequented it, is low and sandy,
situate in the mouth of Table Bay. Here are confined such
criminals as are judged not worthy of death for terms of
years proportioned to the heinousness of their crimes. They
are employed as slaves in the Company's service, chiefly in
digging for lime-stone, which, though very scarce upon the
continent, is plentiful here. Their reason for not letting
foreigners land is said to be that formerly a Danish ship,
which by sickness had lost the greater part of her crew,
came into the Cape and asked for assistance. When this was
refused she came down to this island, and sending her boats
ashore, secured the guard, and took on board as many of
the criminals as she thought proper to navigate the ship
home.

2 8th. This day we crossed our first meridian and com-
pleted the circumnavigation of the globe, in doing which we,
as usual, lost a day, which I should upon this occasion have
expended properly had not I lost it a second time, I know
not how, in my irregular journal at the Cape.

1st May. In the morning at daybreak saw the island of
St. Helena about six leagues ahead, and consequently before
noon arrived in the road where were found His Majesty's
ship Portland, Captain Elliot, sent out to convey home the
Indiamen on the account of the likelihood of a breach with
Spain, also His Majesty's ship Swallow?- which had the day
before brought word of the pacific measures adopted by that
Court, and twelve sail of Indiamen.

2nd. As the fleet was to sail immediately and our ship
to accompany it, it became necessary to make as much of a
short time as possible, so this whole day was employed in
riding about this island, in the course of which we very
nearly made the complete circuit of it, visiting all the most
remarkable places that we had been told of.

3rd. Spent this day in botanising on the ridge where
the cabbage-trees grow, visiting Cucold's Point and Diana's
Peak, the highest in the island, as settled by the observations

1 This was not the consort of the Dolphin in 1766.

444 CAPE OF GOOD HOPE TO ENGLAND CH. xix

of Mr. Maskelyne, who was sent out to this island by the
Royal Society for the purpose of observing the transit of
Venus in the year [1761].

Some Account of St. Helena.

This small island, which is no more than twelve miles
long and seven broad, is situated in a manner in the middle
of the vast Atlantic Ocean, being 400 leagues distant from
the coast of Africa and above 600 from that of America.
It appears to be, or rather is, the summit of some immense
mountain, which towering far above the level of the earth
(in this part of the globe very much depressed) elevates itself
even considerably above the surface of the sea, which covers
its highest neighbours with a body of water even to this time
unfathomable by the researches of mankind.

The higher parts of all countries have been observed
almost without exception to be the seats of volcanoes,1 while
the lower parts are much more seldom found to be so. Etna
and Vesuvius have no land higher than themselves in their
neighbourhood. Hecla is the highest hill in Iceland ; in the
highest parts of the Andes in South America volcanoes are
frequent, and the Pike of Teneriife is still on fire. These
still continue to burn, but numberless others have been
found to show evident marks of fire, although now extinct
from the times of our earliest traditions.

That this has been the case with St. Helena, and that the
great inequalities of the ground there have been originally
caused by the sinking of the ground, easily appears to an
observing eye, who compares the opposite ridges, which, though
separated always by deep and sometimes by tolerably broad
valleys, have such a perfect similarity in appearance as well
as in direction as scarce leaves room for a doubt that they
formerly made part of a much less uneven surface, and that
this sinking in of the earth has been occasioned by sub-
terraneous fires. The stones abundantly testify to this, as
they universally show marks of having been at some time

1 This is not accurate ; nor is Hecla the highest mountain in Iceland.

MAYI77I ST. HELENA: PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 445

or other exposed to the effects of a great degree of heat.
Some are evidently burnt almost to a cinder, especially those
which are found near the bottoms of valleys, as may be
seen in going up Side Path, and probably Ladder Hill also.
Others show small bubbles as are seen in glass which has
been heated almost to fusion ; others again from their situa-
tion on the tops of ridges have been exposed to a far less
degree of heat, or from their own apyrous qualities show
scarcely any signs of having been on fire, yet in many of
these, when carefully examined, are found small pieces of
extraneous bodies such as mundics, etc., which have sub-
mitted to the fire, though it was not able to make any altera-
tion in the appearance of the stone containing them.

Thus much for these suggestions, fit only for those who
can believe a Babylonian chronology. I pass now to the
present state of the island, a subject which affords much
entertainment to a contemplative mind, and more food to an
inquisitive one than the shortness of my stay gave me
opportunity to collect.

Making it as we did, and as indeed most ships do, on the
windward side, it is a rude heap of rocks bounded by
precipices of an amazing height composed of a kind of half-
friable rock, which, however, show not the least sign of
vegetation, nor does a nearer view appear more promising.
In sailing along the shore ships come uncommonly near it,
so that the huge cliffs seem almost to overhang and threaten
destruction by the apparent probability of their giving way ;
in this manner they sail until they open Chapel Valley, where
stands the small town. Even that valley resembles a large
trench, in the bottom of which a few plants are to be seen ;
but its sides are as bare as the cliff next the sea. Such is
the apparent bareness of the island in its present cultivated
state. Nor do you see any signs of fertility till you have
penetrated beyond the first hills, when the valleys begin to be
green, and although everywhere inconceivably steep, produce
a great deal of good herbage. Among these are the planters'
houses, near each of which is a small plantation of cocos, the
only vegetable they seem to take much trouble to cultivate.

446 CAPE OF GOOD HOPE TO ENGLAND CH. xix

The town, very small, and, with the exception of a few
houses, ill-built, stands just by the seaside. The church,
which was originally a very poor building, is now almost
in ruins, and the market-house is advancing by quick steps
to the same situation.

The white inhabitants are almost to a man English, who,
as they are not allowed to have any trade or commerce of
their own, live entirely by supplying refreshments to such
ships as touch at the place. To their shame be it spoken,
they appear to have a supply of refreshments by no means
equal to the extent and fertility of their soil, as well as the
fortunate situation that their island seems to promise, situated
as it is between temperate and warm latitudes. Their soil
might produce most, if not all, the vegetables of Europe,
together with the fruits of the Indies, yet both are almost
totally neglected. Cabbages, indeed, and garden stuff in
general, are very good, but so far from being in sufficient plenty
to supply the ships that touch here, a scanty allowance only of
them are to be got, chiefly by favour from the greater people,
who totally monopolise every article produced in the island,
excepting only beef and mutton, which the Company keep in
their own hands. Although there is a market-house in the
town, nothing is sold publicly, nor could either of the three
King's ships that were there get greens for their tables,
except only Captain Elliot, the commanding officer, who was
furnished by order of the Governor out of his own garden.

Here are plantains, peaches, lemons, apples, and guavas,
but, I believe, scarcely any other fruit. But while their
pastures lie, as they really do, as much neglected as their
gardens, there can be little hopes of amendment. In short,
the custom of the Indiamen's captains, who always make
very handsome presents to the families where they are
entertained, besides paying extravagant prices for the few
refreshments they get, seems to have inspired the people with
laziness. Were refreshments cheap they would probably on
the whole receive not much more money for them in the
year, and the presents would be the same, so, at least, they
seem to think. In short, the contrast between the Cape of

MAYI77I ST. HELENA: PRODUCTIONS 447

Good Hope, which, though by nature a mere desert, supplies
abundantly refreshments to all nations who touch there, and
this island highly favoured by nature, shows not unaptly the
genius of the two nations for making colonies. Nor do I
think I go too far in asserting that were the Cape now in the
hands of the English it would be a desert, as St. Helena in
the hands of the Dutch would as infallibly become a paradise.
Small as the island is, and not raised very much above
the surface of the sea, it enjoys a variety of climates hardly
to be believed. The cabbage-trees,1 as they are called, which
grow on the highest ridges, can by no art be cultivated on
the lower ones, where the red wood and gum wood both
grow ; these in their turn refuse the high ridges, and neither
of the three are to be found in the valleys, which indeed are
in general covered with European plants, or the more common
ones of the Indies, in all probability originally brought here
by ships. This is the more probable, as much the largest
proportion of them are natives of England. Among them I
may mention the meadow grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum),
which is the chief covering of their pastures, and to which I
am much inclined to attribute the verdure of the island, far
exceeding anything I have before seen in equally low latitudes.
The furze also (Ulex Europeus), the seeds of which were
brought over in the beginning of this century, thrives wonder-
fully, and is highly praised by the islanders as a great im-
provement, though they make no use of it except for heating
their rooms. Barley was sown here about forty years ago,
and produced sufficient to supply the island without any
being sent from home, Its cultivation has, however, suddenly
dropped, for what reason I could not find out, and since
that time has never again been attempted. Yams, the same
as are called cocos in the West Indies, are what they chiefly
depend upon to supply their numerous slaves with provisions :
these, however, are not cultivated in half the perfection that
I have seen in the South Sea Islands ; nor have they like
the Indians several sorts, many of which are very palatable ;
but are confined to only one, and that one of the worst.

1 Small trees and shrubs allied to the aster and groundsel.

448 CAPE OF GOOD HOPE TO ENGLAND CH. xix

All kind of labour is here performed by man, indeed he
is the only animal that works, except a few saddle-horses ;
nor has he the least assistance of art to enable him to
perform his task. Supposing the roads to be too steep and
narrow for carts, an objection which lies against only one part
of the island, yet the simple contrivance of wheel-barrows
would doubtless be far preferable to carrying burthens upon
the head, and even that expedient is never tried. Their
slaves indeed are very numerous ; they have them from most
parts of the world, but they appeared to me a miserable
race, almost worn out with the severity of the punishments,
of which they frequently complained. I am sorry to say
that it appeared to me that far more frequent and more
wanton cruelties were exercised by my countrymen over
these unfortunate people than ever their neighbours the
Dutch, famed for inhumanity, are guilty of. One rule, how-
ever, they strictly observe, which is never to punish when
ships are there.

Nature has blessed this island with very few productions
either useful for the support, or conducive to the luxury, of
mankind. Partridges and doves are the only animals, except
possibly rats and mice ; the latter, however, more probably
brought here by ships. Among vegetables, purslain, celery,
water -cresses, wild mint, and tobacco are now common
among the rocks ; though I doubt much whether they were
so before people came here, as none, except the last, are
found in parallel latitudes.

The first, indeed, is found on Ascension, and in many
parts equally unlikely to have originally produced it, but
that is accounted for by the ancient custom of the Portuguese,
who, finding this herb particularly beneficial in complaints
contracted in long voyages, made a point of sowing it
wherever they went ashore, a custom from whence all
nations have since reaped no small benefit. Amongst its
native products, however, ebony1 must be reckoned, though
the trees that produce it are now nearly extinct, and no one
remembers the time when they were at all plentiful. Yet

1 Melhania, melanoxylon, Br. , now quite extinct.

MAYI77I ST. HELENA: ORIGIN OF LIFE 449

pieces of the wood are frequently found in the valleys, of a
fine black colour, and of a hardness almost equal to iron ;
these, however, are almost always so short and so crooked
that no use has yet been made of them. Whether the tree
is the same as that which produces ebony on the Isle of
Bourbon and the adjacent islands is impossible to know, as
the French have not yet published any account of it. Other
species of trees and plants, which seem to have been origin-
ally natives of the island, are few in number. Insects there
are also a few, and one species of snail, which inhabits only
the tops of the highest ridges, and has probably been there
ever since their original creation.

Had our stay upon the island been longer, we should in
all probability have discovered some more natural produc-
tions, but in all likelihood not many ; secluded as this rock
is from the rest of the world by seas of immense extent, it
is difficult to imagine how anything not originally created
in that spot could by any accident arrive at it. For my
part I confess I feel more wonder at finding a little snail
on the top of the ridges of St. Helena, than in finding people
upon America, or any other part of the globe.

As the benefits of the land are so limited, the sea must
often be applied to by the natives of this little rock ; nor
is she unmindful of their necessities, for she constantly
supplies immense plenty, and no less variety, of fish. She
would indeed be culpable did she do otherwise : she never
met with a calamity equal to that of the earth in the general
deluge, and her children, moreover, have the advantage
of a free intercourse with all parts of the globe, habitable to
them, without being driven to the necessity of tempting the
dangers of an element unsuited to their natures ; a fatal
necessity under which too many even of us, lords of the
creation, yearly perish, and of all others through the wide
bounds of creation how vast a proportion must die. The
seed of a thistle supported by its down, the insect by its
weak, and the bird by its more able, wing, may tempt the
dangers of the sea ; but of these how many millions must
perish for one which arrives at the distance of twelve

2 G

450 CAPE OF GOOD HOPE TO ENGLAND CH. xix

hundred miles from the place of its rest. It appears, indeed,
far more difficult to account for the passage of one individual,
than to believe the destruction of all that may ever have
been by their ill fate hurried into such an attempt.

Money of all nations passes here according to its real
intrinsic European value ; there is therefore no kind of
trouble on that head, as in all the Dutch settlements.

4tth. Sailed after dinner in company with twelve India-
men and His Majesty's ship Portland. We resolved to steer
homewards with all expedition, in order (if possible) to
bring the first news of our voyage, as we found that many
particulars of it had transpired, and particularly that a copy
of the latitudes and longitudes of most or all the principal
places we had been at had been taken by the captain's
clerk from the captain's own journals, and given or sold to
one of the India captains. War we had no longer the least
suspicion of ; the Indiamen being ordered to sail immediately
without waiting for the few who had not yet arrived was a
sufficient proof that our friends at home were not at all ap-
prehensive of it.

IQth. This day we saw the Island of Ascension, which is
tolerably high land : our captain, however, did not choose
to anchor,. unwilling to give the fleet so much start of him.
Those who have been ashore upon this island say that it is little
more than a heap of cinders, the remains of a volcano ever
since the discovery of the Indies. Osbeck, who was ashore
on it, found only five species of plants ; but I am much in-
clined to believe that there are others which escaped his
notice, as he certainly was not on the side of the island
where the French land, in which place I have been informed
is a pretty wide plain covered with herbage, among which
grows Cactus opuntia, a plant not seen by that gentleman.

11th. Saw Holothuria physalis, which our seamen call
Portuguese man-of-war, for the first time since we left these
seas in going out.

23rd Dined on board the Portland with Captain Elliot:

JUNE 1771 ASCENSION TO ENGLAND 451

while on board her saw a common house martin flying about
the ship.

29th. Fresh trade, which quickly relieved everybody
from the depression of spirits, etc., which is the constant
companion of the damp calms we have now passed through.

1st June. Saw some gulph-weed to-day for the first
time.

3rd. This day passed under the sun, and were for the
last time ascii.1

5th. Less gulph-weed than yesterday, so we began to
catch it by means of a pole with six large hooks fastened
at the end. Out of it we took Scyllcea pelagica, Medusa
porpita, SyngnatJius pelagicus, Lophius pelagicus, and Cancer
minutus.

6th. More gulph-weed, in which took up several in-
dividuals of the afore-mentioned species, besides which were
caught Cancer pelagicus, and a shrimp not described.
Several tropic birds were seen, all of which flew in a
straight line towards the coast of Africa.

18^. Saw three New England schooners cruising for
whales : sent a boat on board one, who told us that she had
yesterday spoken to an outward-bound Englishman, who
had said that all was peace in Europe, and that the
Spaniards had agreed to pay the Manilla ransom with
interest for one year, and a million of dollars for damages
done at Falkland's Islands.

This vessel had by their own account been out five
weeks and caught nothing : they had chased a whale sixty
leagues into Fayal harbour, where they could not follow it,
as the Portuguese suffer no whaler to go into any of their
ports in the Western Islands.2 They had, they said, no
meat on board, but lived upon what they could catch. They
readily sold us four large albecores, saying that they could
catch more. As for American news, King George, they
said, had behaved very ill for some time, but the colonists
had brought him to terms at last.

1 i.e. without a shadow (Gr. £<mos).

2 The Azores, of which Fayal is one.

452 CAPE OF GOOD HOPE TO ENGLAND CH. xix

23rd. Saw one shearwater: the reason of so few having
been seen this passage, may be that during their breeding
time they do not wander far out at sea.

4th July. My bitch " Lady " was found dead in my
cabin, lying upon a stool on which she generally slept ; she
had been remarkably well for some days ; in the night she
shrieked out very loud, so that we who slept in the great
cabin heard her, but becoming quiet immediately no one re-
garded it: whatever disease was the cause of her death, it
was the most sudden that ever came under my observation.

*lt~h. Caught Lepas cygnifera l floating upon the water in
round congeries, some of which were large enough to fill a
man's hat.

8th. Calm : went in boat and shot fulmar and Manx
puffin, of Pennant's British Zoology.

1 Oth. This morning the land was discovered by young
Mck,2 the same boy who first saw New Zealand : it proved
to be the Lizard.

1 2th. At three o'clock landed at Deal.

1 Probably Lepas anatifera.
2 His real name was Nicholas Young.

APPENDIX

ELECTRICITY

25th October 1768, about five miles south of the line.
My machine was made by Bamsden, and worked by a flat
plate 8 inches in diameter. The phial used was 6j inches
in height and 5|- in diameter without the neck ; the distance
between the stopper and the coating, 3 inches, the stopper
made of wood and fastened to the glass on the inside by a
red cement (probably sealing-wax). The electrometer was
divided into thirty parts of 1|- inch as nearly as possible.
About nine in the morning the machine was set up, the day
being rather cloudy, and the ship going between three and
four knots.

When the plate was first turned round the cushions
appeared to be damp, adhering to the glass so much that it
was with difficulty made to move very slowly, although the
cushions were screwed on as tightly as possible. After
wiping them very well the plate was made to go round,
and in about ten minutes electricity was excited, though
but in a small degree ; the motion of the ship and the shaking
of the table, caused by turning the machine, made the
electrometer (which was a very unsteady one) move back-
wards and forwards visibly, so that it was impossible to
ascertain exactly at what distance it discharged the phial,
it however was guessed to be about a line when at the
greatest distance.

It continued to work in this manner about half an hour,
in which time several attempts were made to give a shock,
but they succeeded very badly, the shocks being very slight,

454 APPENDIX

though given with as much electricity as could be got into
the phial. It then (having grown by degrees weaker and
weaker) ceased to work entirely. Water was applied to
the cushions, but without any effect : everything then was
wiped and dried as well as could be done in our situation,
the cushions being carried to the fire, but no electricity
perceptible to the touch was communicated to the conductor.
Whether any was excited on the surface of the plate we did
not then observe. An amalgam of lead was then applied,
causing a small amount of electricity, but much less than
at first, and this very soon ceased also. From that time no
electricity perceptible (except by Canton's electrometer) could
be communicated to the conductor, though the machine was
worked nearly an hour.

In the course of these experiments two things were
observed, differing from the phenomena usually seen. First,
the phial when filled with as much electricity as possible
would not retain it more than a very few seconds, three or
four by guess (for no opportunity of measuring by a watch
was given, the machine stopping work without any warning) ;
at the end of this time not the smallest quantity of electricity
was left, though I tried all my five phials. Two of these phials
were such as were described above ; the others were smaller,
made much in the same manner, but instead of being coated on
the inside were filled with leaf -gold. Secondly, the floor of
the cabin in which the experiments were tried was covered
with a red floor-cloth of painted canvas that had been issued
to the ship from His Majesty's stores at Deptford. This
was usually washed with salt water every morning and
allowed to dry without being taken up. This proved as
good a conductor of electricity as any we could make use
of, so that a man standing on one side the machine and
touching the coating of the phial was shocked by another
who touched the conductor, without having any other
communication with the first than by the floor-cloth under
his feet. Dr. Solander and myself tried this in several ways,
and made more experiments afterwards with Mr. Green's
machine, as noticed further on.

ELECTRICITY 455

The ill success of these experiments seems to me to
have arisen chiefly from the uncommon dampness of the
circumambient air, which had been observed by everybody
since we crossed the tropic, and is fully noticed in my
journal. By this solution alone can all the phenomena
that appeared be accounted for.

Air charged with particles of damp is well known to be
of all others the greatest enemy to electricity. It im-
mediately attracts and dissipates all the electrical matter
which is collected by the machine, which therefore worked
faintly for a little while, till the damp was condensed on
the conductor, and chiefly on the surface of the glass phial,
and then ceased entirely. A small quantity was, however,
always noticeable upon the surface of the plate, even to the
end of the conductor.

The phial, though charged as full as the machine would
fill it, even at the time of its best working, scarcely retained
the electrical matter at all, owing doubtless to the com-
munication made by the condensed damp between the
coating and the stopper of the phial ; this increased every
moment, so that at last it would not contain any electricity.

The situation on board ship would not allow the use of
a fire to warm the whole machine, which should have been
done, and which would have been a great satisfaction, but
the motion of the ship, the distance of the galley from the
cabin, and the number of people who are constantly busy
there, made that impossible.

The dampness of the air complained of here has not
been observed now for the first time. Piso, in his account
of the Brazils, mentioned it, and says that victuals which
have kept well before spoil immediately there. This there-
fore may account for the general opinion of electrical
machines failing to work when near the line, as the fault
could not be in my machine which worked remarkably well
in London, and fully as well as I expected in Madeira.

25th October 1768, 17 miles south of the line — Mr.
Green's machine. This was made by Watkins : the jar
was of glass 8 inches high and 7 Tdeep, coated with

456

APPENDIX

varnish between the lead and the stopper, which was of
cork, no varnish coming between that and the neck. The
electrometer was divided into thirty parts of 1-J- inch.

The plate at first refused to go round, as mine had done
before, the cushions being drawn together by the glass, to
which they seemed to adhere, probably from their dampness.
After some time, however, this went off, and in about ten
minutes electricity was excited.

The electrometer was then applied and went off at 7.

2. Electricity was kept in the phial thirty seconds with-
out any appreciable quantity being lost.

3. A hole was struck through two cards by the discharg-
ing wire.

4. Much greater shocks were given to several people
than any that could be given by my machine.

5. The phenomenon of the floor-cloth proving a con-
ductor was tried more fully than before. A wire (b, see

figure) was passed through
the phial (a), the two ends
of which were taken hold
of by two people (c c), who
each took hold of another
person (d d) ; the operator
(e) then touched the phial
with his discharging wire,
and received the shock
through both arms, as did
(c c) and (d d). Sometimes,
however, the others (dd)
felt it only in the arm
by which they held (cc).
The comparative force of
the blows which each felt
were difficult to ascertain,
but we supposed that (c c)

felt more than (d d), and probably the operator most of all.
The chief reason that this machine worked better than

mine seems to be that the bottle was coated with varnish

ELECTRICITY 457

between the stopper and coating of lead ; this probably did
not condense the damp of the air so readily as glass, and
consequently the machine worked well when mine refused
to work at all.

Monday, 19th March 1770. The machine on being taken
out of the box was found to have had the plate and
one of the phials broken by some accident. The former
was replaced by a spare one. Every part was perfectly dry
and worked with great freedom, but a small proportion
of electricity only could be excited, at most enough to
strike through one card. During all our experiments the
floor-cloth conducted as it had done before, though it
had not been washed for some weeks. Our experiments
were soon cut short by the wind, which was foul, freshening
so much that we could not with safety let the machine
stand. The day was rather hazy.

Friday, 23rd March 1770. All the day was clear, and
the evening also very fine. At sunset the machine was set
up. It at first entirely refused to work, but after about a
quarter of an hour some sparks were excited. The most,
however, that we could do was to obtain a slight shock.
The floor-cloth conducted as usual, which we ascertained by
resting upon a table or chair, in which case we did not feel
the shock as we always did when standing upon the ground.

(SOCIETY ISIANPSj

W ZEALAND)

SOUTH ISLAND

— 4.5°

165" E. of Greenwich. 170°

IBO"

Bank# 's Journal

MacmillajL & Co. Ltf

Stanford's GtaglEstoK

W

W

w

o

INDEX

ABROLHOS SHOAL, 22

Acajou or Casshew, 38, 393

Acarus, 14, 67

Admiralty Bay, 220

Albatross, 44, 63-65, 180, 208, 217, 259,

260

Amboyna Island, 401
Amethysts, 40
Amoc, running, 408
Amphibious iish, 274
Anabao Island, 330, 360
Anacardium occidentale, 38, 393

orientate, 291
Annona, 393

Anson, Lord, xliii, 22, 47, 48, 160, 226
Anthoxanthum, 447
Ants, 271, 273, 283, 303-6
Apium, 48, 58
Apples, North American, 181

(Spondias dulcis), 93
Areca, chewing, 349
Areca sapida, 227

Artocarpus incisa (bread-fruit), 97, 105,
137, 145

integrifolia, 395
Ascension Island, 450
Atriplex patula, 227
Aurora, 331
Australia, 261-323

Animals, 282, 285, 287, 291, 301

Ants, 271, 273, 283, 303

Birds, 293, 302

Boats, 320

Boomerangs, 263

Botany Bay, 264-69

Climate, 292, 322

Eagle Island, 293

Endeavour Kiver, 279-91

Fire, native method of obtaining it,
289, 317

Fish, 306

Food, 311

Australia, fruits, 299
Furniture, 315
General appearance of the country,

270, 297

Great Barrier Reef, 293-295
Houses or huts, 314
Insects, 271, 273, 283, 303-6
Kangooroos, 282, 285, 287, 291, 301
Language, 322
Moreton Bay, 270
Natives, general appearance and

habits, 264, 266, 269, 287,

308

Timidity, 268, 285, 320
Ornaments, 309
Palms, 299
Plants, 271, 298-300
Population, 307
Tools, 316
Torres Straits, 295
Trees, 267, 271, 273, 299
Weapons, 263, 266, 318
Averrhoa, 396

BAGTRIS MINOR, 38
Bananas, 38, 392
Bancudus angustifolia, 153
Banks, J., biographical sketch, xxiii

Illness of, 371-76, 426-27
Banks' Peninsula, 217
Barley at St. Helena, 447
Barnacles (Lepas\ 16, 21, 45, 65, 182.

284, 452

Baster, J., xliii, 15
Batavia, 366-416

Amoc, 408

Animals, 387

Canals, 378

Chinese, customs, etc., 412

Chinese rebellion, 381, 415

Climate, 369, 375, 385

Country-house, 373

460

JOURNAL OF SIR JOSEPH BANKS

Batavia, crocodiles as twin brothers to
men, 410

Environs of Batavia, 384

Flowers, 399

Fortifications, 380

Fruits, 390

General description, 377

Government, 414

Harbour, 383

Hotel, 366

Houses, 379

Illness of the party, 370-76

Islands, 383

Javans, appearance and customs, 405

Justice, 415

Language (Javan and Malay), 423

Markets, 397

Money, 416

Mosquitos, 375

Palm wine, 398

Plants, vegetables, 389

Population, 378, 401

Portuguese, 382, 403

Slaves, 404

Spices, 400

Streets, 378

Superstitions, 409

Taxation, 416

Teeth, filing, 407

Trade, 402

Unhealthiness of, 369, 371, 382, 385
Bats, 301, 365
Baye sans fond, 45
Beech, 49, 51, 58
Beer brewed at sea, 72
Beroe, 17

Betel, 313, 349, 406, 407
Betula, 49, 51, 58
Birch, 49, 51, 58
Biron, C., xliii, 24
Blimbing, 344, 396
Boa bidarra, 395
Bola-Bola Island (see Society Islands],

118, 122

Bonga-tanjong, 400
Bonitos, 14
Boomerang, 263
Borassus (fan-palm), 341, 344
Botany Bay, 264

Bougainville, L. de, xliii, 97, 370, 430
Brazil (see Rio de Janeiro], 22-42
Bread-fruit, 97, 105, 137, 145
Brisson, M., xliv, 24
Bromelia (pine-apple), 37, 391
Brosse, C. de, xliv, 164
Brown, R., ix, xxxvii, xxxviii
Browne, P., xliv, 153
Buchan, A., death of, 79
Buffaloes, 342, 362, 387

Buffon, G. de, xliv, 291
Bustard, 272
Butterflies, 32, 273
Byron, Admiral J., xliv

CABBAGE, curing, 70

Cabbage-palm, 227

Cactus, 450

Calamus, 396

Calophyllum, 153

Cananga, 399

Canari, 396

Cancer, 2, 21, 30, 272, 284

Cannibalism, 193, 205, 211, 237, 247

Canton, J., xlv, 454

Cape of Good Hope, 257, 429-42

Animals, 435

Botanic garden, 436

Climate, 434

General description, 432, 438

Hottentots, 439

Inhabitants, 433

Menagerie, 437

Money, 442

Provisions, 435
Carabus taken at sea, 44
Carcinium, 2, 4
Cardamine, 48, 58
Carica, 393
Cassada, 23, 36

Casshew apple or Acajou, 38, 393
Castor-oil plant, 365
Casuarina (etoa), 102, 124, 147
Catappa, 396
Caterpillars, stinging, 271
Cattle, 387, 435
Celery, wild, 48, 58
Chaitcea, 148
Chama, 284, 295, 306
Champacka, 399
Cherrema, 396

Chinese at Batavia, 381, 412-415
Cimex, 15, 67
Citrus, 37, 391
Cloth manufacture, 145, 351
Cloves, 401
Cockatoos, 302

Cockles, gigantic, 284, 295, 306
Cocoanuts, 140, 393

cast up on the Australian beach, 283,

284

Cocos or taros, 135, 228, 253, 445, 447
Cocos Island (Samoa) language, 165
Coedoe, 437
Combang, 399
Compass, variation of, 263
Continent, southern, speculations con-
cerning its existence, 66, 254
Convolvulus, 151

INDEX

461

Cook, Captain J., xlv

Illness of, 374

Cook's Straits, 213, 215, 216, 221
Coral, effect on ship's bottom, 282

Keefs, 117, 122, 274, 293-95

Used as a file, 156

Used for building, 102, 114
Cordia, 150
Cowley, A., xlvi, 46
Crabs, 2, 21, 30, 272, 284
Cracatoa, 417, 418

Crocodiles as twin brothers to men, 410
Crows, New Holland, 302
Cucurbita (cucumber), 190

(melons), 37, 393
Custard apple, 393
Cuttle-fish, 65, 263
Cycas, 299, 313, 421
Cynips, 272
Cynometra, 395
Cyperus, 150

DA&VSA, 2, 3, 64

Dalrymple, A., xlvi, 45, 66, 184, 234

Dampier, W., xlvi, 22, 46, 262, 296,

300, 325, 329
Deer, 421
Diamonds, 39
Diddphis, 291, 301
Diomedea, 44, 63-5, 180, 208, 217, 259,

260

Dogs, 61, 100, 136, 224
as food, 100, 136, 237
Dolphin, H.M.S., xlvi, 71, 74, 78, 81,

82, 84, 97, 105, 431
Drimys, 48, 58
Dryander, J., xxxviii
Drying plants, 267, 281, 283
Durian, 394
Dyeing cloth, 124, 149

EAGLE ISLAND, 293

East Indies, see Batavia and Savu

Ebony, 448

EcJieneis, 14

Edwards, G., xlvi, 24

Egg-bird, 67

Egmont, Mount, 208, 222

Electrical experiments, 6, 453-57

Ende or Flores, 360

Endeavour River, 279-91

Equator, crossing the, 18

Eucalyptus, 267, 271, 300

Eugenia, 38, 299, 394

FAGUS, 49, 51, 58
Fan-palm, 341, 345
Farinha de Pao, 23, 36
Fernandez, J., xlvii, 256

Ferns eaten in New Zealand, 190, 237
Ficus prolixa, 145

tinctoria, 150

Fig impregnated by Cynips, 272
Fig-trees, 145, 150

Fire, method of obtaining it in Aus-
tralia, 289, 317

" Fire-arms " in New Guinea, 327, 328
Flax, New Zealand, 229
Flores or Ende, 360
Flying fish, 13
Fothergill, J., xlvii, 71, 181
Fothering the ship, 277
Frezier, A., xlvii, 227, 255, 346
Frio, Cape, 24
Fucus, 46, 48
Funchiale, 5-10
Furze, 447

GAMBIR, 406

Gannets, 207, 225, 260

Garcinia, 393

Gasterosteus, 17

George (King) III. Island, or Otahite,

see Society Islands
God-houses (Society Islands), 103, 112,

114, 120

Gold in Brazil, 39
Grapes, 392

Great Barrier Reef, 293-95
Green, C., death of, 426
Gryttus taken at sea, 44
Guava, 393
Gum-trees, 267, 271, 300

HASSELQUIST, F., xlvii, 272

Hawke's Bay, 188

Heberden, Dr., 6

Heppahs, New Zealand, 183, 195, 198,

207, 214, 248

Heivas, 97, 98, 120, 123, 144
Hibiscus, 106, 153
Eippobosca, 64

Holothuria, 15, 259, 260, 450
Horsley, Dr., xxx
Horn, Cape, 62
Hottentots, 439
Huahine Island, 111-113
Hulme, N., xlvii, 69, 71, 180
Hydnophytum, 304

lANTHINA, 16

Iberis, 95

Image of wicker work, 101

Imao Island, 94

Insects taken at sea, 44, 64

JACK FRUIT, 395
Jambolan, 395

462

JOURNAL OF SIR JOSEPH BANKS

Jambosa or jambu, 38, 394

Jasmine, 399, 400

Java (see Batavia), 363-416

Je-quoll, 301

Jungle bird, 293

KARRATAS, 29

Kangooroos, 282, 285, 287, 291, 301

Kidnappers, Cape, 188

King George III. Island, or Otahite,

see Society Islands
Krakatoa, or Cracatoa, 417, 418

LAGOON ISLAND, 69
Lange, J. C., 334-338, 357
Language : Australia, 322

Java, 423

Madagascar, 165, 424

New Guinea, 165

New Zealand, 252

Savu, 358

Society Islands, 164, 252, 424

Terra del Fuego, 59
Larus, 182
Laurus, 7

Le Maire, J., xlvii, 164
Lemon, 391

Lemon juice, 69, 71, 180
Lepas (barnacle), 16, 21, 45, 65, 182,

284, 452
Lepidium, 95
Leprosy, 167
L'Hermite, J., xlviii, 256
Lime, chewing with betel, 349, 406
Lime (fruit), 391
Limonia, 396
Limpets, 55
Linnaeus, correspondence with Ellis,

xxxix, xl
Livistona, 299
Lobsters, 45, 200, 226
Luminous marine animals, 21

MACKEREL, 197, 226

Macrocystis, 46, 48
Madagascar language, 165, 424
Madeira, 5-12

Carts, 8

Convents, 10

Funchiale, 5, 10

Mahogany, 6

Money, 12

Pico Euievo, 11

Population, 12

Productions, 9

Vines, 7

Volcanic nature of the island, 7

Wine, 7, 8
Madja, 396

Mahie, or sour paste, 97, 137

Mahogany, Madeiran, 6

Mamme-apples, 38

Mango, 38, 391

Mangostan, 393

Man-of-war birds, 330

Marais, 102, 114, 175

Marcgrav, G., xlviii, 29, 42

Maria van Diemen, Cape, 207, 222

Maskelyne, N., xlviii, 444

M'Bride, D., xlviii, 259

Medusa, 12, 21

Megapodium, 293

Melhania, 448

Melons, 37, 393

Mercury, transit of, 197

Metrosideros, 228

Michelia, 399

Mille Islands, 365

Mimus, 15, 65, 259, 263

Mimusops, 400

Monkeys, 421

Monkhouse, W., illness and death, 371-

72

Monoculus, 15
Moreton Bay, 270
Morinda angustifolia, 153

umbellata, 152
Morus, 145, 206
Moschus, 421
Mosquitos, 375, 417
Motacilla, 3, 13
Mother Carey's chickens, 2
Mulatti, 399

Mulberry (paper), 145, 206
Musa (banana), 38, 392
Myrmecodia, 304
Myrtus, 395

NAM NAM, 395

Nanca, 395

Narbrough, Sir J., xlviii, 225

Nassau Fleet, xlviii, 66

Natal, 428

Nectris, 64, 188

Nephelium, 395

New Guinea, 325-29

Language, 165

New Holland (see Australia}^ 1-323
New South Wales (see Australia], 296
New Zealand, 183-253

Admiralty Bay, 220

Animals, 224

Banks's Peninsula, 217

Boats, 186, 193, 240

Cannibalism, 193, 205, 211, 237, 247

Carving, 241

Cavern, 192

Chiefs, 189, 195, 249

INDEX

463

New Zealand, climate, 224

Cloth, 206, 242

Cookery, 238

Cook's Straits, 213, 215, 216, 221

Cultivation, 190, 223, 228, 243

Discovery by Tasman, 221

Dogs, 225, 237

Dress, 186, 233

Fish, 226

Fishing nets, 206, 213, 243

Flax, 229

Food, 190, 237

Hawke's Bay, 188

Heppahs, 183, 198, 207, 214, 248

Houses, 235

Kidnappers, Cape, 188

Language, 252

Maria van Diemen, Cape, 207, 222

Minerals, 219, 224

Mount Egmont, 208, 223

Mourning and funeral customs, 211,
251

Music, 247

Natives, general appearance and
habits, 186, 190, 196, 230

Ornaments, 235

Plants, 227

Population, 229

Poverty Bay, 183, 185

Queen Charlotte's Sound, 209

Keligion, 193, 250

Stewart Island, 218

Tattowing, 186, 203, 205, 231

Thames River, 200, 224

Traditions, 207, 215

Trees, 201, 223, 228

Turnagain, Cape, 189, 217

Vegetable sheep, 209

Warlike disposition, 183, 194, 204,
231, 246

Weapons, 185, 192, 244
Noddies, 70, 325, 330
Nutmegs, 401
Nyctanthes, 399

OHETEROA (see Society Islands), 124-26

Oldenland, H., xlviii, 437

Oniscus, 4

Opossum, 291, 301

Orange-juice, 71

Oranges, 37, 391

Osbeck, P., xlviii, 450

Osnaburg Island, 71

Otahah (see Society Islands}, 117-18,

122
Otahite (see Society Islands), 73-110,

127-78
Oysters, 198, 272

PACIFIC OCEAN, boundary between it

and South Sea, 65
Pallas, P. S., xlix, 291
Palm, cabbage, 227, 299

(Cycas), 299, 313, 421

Fan, 341, 344
Palm berries, 38
Palm nuts, 38, 170, 270
Palm wine, 335, 345, 398
Pandanus, 38, 170, 270, 400
Papaw, 393

Paper mulberry, 145, 206
Parkinson, S., illness and death, 426
Pearl oysters, 272
Pearls, 121
Penguins, 46, 225
Pennant, T., xlix, 16, 452
Pepper, 400
Pergularia, 399
Persea, 7
Phaeton, 65

Phalcena taken at sea, 44
Phalanger, 291, 301
Phormium, 229
Phyllodoce, 17
Physalia, 15, 259, 260, 450
Pilot fish, 17
Pine-apples, 37, 391
Piso, W., xlix, 22
Plantains, 38, 117, 283
Podocarpus, 201, 228
Podura, 1
Polianthes, 400
Pomegranate, 394
Port Egmont hens, 182
Portuguese at Batavia, 382, 403

at Rio de Janeiro, 26
Portuguese man-of-war, 15, 259, 260, 450
Poverty Bay, 183, 185
Prince's Island, 418-26
Procellaria, 2, 16, 43, 46, 63, 180
Psidium, 393
Pteris, 190, 237
Pumpkins, 393
Pumplemouses, 391
Punica, 394

Purple, derivation of the colour, 16
Purslain, 448

QUADRANT stolen, 86
Quails, 268

Queen Charlotte's Sound, 209
Quiros, P., xlix, 67, 255, 284

RAMBUTAN, 395

Raoulia, 209

Rembrantz van Nierop, D., xlix, 222

Rhamnus, 395

Rice, 389, 419

464

JOURNAL OF SIR JOSEPH BANKS

Ricinus palma Christi, 365
Eio de Janeiro, 26-42

Churches and processions, 33

Climate, 42

Crabs, 30

Fish, 42

Fortifications, 40

Fruits, 37

Gardens and garden produce, 30

Gold and precious stones, 39

Government, 34

Military, 36

Money, 40

Plants, 29

Popiilation, 35

Keception of the Endeavour, 26

Ship fired on, 31

Water supply, 33
Eobben Island, 442
Eoggeween, J., xlix, 256
Kotte Island, 330
Kuievo, Pico, 11
Eumphius, G., xlix, 29, 153, 304

ST. HELENA, 443-50

Salack, 396

Sallee-man, 17

Salt-water drunk by the South Sea

Islanders, 138
Sanguis draconis, 267, 300
Sargasso weed, 24, 451
Saturn, occultation of, 65
Savu Island, 331-61

Animals, 342

Army, 355

Chewing betel, etc., 349

Cookery, 346

Dress, 347

Dutch policy, 356-61

Dutch resident, 334, 336, 357

Fan-palm, 341, 344

Feasts, 355

Houses, 350

Language, 358

Natives, general appearance and
habits, 347

Ornaments, 348

Palm wine, 345

Plants, 344

Political divisions, 341, 353

Eadja, 335, 353

Eeligion and Christianity, 352

Spices, 339, 342

Sugar, 345

Surgery, 352

Town of Seba, 335

Weaving, etc., 351
Scomber, 12, 14, 70
Scurvy, 69, 71, 279

Scurvy grass (Gardamine), 48, 58

(Lepidium), 95

Sea-sawdust, 22, 324, 364, 428
Seals, 46

Semau Island, 360
Sepia, 65, 263
Shags, 197, 225
Sharks, 14, 43, 71
Sharp, B., 1., 255
Shearwater, 16, 43, 63, 180
Sheep, 343, 388, 435
Shelvocke, G., 1., 47
Shipwreck off the coast of Australia,

274-79
Sitodium (Artocarpus], 97, 105, 137,

145, 395

Skull, deformed, at Madeira, 10
Sloane, Sir H., 1., 12, 273
Snails on St. Helena, 449
Snakes (water), 270
Snowstorm on Terra del Fuego, 51
Society Islands, 73-178

Arms, 125, 177

Astronomy and division of time,
163

Boats, boat-houses, and boat-making,
111, 115, 116, 157

Bola-Bola Island, 118, 121, 122

Bougainville's visit, 96, 370, 430

Bread-fruit, 97, 105, 137, 145

Carving, 114, 156

Circumnavigation of Otahite, 101-4

Cloth, manufacture, 145

Cookery, 136

Dancing, 119, 120, 123, 144

Diseases, 167

Dogs as food, 100, 136

Domestic animals, 136

Dress, 125, 131

Dyes and dyeing, 125, 149

Fish-hooks and nets, 124, 154

Food, 134

Fruits, 135

Funeral ceremonies, 95, 98, 169

God-houses, 103, 112, 114, 120

Gods, 96, 104, 111, 170, 172, 175

Heivas, 97, 98, 120, 123, 144

Houses, 133

Huahine Island, 111-13

Imao Island, 94

Justice, 178

Language, 164, 252, 424

Mahie, or sour paste, 97, 137

Marais, 102, 114, 175

Matting, 153

Meals, 139

Medicine and surgery, 168

Mourning, 95, 98, 169

Music, 82, 99, 143

INDEX

465

Society Islands, names of natives, 84

Given by natives to Europeans, 90

Natives, general appearance, 127

Oheteroa Island, 124-26

Ornaments, 132

Otahah Island, 117-18, 122

Otahite Island, 73-110, 127-78

Pearls, 121

Quadrant stolen, 86

Queen of Otahite, 84, 104

Ranks and classes, 176

Religion and priests, 172

Salt-water drinking, 138

Social customs, 141

Surf -swimming, 93

Tattowing, 124, 128

Thefts, 76, 83, 86, 92, 99, 108

Tools, 116, 156

Transit of Venus, 94

Ulhietea Island, 113-17, 118-24

Volcanic nature of the islands, 107,
111

Weather forecasts, 162

Wrestling, 88

Solander, Dr., biographical sketch,
xxxviii

Illness of, 371-76, 429
Solanum, 151
Sonchus, 237
Sour-crout, 71
South Sea Islands (see Society Islands),

73-178

Southern Continent,- speculations con-
cerning its existence, 66, 254
Sphinx taken at sea, 44
Spices in the Dutch East Indies, 339,

342, 400
Spondias, 93

Sporing, R, illness, 374 ; death, 426
Squalus, 14, 43, 71
Staten Island, 48
Sterna, 67, 70, 325, 330
Stewart Island, 218
Sting-rays, 177, 245, 269, 306, 318
Sucking-fish, 14
Sugar-canes, 390

Sugar made from the fan-palm, 345
Suicide of a marine, 67
Sunbul, 396
Surf -swimming, 93
Swallows, 15
Sweet sop, 393

TACCA, 136, 148

Tamarinds, 392

Taros, or cocos, 135, 228, 253, 445,

447
Tasman, A., 1., 210, 213, 216, 220-21,

234, 300

Tattowing (New Zealand), 186, 203,

205, 231

Tattowing (Society Islands), 124, 128
Teeth, decay of, among natives, 349,
407

Native attention to, 407
Tellina, 146, 198
Teneriffe, 12
Terminalia, 396
Terra del Fuego, 47-61

Animals, 57

Birch forest, 51

Climate, 61

Dogs, 61

Excursion inland and sufferings of
the party, 50

Language, 59

Natives, general appearance and
habits, 58

Plants, 48, 57

Village, 55
Tetragonia, 270

Thames River, New Zealand, 200, 224
Thespesia, 168
Tiger's Tongue, 146
Timor, 330, 359
Topazes, 39
Torres, L., li., 295
Torres Straits, 295
Tournefortia, 151
Trade winds, 21, 261
Transit of Mercury, 197

Venus, 94
Trichilia, 396
Triton's trumpet, 247
Tropic bird, 65
Tuberose, 400

Tupia, 96, 108, 110, 111, 118, 121, 180,
184, 188, 193, 205. 206, 215, 279,
368

Illness and death, 369-72
Turnagain, Cape, 189, 217
Turtle, 288, 289, 306, 311, 389, 420

ULEX, 447

Ulhietea or Urietea (see Society Islands),

113-17, 118-24
Urtica, 154
Uvaria, 399

VALENTIJN, F., li, 234
Vegetable sheep, 209
Venus, Transit of, 94
Vermin in bread, 181

Vigniatico, 7
Vines, 7, 8, 436

WALLIS, S., li, 63
Waterspouts, 179, 261

2 H

466

JOURNAL OF SIR JOSEPH BANKS

Wheat boiled for provisions, 181,

258

Wine, 7, 436
Winter's bark, 48, 58
Wort as a preventative of scurvy, xlviii,

71, 258

Wrestling, 88

XANTHORRHCEA, 271, 300
Xanthoxyloides, 273

YAMS, 135, 228, 312, 390, 445, 447

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